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22 views18 pages

Slides Unit 7

Uploaded by

Ly Lưu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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School of Foreign Languages

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 7
STRESS
Phonetics and Phonology

Do you know any other words made from


the one below?

PHOTO

UNIT 7: STRESS
1
Phonetics and Phonology

How many syllables are there in each word?


Try pronouncing the words.

Photograph

Photography Photo Photographically

Photogenic
UNIT 7:STRESS
2
Phonetics and Phonology

Major contents

1. DEFINITION
2. WORD STRESS
2.1. FUNCTIONS OF WORD STRESS
2.2. NATURE OF STRESS
2.3. TYPES OF STRESS
2.4. PLACEMENT OF WORD STRESS
3. SENTENCE STRESS

UNIT 7: STRESS
3
Phonetics and Phonology

1. Definition

The pronunciation of a syllable with more force than the


surrounding ones to make the syllable more prominent
than others.

- E.g: Photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/


Photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/

- The stressed syllable is mark with ˈ.


UNIT 7: STRESS
4
Phonetics and Phonology

2. Word stress
2.1. Functions of word stress
a. Syntactic function
- to change the word class without changing its
writing and indicate syntactic function of words.

E.g:
You should keep a record of your expenses.
You should record all your expenses during your trip.

UNIT 7: STRESS
5
Phonetics and Phonology

2. Word stress
2.1. Functions of word stress
a. Syntactic function
- To distinguish a compound word from a
combination of words.
‘greenhouse - ‘green ‘house

- To indicate the grammatical structure of the words


`diplomat
dip`lomacy
diplo`matic
UNIT 7: STRESS
6
Phonetics and Phonology
Say the sentences with emphasis on the yellow words.
How does the meaning of the sentence change because
of the shifting in stress?

Now let’s watch a video.


UNIT 7: STRESS
7
Phonetics and Phonology

2. Word stress
2.1. Functions of word stress

b. Emphasis
Stress is used to emphasize certain words.
A: John and Mary will go.
B: No, John OR Mary will go.

c. To help form intonation


Does Vietnamese has stress and intonation the same way
as English does?
UNIT 7: STRESS
8
Phonetics and Phonology

2. Nature of stress

Prominence

Loudness Pitch Length Quality

UNIT 7: STRESS
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Phonetics and Phonology

2. Nature of stress

Four factors that make the stress prominent:

 Loudness: stressed syllables are louder than


unstressed one
 Pitch: stressed syllables are said with height
 Length: the length of stressed syllable is
prolonged
 Quality: stressed syllable has different quality
from neighboring sounds

UNIT 7: STRESS
10
Phonetics and Phonology

3. Types of stress

3.1. Primary stress: tonic strong stress


• put above the sound or syllable (high mark [ ’ ]).
• falls very clearly on a syllable or the syllable is more
prominent than others.
• E.g.: ‘around’ /ə’rɑʊnd/

UNIT 7: STRESS
11
Phonetics and Phonology

3. Types of stress

3.2. Secondary stress: non-tonic strong stress


• put below the sound or syllable (low mark ˌ).
• is more prominent than the others but less than the
primary one.
• E.g.: ‘mountaineer’ /ˌmaʊntɪ’nɪə/
fundamental, personality, international

UNIT 7: STRESS
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Phonetics and Phonology

3. Types of stress

3.3. Unstress
• Within words, falls on the improminent syllables.
• For function/grammatical words: articles, auxilary
verbs, modal verbs, “to be”, pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions.
• Compare:
monosyllabic content/lexical words: stressed
monosyllabic grammar/function words: unstressed

UNIT 7: STRESS
13
Phonetics and Phonology

4. Placement of word stress

4.1. Two-syllable words


4.2. Three-syllable words
4.3. Multi-syllable words

(Self-study)

UNIT 7: STRESS
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Phonetics and Phonology

More practice
1. volunteer 10. geography
2. international 11. communication
3. broaden 12. quantity
4. picturesque 13. honey
5. fortify 14. dangerous
6. ladylikes 15. beautiful
7. encouragement 16. industrial
8. empressive 17. economic
9. Vietnamese 18. employee
UNIT 7: STRESS
15
Phonetics and Phonology

3. Sentence stress

Stresses in English tend to recur at regular intervals of


time.

We tend to avoid having stress too close together.

1…2...3...4
1 and 2 and 3 and 4
UNIT 7: STRESS
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Phonetics and Phonology

Let’s practice in pairs


1. The boys are watching television.
2. They’ve been sitting the test for TWO hours.
3. What are you doing this weekend?
4. Are they graduating this semester?
5. A: Hi there. Where are you going?
B: Oh I am on the way to the Central Library.
A: Can you help me return the textbook for our
Phonetics course?
B: Sure. Give me the book.
UNIT 7: STRESS
17

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