BPSE -145

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 BPSE-145

iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa yksdra= ,oa fodkl

Lkkekftd foKku fo|kihB

bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo’ofo|ky;
fo’ks"kK lfefr

Ikzks- Mh- xksiky ¼v/;{k½ Ikzks- vfer izdk’k Ikzks- ,- ds- flag
jktuhfr foKku ladk; lsUVj QkWj n LVMh vkWQ ykW ,.M lsUVj QkWj QsMjy LVMht
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku xoZusUl tkfe;k gennZ fo’ofo|ky;]
x<+h] tokgjYkky usg: fo’ofo|ky;] UkbZ fnYyh
bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068 UkbZ fnYyh

Ikzks- lkjfrd ckx Ikzks- vuqjkx tks’kh Ikzks- ,l- oh- jsM~Mh
jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] jktuhfr foKku ladk; jktuhfr foKku ladk;
ckcklkgsc Hkhejko vEcsMdj lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku
fo’ofo|ky;] x<+h] x<+h]
jk;cjsyh jksM] y[kuÅ bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068 bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068

Ikzks- txiky flag

jktuhfr foKku ladk;
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku
x<+h]
bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068

IkkB~;Øe fuekZ.k ny%

[k.M vkSj bdkb;ka bdkbZ ys[kd
[k.M 1 ifjp;
bdkbZ 1 {ks= dk fuekZ.k izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyhA
bdkbZ 2 {ks= dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj u`tkrh; MkW- ck:u Ms] ,sflLVsaV izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku
:ijs[kk foHkkx] fnczqx<+ ;wfuoflZVh] vleA
bdkbZ 3 {ks= dh vkfFkZd :ijs[kk izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyhA
[k.M 2 laoS/kkfud izko/kku vkSj 'kklu
bdkbZ 4 lafo/kku lHkk esa cgl izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyhA
bdkbZ 5 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku ;g bdkbZ] chih,llh-102] dh bdkbZ 12 ij
vk/kkfjr gSA
bdkbZ 6 {ks=h; vkSj ftyk ifj"kn ;g bdkbZ] chih,llh-102] dh bdkbZ 12 vkSj
chih,llh&212 bdkbZ 15 ij vk/kkfjr gSA
[k.M 3 igpku dh jktuhfr
bdkbZ 7 izokl] 'kj.kkFkhZ vkSj ukxfjdrk izks- lty ukx] bfrgkl foHkkx] vle
fo'ofo|ky;] flypjA
bdkbZ 8 Lok;Ùkrk vkanksyu MkW- ekstst [kkjfcFkkbZ] lgk;d izksQslj] vle
fo'ofo|ky;] flypjA
bdkbZ 9 u`tkrh;rk vkSj igpku dh jktuhfr izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyhA
[k.M 4 nyh; jktuhfr vkSj pquko
bdkbZ 10 jktuhfrd ny vkSj nyh; O;oLFkk MkW- chtw dqekj] ,slksfl,V izksQslj] jktuhfr
v/;;u dsanz] ts-,u-;w-] ubZ fnYyhA
[k.M 5 u;s lkekftd vkanksyu
bdkbZ 11 Nk= vkanksyu MkW- ekstst [kkjfcFkkbZ] lgk;d izksQslj] vle
fo'ofo|ky;] flypjA
bdkbZ 12 efgyk vkanksyu MkW- fot; y{eh cjkjk] ,slksfl,V izksQslj] lsaVj
QkWj ef.kiqj LVMht] ef.kiqj fo'ofo|ky;
bdkbZ 13 i;kZoj.k vkanksyu MkW- gal ts- ÝsMh] lgk;d izksQslj] jktuhfr
foKku] enzkl fo'ofo|ky; dkWyt s ] psUubZ rFkk
MkW- N- ls[kksyu dkWe] lgk;d izkQ s slj]
jktuhfr foKk] ef.kiqj fo'ofo|ky;A
bdkbZ 14 ekuo vf/kdkj vkanksyu MkW- ck:u Ms] ,sflLVsaV izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku
foHkkx] fnczqx<+ ;wfuoflZVh] vle
[k.M 6 fodkl
bdkbZ 15 lkekftd vkSj ekuo fodkl izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyh & 110068
bdkbZ 16 vkfFkZd fodkl izks- txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku ladk;]
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw eSnku x<+h] ubZ
fnYyh & 110068
iqujh{k.k % bdkbZ 1] 2] 7] 12] 14 MkW- fxjjkt izlkn cSjok] ,slksfl,V izksQl s j] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]
jkt/kkuh dkWyts ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
bdkbZ 3&6] 8&11] 13] 15&16 MkW- jktsUnz ikaM;s ] ubZ fnYyh
IkkB~;Øe la;kstd%
Ikzks- txiky flag MkW- Mh- vkuan] ,slksfl,V izksQslj]
jktuhfr foKku ladk; jktuhfr foKku ladk;
lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku x<+h] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] eSnku x<+h]
bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068 bXuw] UkbZ fnYyh & 110068
eq[; laiknd%
izks- lty ukx]
izksQslj vkWQ fgLVªh]
vle fo'ofo|ky;] flypj]
vle

lfpoh; lgk;rk
jkds'k dqekj tks'kh]
,bZ ¼Mhih½] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB]
bXuw] eSnku x<+h&110068

Print Production:
 fo"k;&lwph

[k.M 1 ifjp;
bdkbZ 1 {ks= dk fuekZ.k 7
bdkbZ 2 {ks= dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj u`tkrh;rk :ijs[kk 16
bdkbZ 3 {ks= dh vkfFkZd :ijs[kk 27
[k.M 2 laoS/kkfud izko/kku vkSj 'kklu
bdkbZ 4 lafo/kku lHkk esa cgl 36
bdkbZ 5 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku 46
bdkbZ 6 {ks=h; vkSj ftyk ifj"kn 54
[k.M 3 igpku dh jktuhfr
bdkbZ 7 izokl] 'kj.kkFkhZ vkSj ukxfjdrk 65
bdkbZ 8 Lok;Ùkk vkanksyu 77
bdkbZ 9 u`tkrh;rk vkSj igpku dh jktuhfr 87
[k.M 4 nyh; jktuhfr vkSj pquko
bdkbZ 10 jktuhfrd ny vkSj nyh; O;oLFkk 100
[k.M 5 vk/kqfud lkekftd vkanksyu
bdkbZ 11 Nk= vkanksyu 112
bdkbZ 12 efgyk vkanksyu 120
bdkbZ 13 i;kZoj.k vkanksyu 129
bdkbZ 14 ekuo vf/kdkj vkanksyu 142
[k.M 6 fodkl
bdkbZ 15 lkekftd vkSj ekuo fodkl 151
bdkbZ 16 vkfFkZd fodkl 159
dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa 169
ikBîØe ifjp; ¼BPSE&145½
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr Hkkjr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gSA blesa vkB jkT; 'kkfey gSa] vFkkZRk~ vle] v#.kkpy çns'k]
ukxkySM a ] ef.kiqj] fetksje] f=iqjk] es?kky; vkSj flfDdeA viuh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
vkSj u`tkrh; lajpuk ds dkj.k ;s jkT; Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa ls vyx gSAa ;g ikBîØe iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr
esa yksdra= vkSj fodkl ds ckjs esa gSA ;g {ks= esa yksdra= vkSj fodkl ls lacfa /kr dqN fo'ks"krkvksa ij
dsfa ær gSA ikBîØe esa Ng Cy‚d gSa] ftlesa lksyg bdkb;ka gSAa igyk [kaM & ifjp; vkidks ,d {ks=
ds :i esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ls voxr djkrk gSA bl [kaM esa bdkbZ 1] 2 vkSj 3 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds ,d {ks=
ds :i esa xBu] blds lkekftd&lkaL—frd vkSj u`tkrh; :ijs[kk vkSj blds vkfFkZd :ijs[kk ds ckjs
esa gSAa [kaM 2 es laoS/kkfud çko/kku vkSj 'kklu dh rhu bdkb;k¡ gSaA bdkbZ 4 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds eqíksa ls
lacaf/kr lafo/kku lHkk es cgl ls lacaf/kr gSA bdkbZ 5 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds ckjs esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fo'ks"k
çko/kkuksa ds ckjs esa gSA bdkbZ 6 esa {ks=h; vkSj ftyk ifj"knksa ls lacfa /kr ç'uksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA Cy‚d
3 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa igpku dh jktuhfr ds ckjs esa gSA bdkb;k¡ 7] 8 vkSj 9 çokl] 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj
ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/kr eqíksa ij ppkZ djrh gSa] Lok;Ùkrk vkanksyu] vkSj Øe'k% u`tkrh;rk vkSj igpku dh
jktuhfrA [kaM 4 nyxr jktuhfr vkSj pqukoksa ds ckjs esa gSA bldh ,d bdkbZ gS tks iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa
jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj nyh; O;oLFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr gSA [kaM 5 esa u, lkekftd vkanksyuksa dh ik¡p
bdkb;k¡ gSa] 11&14A ;s ,d&,d djds Nk=ks]a efgykvks]a i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa ls lacfa /kr
vkanksyuksa ls fuiVrs gSAa var es]a [kaM 6 esa & fodkl dh nks bdkb;k¡ gSaA bdkbZ 15 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa
lkekftd vkSj ekuo fodkl ds ckjs esa gSA bdkbZ 16 {ks= esa vkfFkZd fodkl ls lacfa /kr gSA
çR;sd bdkbZ esa cks/k ç'u vH;kl varfuZfgr gSAa bdkb;ksa dks i<+us ds ckn] vki bu vH;klksa esa fn, x,
ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsus dk ç;kl dj ldrs gSAa çR;sd bdkbZ ds var es]a cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj esa mfYyf[kr
ç'uksa ds mÙkj fn, x, gSaA vki vius mÙkj dk feyku bdkbZ esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls dj ldrs gSaA
ysfdu vius 'kCnksa esa mÙkj fy[kus esa lko/kkuh cjrsAa ikBîØe lq>k, x, lanHkZ iqLrdksa dh lwph ds
lkFk lekIr gksrk gSA vkidks muds ek/;e ls i<+us dh lykg nh tkrh gSA
[k.M 1 ifjp;
[kaM 1 ifjp;

bldh vuwBh HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkekftd&u`tkrh;rk fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dk Hkkjrh;
la?k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dk fodkl vkSfuosf'kd dky ls
vle ds iqux
Z Bu gksus rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds fuekZ.k gksus rd gqvk gSA bl [kaM dk mís';
vkidks iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr ds ,d jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ ds :i esa mn; gksus dh i`"BHkwfe
vkSj izfØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA bl [kaM esa rhu bdkbZ gSaA bdkbZ 1 iwoksZÙkj ds ,d {ks= ds
:i esa mn; ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSA ;g bdkbZ bl {ks= dh fo'ks"k jktuhfrd
vkSj HkkSxksfyd igpku dh ppkZ Hkh djrh gSA bdkbZ 2 bl {ks= dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk dh ppkZ djrh gSA bl {ks= esa fofHkUu u`tkrh; lewg jgrs gSa] ftudh fofHkUu
jkT;ksa esa vuwBh fo'ks"krk,sa gSAa bdkbZ 3 bl {ks= dh vkfFkZd fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSA
 {ks= dk fuekZ.k

bdkbZ&1 {ks= dk fuekZ.k
lajpuk
1-0 mÌs';
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 {ks= ds rkSj ij ¼:i esa½ iwokZsRrj Hkkjr dk mn;
1-2-1 vle
1-2-2 es?kky;] ukxkySUM vkSj fetksje
1-2-3 euhiqj vkSj f=iqjk
1-2-4 v:.kkpy izn's k
1-2-5 flfDde
1-3 lkjka'k
1-4 lanHkZ
1-5 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mŸkj

1-0 mÌs';
;g bdkbZ ,d {ks= ds :i esa iwokZsRrj Hkkjr ds xBu ls vkidks voxr djkrh gSA bl
bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki %&

 19oha lnh dh igyh Nekgh ls iwokZRs rj Hkkjr dh igpku fdl gn rd

fodflr gqbZ mldh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs(
 {ks= ds :i esa iwokZRs rj dh mRifŸk ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dh rqyuk dj ldsax(s rFkk]
 {ks= dh igpku dks cukus esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ djukA

1-1 izLrkouk
iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds {ks= esa vkB jkT; gSa & vle] v:.kkpy izn's k] ukxkyS.M] e.khiqj]
fetksje] f=iqjk es?kky; vkSj flfDdeA bl {ks= ds jkT; ckaXykns'k] E;kaekj] phu]
HkwVku] vkSj usiky tSls iM+kSlh ns'kksa ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; lhek lk>k djrs gSA vke rkSj
ij bUgsa ^^lkr cguks*a * ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;s jkT; if'pe caxky ds flyhxqM+h ds
ek/;e ls 'ks"k Hkkjr ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ftls ^fpdu usd* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS]
¼ekufp= ns[ksa½A {ks= ds :i esa iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr dh ekStwnk igpku fczfV'k vkSj cekZ ds


izk-s txiky flag] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] lkekftd foKku ladk;] bafnjk xka/kh eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] eSnku
x<+h] ubZ fnYyh & 110068

7
ifjp; chp gqbZ 1826 esa ;ankcks dh lka/kh ds ckn o"kksZa esa fodflr gqbZ gSA vaxzstksa }kjk bl {ks=
esa dbZ o"kksZa esa fofHkUu le; ij iz'kklfud ifjorZu djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k FkkA
lu~ 1874 esa ,d dfe'uj ds fu;a=.k esa vle vyx izkar cukA lu~ 1905 esa vle dks
caxky foHkktu ds ckn iwohZ caxky esa feyk fy;k x;k FkkA ysfdu fQj ls lu~ 1912 esa
caxky ds foHkktu dks jÌ dj fn;k x;k vkSj fQj ls vle ,d izkra cu x;kA lu~
1919 esa vle dks Hkkrj ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1919 ds varxZr xouZj ds 'kklu esa yk;k
x;k Fkk rFkk ;g Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 esa ykxw gksus rd xouZj ds 'kklu esa
jgkA iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa igkM+h vkSj eSnkuh {ks= gSaA vlesa fofHkUu {ks= vkSj Hkk"kk,a gSa
ftuds vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj 'kSf{kd miyf/k;ksa esa chp varj gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e
1935 es dqN {ks=ksa dks ^^vioftZr rFkk dqN {k.kksa dks ^^vkaf'kd :i ls vifoftZr** {ks=
?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA bl {ks=ksa esa tutkfr;ksa cgqla[;d Fkha] ftudh dqN fof'k"V
lkaLd`frd igpku FkhA bu {ks=ksa esa izkfa rd fo/kkf;dk dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ ykxw ugha
gksrh FkhaA bu {ks=ksa esa] os vf/kfu;e ykxw gks ldrs Fks ftUgsa xoZuj vius foosd ds
vuqlkj vk/khlwfpr djrs FksA tSlk fd vkius bdkbZ la[;k 5 eas i<+saxs ^^vioftZr** vkSj
^^vkaf'kd :i ls vioftZr** {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr izko/kku Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh NM+h vuqlwph
esa ifjy{khr gq, gSaA vktknh ds ckn iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa ftyk Lok;Rr ifj"knsa cukbZ xbZ
FkhaA okLro esa] vkSifunsf'kd dky esa tks vkd`fr iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr dh cuh Fkh] og 1960 ds
n'kd rd vfLrRo esa jgh FkhA tc ukxkyS.M jkT; ds xBu gqvk vkSj 1970 ds n'kd
esa vle dk iquxZBu gqvkA ;gk¡ rd fd] 1950 ds n'kd esa Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa ds
iquxZBu us Hkh vle dks izHkkfor ugha fd;kA bl bdkbZ esa vki iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds {ks=
ds :i esa mn; dh izfØ;k ds ckjs esa i<+asxsA

8
dqN laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k us iwoksZŸkj {ks= dh igpku esa ;ksxnku fn;k ftlesa igys lkr {ks= dk fuekZ.k
jkT;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k vkSj ckn esa vkBosa jkT; flfDde dks Hkh tksM+k x;kA ch-
ih-flag ¼1987] ist 108½ ds vuqlkj] vktknh ds ckn] 1970 ds n'kd esa vle ds
iquxZBu ,oa rhu iz'kklfud laLFkkvksa iwokZsRrj ifj"kn] leku mPp U;k;ky; rFkk leku
jkT;iky nksuksa ¼ml lek; ij½ dh LFkkiuk ds ckn bl {ks= dks ,d fo'ks"k igpku
iznku dhA 1971 esa ikfjr nks lalnh; vf/kfu;ksa & mRrj&iwoZ {ks= ¼iquZxBu½ vf/kfu;e
rFkk mRrj&iwoZ ifj"kn vf/kfu;e ¼ch-lh- flag] c:ok] 2020 i`- 26 esa mn~/k`r½A iwoksZŸkj
Hkkjr {ks= ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ iz'kklfud vo/kkjuk ds rkSj ij mn; gqvk ftlus yksd
ekul esa vle dh vo/kkj.kk dk LFkku ys fy;kA iwoksZŸkj ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dk y{;
iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy;s ,d ^^{ks=h; ;kstuk fudk; dh ,d ,stsla h ds
:i esa dke djuk FkkA flrEcj 2001 esa] dsUnz ljdkj us iwoksZŸkj fodkl ea=ky;
¼Mksuj½ dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g Hkkjr ds 8 mŸkj iwoZ ds jkT;ksa ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj ds
uksMy foHkkx ds rkSj ij lkekftd vkfFkZd ds eqÌksa ij dk;Z djrk gSA ¼http……½ ,u-
bZ-lh dks Hkh Mksuj ds varxZr yk;kA iwoksZŸkj ifj"kn vf/kfu;e] 2002 ds vuqlkj]
flfDde Hkh bldk lnL; 2002 esa cu x;k Fkk] ,oa vc iwokZsRrj esa vkB jkT; gSA

vH;kl iz'u&1

uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa

ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA

1½ iwoksZŸkj ifj"kn ,oa Mksuj dk D;k egRo Fkk\

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1-2 ,d {ks= ds :i esa iwoksŸZ kj dk mn;

iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds pkj jkT;ksa dk mn; vle jkT; esa ls gqvk Fkk& 1963 esa] ukxkyS.M(
1972 esa] es?kky;( 1987 es]a v:.kkpy izns'k ,oa fetksje ¼;s jkT; 1972 esa dsUnz 'kkflr
izn's k Hkh cuk;s x;s Fks½ buesa ls nks jkT; ef.kiqj ,oa f=iqjk vkSifuosf'kd dky ds
nkSjku ns'kh jkT; FksA v:.kkpy izn's k dk mn; ,d iz'kkfldu bdkbZ ds rkSj ij gqvk
Fkk ftls ukFkZbLV ÝafV;j ,tsUlh ¼usQk½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA flfDde 1975 esa
Hkkjr esa ,d jkT; ds rkSj ij tqM+us ls igys ,d ns'k FkkA gesa iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa
ds xBu ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsx a As

9
ifjp; 1-2-1 vle
tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS fd vle dks 1874 esa vkSifuosfld iz'kklu }kjk ,d
vyx izkar cuk;k x;k FkkA ,slk vkSifuosf'kd eq[;ky; dks psjkiqath ls f'kykax
LFkkukarfjr djus ds ckn fd;k x;k FkkA vaxzt s ksa us caxky izflMsalh ds eq[;ky; dk
pSjkiqt
a h ls f'kaykx esa rcknyk vf/kd ckfj'k gksus ds dkj.k vlqfo/kktud FkkA 1826 ds
ckn vle dk cM+k fgLlk fczfV'k 'kklu ds v/khu vk x;k FkkA 1826 esa ;ankcks dh
la/kh ij fczfV'k vkSj cekZ ds chp gLrk{kj fd;s x;s FksA bl laf/k ij gLrk{kj fo'ks"k
jktuhfrd lanHkZ esa fd;s x;s FksA cekZ dk foLrkj vgkse {ks= dh rjQ gks jgk FkkA cekZ
dks lkeuk djus dh ijs'kkuh dks ns[krs gq,] vgkse jktk ds fuea=.k ij fczfV'k us n[ky
fn;k vkSj cekZ dks ijkLr fd;kA blds ckn ;kancks lka/kh ij gLrk{kj gq,A blds ckn
ls gh vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa us fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks vius 'kkflr {ks=ksa esa tksM+kA blesa
'kkfey gS tSls fd & Åijh vle ¼iqja/kk flagk ds v/khu½ dks 1832 esa tksM+k x;k]
eVd dkmUVh dks 1842 esa tksM+k x;k] xkjks fgYl dks 1873 esa tksM+k x;kA vle ds
xBu ds ckn fofHkUu {ks=ksa tSls fd igkM+h rFkk lery {ks=ksa dks vle izkra esa 'kkfey
fd;k x;kA vle tks fd 1874 esa cuk] blds igkM+h {ks=] ,oa czãiq= rFkk cjkd ?kkVh
tSls lery {ks= 'kkfey FksA vle dh ;g cukoV rc rd jgh tc rd fd vle ls
fofHkUu le; esa dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k ;k jkT; cuk;s x;s % ukxkyS.M 1963 esa] es?kky;]
f=iqjk vkSj e.khiqj 1972 esa] v:.kkpy izns'k ,oa fet+kjs e ¼dsUnz 'kkfey izn's k 1972 esa½
rFkk jkT; 1987 esa cuk;s x;s Fks½

1-2-3 ef.kiqj vkSj f=iqjk

ef.kiqj dh lhek mŸkj esa ukxkyS.M ls yxrh gS vkSj if'pe esa vle ls] nf{k.k if'pe
esa fetksje ls vkSj nf{k.k ,oa iwoZ esa E;kaekj ds lkFk yxrh gSA f=iqjk fetksje vkSj
vle mŸkj iwoZ esa rFkk ckaXykns'k ds lkFk mŸkj] nf{k.k ,oa if'pe esa lhek lk>k djrk
gSA ef.kiqj vkSj fetksje vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku ewy jkT; ¼usfVo LVsV½ FksA Hkkjr
la?k esa 'kkfey gksus ds ckn] os 1950 ds Hkkx lh jkT;ksa dk dkuwu vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj
lh Js.kh ds jkT; cu x;sA lh Js.kh ds jkT;ksa ij dsUnz ljdkj xoZujksa ;k ysf¶VuSaV
xoZujksa ds ek/;e ls 'kklu djrh FkhA 1950 LVsV yk ,sDV ds [kaM esa la'kks/ku ds ckn]
ef.kiqj ,oa f=iqjk dks dsanz 'kkflr izns'k cuk;k x;kA ef.kqij vkSj f=iqjk ds yksxksa us
,u-vkj-lh- ds nkSjksa ds le; muds lnL;ksa ls eqykdkr dh vkSj jkT; ds ntkZ nsus dh
ekax dh FkhA jkT; dh ekax dks [kkfjt djds ,l-vkj-lh- us f=iqjk dks nh?kZdky ds
fy;s vkSj ef.kiqj dks yacs le; ds fy, vle esa feykus dk lq>ko fn;kA f=iqjk ,oa
ef.kiqj dks var esa 1972 esa jkT; cuk;k x;k ¼,l- ds- pkScs] i`- 205½A

1-2-2 es?kky;] ukxkyS.M vkSj fetksje

es?kky; jkT; vle ds rhu igkM+h ftyksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;k Fkk] ;s gSa [kklh
fgYl] tksfr;k fgYl ,oa xkjks fgYlA tSlk fd vkius Åij i<+k gS] bu igkfM+;ksa ij
,saXayks&[kklh ;q) ds i'pkr~ fczfV'k }kjk dCtk dj fy;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1874 esa vle
dk xBu ds ckn bUgsa vle esa igkM+h ftyksa ds rkSj ij feyk;k x;kA f'kyksx
a dks ml
10
le; vle dk jkt/kkuh cuk;k x;k FkkA 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku igkM+h jkT; ds {ks= dk fuekZ.k
xBu dh ekax mBh] bl ek¡x dk eq[; dkj.k vle ljdkj dh Hkk"kk dh uhfr rFkk
yksxksa esa NBh lwph ds izkok/kkuksa ds izfr vlarqf"V FksA ljdkj us 1965&66 esa igkMh+
jkT; dh ekax dh ns[krs gq, ,p-oh- iRlij dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dh
FkhA bl vk;ksx ,d vyx u;s jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds ctk; vle ds Hkhrj gh es?kky;
jkT; ds xBu dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA 1969 esa laln us] vle iquxZBu ¼es?kky;½
vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA blus vle ds vanj u;s jkT; ^^es?kky;** ds xBu dks eatwjh
nhA bl jkT; esa [kklh fgYl] ftys] tsfr;k fgy ftys ,oa xkjks fgYl ftys dks 'kkfey
fd x;k] tSlk fd ?kBh vuqlwph ifjHkkf"kr FkhA 1970&72 es]a vle ds Hkhrj ,d ^^jkT;
ds vanj jkt;** dk l`tu fd;k x;kA 1972 esa es?kky; dks vle ls vyx iw.kZ jkT;
fn;k x;kA

iwoksŸkj ds vU; Hkkxksa dh rqyuk esa yq'kkbZ igkfM;ksa ¼fetksa igkfM+;ksa dk iqjkuk uke½
dkQh ckn esa vkSifuosf'kd fu;a=.k esa vkbZ] 1889 ls ik¡p n'kdksa ds HkhrjA ;s vle
fgLlk cu x;h Fkha ¼ipkÅ] tks;] ,y- ds- 2014½A fetks igkM+h ftys dks 1972 esa
v:.kkpy izn's k ds lkFk dsUnz 'kkflr inz's k cuk;k x;k FkkA vkSj 1987 esa fetksje
v:.kkpy izn's k dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k dks vyx jkT; cuk;k x;kA

fofHkUu ukxk vkcknh okys {ks= lkr n'kdksa ls vf/kd le; esa fczfV'k iz'kklu ds
fu;a=.k esa vk;sA ukxk igkfM+;ksa ds dqN fgLls dks 1835 ,oa 1866 esa tksMk+ x;k] yksFkk
vkcknh okys {ks= dh 1875 esa tksM+k x;k] vkoks okys {ks= dks 1899 esa] rFkk lsek okys
{ks= dks 1904 esa] rFkk dksu;kd okys {ks= dks 1910 esa tksM+k x;k FkkA ukxk vkcknh
okys fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks 1963 esa ukxkyS.M jkT; cuk fn;k x;kA

1-2-4 v:.kkpy izns'k

v:.kkpy izn's k jkT; dk xBu 20 Qjojh 1987 dks gqvk FkkA v:.kkpy izn's k ds
xBu dks mu iz'kklfud lhekvksa ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS] tks fd
20oh- lnh ds nwljs n'kd esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA 1914 es]a fczfV'k iz'kklu us ukFkZ bZLV
ÝafV;j VªSDV ¼,u-bZ-,Q-Vh-½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA 1880 ds vle ÝafV;j VªSDV
jsxwy's ku ds vuqlkj bl VªSDV us rRdkyhu vle ds njkax vkSj y[kheiqj ftys dks
vyx dj fn;k rFkk 1954 es]a Hkkjr ljdkj us ,u-bZ-,Q-Vh- dk uke cnydj ukFkZ
bZLV ÝafV;j ,tsUlh ¼usQk½ dj fn;k x;k tks fd vle jkT; ds iz'kklfud lhek ds
varxZr gh Fkk ¼t;arh ds iVuk;d] 2019 %---½A vle ds iquxZBu ds ckn ,u-bZ-,Q-,-
dks 20 tuojh 1972 esa dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k cuk fn;k x;kA dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k
v:.kkpy izn's k dks mlh uke ls 20 Qjojh 1987 dks jkT; esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k
x;kA

1-2-5 flfDde

flfDde 1975 esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa 22ok¡ jkT; ds :i esa tksM+k x;kA bldh HkkSxksfyd
fLFkfr vU; iwoksŸkj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa vle] v:.kkpy izn's k] ukxkyS.M] ef.kiqj]
11
ifjp; fetksje] f=iqjk ,oa es?kky; ls vyx gS ftUgsa ge ^^lkr cguksa** ds :i esa tkurs gSaA A
;g if'pe caxky ds tyikbZ xqM+h] dwp fcgkj ,oa flyhxqM+h ftyksa ds ek/;e ls ^*lkr
cguksa** ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gS ¼ns[ksa uD'kk½A 2002 esa flfDde ,u-bZ-lh- dk vkBok¡
lnL; cu x;k ftlesa igys ls lkr jkT; FksA ,u-bZ-lh- esa 'kkfey gksus ds lkFk
flfDde iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa ,d tkuk tkus yxkA 1975 esa Hkkjrh; la?k esa blds
foy; ls igys flfDde ,d ns'k Fkk ftls Hkkjr ds laj{kd dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA ;g
ntkZ bls 1950 baMks&flfDde la?kh ds vuqlkj izkIr FkkA bl laf/k ij Hkkjr ljdkj
vkSj flfDde ds lezkV ds chp gLrk{kj fd;s x;s FksA flfDde ds Hkkjr esa foy; ds
ckn ogk¡ jktuhfrd v'kkafr QSy xbZ FkhA 1973 es]a foi{kh nyksa vkSj foi{kh usrkvksa us
jktuhfrd lq/kkjksa dh ekax djrs gq, vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k] ftlesa lezkV dks R;kx dh
ek¡x Hkh 'kkfey FkhA jktuhfrd fodkl ds vafre Øe esa lezkV us jkt'kkgh ds mUewyu
ds loky ij ,d tuer laxzg fd;kA 97 izfr'kr ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa us jkt'kkgh ds
mUewyu ds fy;s ernku fd;kA blds ifj.kkeLo:i flfDde dk ,d jkT; ds :i esa
Hkkjr esa foy; gqvkA

vH;kl iz'u & 2

uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA

ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA

1½ iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds xBu dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft;sA

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2½ iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds dkSu ls jkT; dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k FksA

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3½ flfDde dks iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds {ks= ds lkFk lac/a kksa dh ppkZ dhft;sA

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12
 {ks= dk fuekZ.k
1-3 lkjka'k
HkkSxksfyd fLFkrh ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr ds {ks=ksa esa iwoksZŸkj dh ,d vyx igpku gSA blesa
Hkk"kkbZ vkSj tkrh; lajpuk] LFkkuh; laLFkku vkSj vkfFkZd fo'ks"krk,a Hkh 'kkfey gSA {ks=
ds :i esa iwoksZRrj Hkkjr dh ekStwnk lajpuk 1826 esa fczfV'k vkSj cekZ ds chp ;ankcks dh
laf/k ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA rc ls bl {ks= ls fczfV'k ds v/khu dbZ {ks= vk tk
ldrk gSA rc ls bl {ks= ls v/khu dbZ {ks= fczfV'k ds vk x;s gSaA 1874 esa vaxzt s ksa us
vle dks ,d u;k izkar cuk;k ftlesa ftu {ks=ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk tks
le;&le; ij vaxt zs ksa ds vf/kiY; esa vk x, FksA f'kykax u;s izkar dk eq[;ky; cu
x;kA 1971 esa iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr mŸkj&iwohZ {ks= ¼iquxZBu½ v/khfu;e ,oa mŸkj&iwohZ ifj"kn
v/khfu;e ds ikfjr gksus ds ckn ,d egRoiw.kZ iz'kklfud vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa mHkjkA
rc rd] bl {ks= ¼iwokZÙs kj½ ds fy;s vkerkSj ij vle dk bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk
'kCn Fkk ¼ch-ih-flag] 1997½A iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa vkB jkT; gSa & vle] v:.kkpy izn's k]
ukxkyS.M] ef.kiqj] fetksje] f=iqjk] es?kky;] ,oa flfDdeA buesa ls pkj jkT;
v:.kkpy izn's k] ukxkyS.M] es?kky; vkSj fetksje jkT; dk ntkZ feyus ls igys vle
ds fgLls FksA 1972 esa es?kky; ,d jkT; vkSj v:.kkpy izn's k ,oa fetksje dsUnz
'kkflr izn's k cuk;s x;sA v:.kkpy izn's k vkSj fetksje dks 1987 esa jkT; dk ntkZ
izkIr gqvkA 1972 rd v:.kkpy izn's k dks ukFkZ bZLV ÝafV;j ,tsUlh ¼usQk½ ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk FkkA buesa ls nks f=iqjk vkSj ef.kiqj vkSifuosf'kd dky esa fj;klrksa ds :i
esa ekStnw FksA os Hkkjr ds Lora=rk ds ckn la?k esa 'kkfey gks x;s Fks tc mUgksaus bl ij
gLrk{kj dj fn;s Fks] vkSj mUgsa 1950 esa lh Js.kh dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k FkkA 1956
esa mudh lh Js.kh lekIr djus ds ckn dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k cuk fn;k x;k FkkA
flfDde] Hkkjr&flfDde laf?k ds] vuqlkj flfDde Hkkjr dk ,d lajf{kr Fkk ;g laf/k
1950 esa flfDde ds lezkV vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj ds chp gqbZ FkhA 1972 esa bldk Hkkjr esa
foy; gks x;k vkSj ;g Hkkjr dk jkT; cu x;kA 2002 esa flfDde ukFkZ bZLVuZ ifj"kn
¼,ubZlh½ dk lnL; cu x;k FkkA yksdfiz; cksypky esa] iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds vkB jkT;ksa esa
ls lkr&vle] v:.kkpy izn's k] ukxkyS.M] ef.kiqj] fetksje] f=iqjk es?kky;] dks ^^lkr
cguksa** ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

1-4 lanHkZ
c:vk] lathc ¼2020½ bu b use vkWQ b us'ku% bafM;k ,UM bV~l uksFkZ bZLV]
dSyhQksfuZ;k] LVSuQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izl
s
pkScs] ,l-ds ¼1978½ fgy iksfyfVDl bu uksFkZbZLV bafM;k] U;w fnYyh]
vksfj;aV yksaxeSuA
xqgk] veysUnq ¼1977½ IykaVj jkt Vw Lojkt% ÝhMe LVwxy ,UM bysDVksjy
iksfyfVDl bu vle 1826&1947- U;w fnYyh] vkbZ-lh-
,p-vkj-

13
ifjp; fxVs] tax[kkseax ¼2019½ vxsaLV LVsV] vxzasLV fgLVªh] ÝhMe jftLVsal ,UM
LVsVyslusl bu vk;ysUM uksFkZbZLV bafM;k] U;w&fnYyh]
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izl
s -
xqIrk] jatu ¼1975½ ^^flfDde] ^n etsj fon bafM;k**] ,f'k;u losZ] flracj]
oksY;we 15] ua- 9] ist 706&798
flag] ch-ih- ¼1977½ n izkcs ye vkWQ psat% , LV~Mh vkWQ uksFkZ bZLV bafM;k-
U;w fnYyh] vksDlQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh izl
s
dkyZlu] csaxLr] th ¼2011½ vu:yh fgYl% , iksfyfVdy bdksukseh vkWQ bafM;kt
uksFkZ&bZLV] U;w&;kdZ] cxZu
ipkÅ] tks;] ,y-ds- ¼2014½ chax fetks( vkbZMasfVVh ,UM fcyksaftax bu uksFkZbZLV
bafM;k] U;w&fnYyh] vks-;w-ih-
ukx] lty] ¼2002½ dUVsfLVax ekjftusyfs V% ,FkkfulhVh ,UM
lc&us'kusfyT+e bu uksFkZ&bZLV bafM;k] U;w&fnYyh]
euksgj izdk'ku
ukx] lty] ¼2002½ ^^izksMD'ku] vkWQ ukWFkZ bZLVuZ jhtu % dkykwfu;y]
dalVªD'ku ,.M us'kusfyLV vQjes'ku** bu lej fgy-
IIAs fjO;w] oka 24- lej 2018½A

1-5 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mŸkj & 1

vH;kl iz'u & 1
1½ uksFkZ bZLV dkmfUly ¼,u-bZ-lh-½ ,d {ks=h; lykgdkj fudk; ds :i esa dk;Z
djus ds fy;s 1971 cukbZ xbZ FkhA bldk mn~n's ; iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa ds
fodkl ds fy;s {ks=h; lykgdkj laLFkk ds :i esa dke djuk FkkA bls mŸkj iwoZ
{ks= esa fodkl ea=ky; ¼Mksuj½ ds v/khu yk;k x;k Fkk ftls dsUnz ljdkj us
iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy;s ,d uksMy foHkkx ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds fy;s
2001 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA

vH;kl iz'u & 2

1½ iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr ,d {ks= ds :i esa 19oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z ls fodflr gqvkA 1826
esa ;ankcks dh laf/k ij gLrk{kj ds ckn] fczfV'k ljdkj us fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks vius
dCts esa ysus dh izfØ;k 'kq: dhA fczfV'k eq[;ky; dks psjkiqath ls f'kyksax esa
LFkkukarfjr djus ds ckn 1874 esa vle vyx izkar cu x;k FkkA ftlesa os lHkh
{ks= 'kkfey ftudk 'kklu us vyx&vyx lke; ij vius v/khu fy;k FkkA
fczfV'k iwokZsŸkj ,d vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa 1971 esa mHkjkA 1972 esa es?kky; jkT;
dk xBu gqvk] f=iqjk vkSj ef.kiqj dks ¼dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k ds Fks½ jkT; dk ntkZ
fn;k x;k rFkk v:.kkpy izn's k ,oa fetksje dks dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k cuk;s x;sA

14
 1987 esa] bUgsa jkT;ksa esa rCnhy dj fn;k x;kA 2002 esa] flfDde uksFkZ bZLVuZ {ks= dk fuekZ.k
ifj"kn esa 'kkfey gks x;kA orZeku esa iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr esa vkB jkT; gSA

2½ ef.kiqj vkSj f=iqjk ¼1956 vkSj 1972 ds chp½ vkSj v:.kkpy izn's k ,oa fetksje
¼1972 vkSj 1987 ds chp½ dsUnz 'kkflr izn's k FksA

3½ flfDde tks fd ns'k Fkk 1975 esa Hkkjrh; la?k dk jkT; cu x;kA ;g 2002 esa
uksFkZ bZLV ifj"kn dk lnL; cu x;k FkkA blus flfDde dks iwoksZŸkj Hkkjr {ks=
ds ?kVd cuus esa l{ke cuk;kA

15
ifjp;
bdkbZ&2 {ks= dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
lajpuk
2-0 mís';
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa u`tkrh; lewg
2-2-1 v:.kkpy izn's k
2-2-2 vle
2-2-3 es?kky;
2-2-4 e.khiqj
2-2-5 fetksje
2-2-6 ukxkyS.M
2-2-7 f=iqjk
2-2-8 flfDde
2-3 lkjka'k
2-4 lanHkZ
2-5 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj

2-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki%

 iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa tkrh; :ijs[kk

dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsx a ] rFkk
 fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh izkQ
s kby dh rqyuk dj ldsaxAs

2-1 ifjp;
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds dbZ jkT;ksa esa u`tkrh; lewg jgrs gSaA bu lewgksa dk xBu leqnk;ksa dh
lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds
jkT;ksa esa rhu izdkj ds u`tkrh; lewg gSa& Lons'kh tutkfr;k¡] xSj&vkfnoklh LFkkuh;
leqnk; rFkk xSj&vkfnoklh izoklhA ;g {ks= izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ls laiUu gS tks fd
vkfnoklh lewgksa ds lkaLÑfrd izkQ s kby dk ?kVd Hkh gSA u`tkrh; lewg fofHkUu /keksZa
dk ikyu djrs gSa] fofHkUu Hkk"kk,sa ;lk cksfy;ksa cksyus gSa] vkSj R;kSgkj Hkh eukrs gSaA


MkW- ck:u Ms] ,sflLVsaV izksQl
s j] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fncqx
z <+ ;wfuoflZVh] vle

16
gkykafd iwokZÙs kj ds izR;sd jkT; ds dqN fof'k"V tkrh; lewgksa dh i;kZIr vkcknh gS] {ks= dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
ysfdu ;s lewg iM+kl s h jkT;ksa esa Hkh ekStwn gSaA ;g bdkbZ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa ds
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ,oa u`tkrh; :ijs[kk ls lacaf/kr gSA

2-2 iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr esa u`tkrh; lewg

;g [kaM iwokZsÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa leqnk;ksa ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd izkQ
s kby ij
foLrkj ls ppkZ djrk gSA

2-2-1 v:.kkpy izns'k

v:.kkpy izn's k esa nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s izdkj ds u`tkrh; vkSj mi&u`tkrh; lewg
jgrs gaSaA buesa 26 izeq[k tutkfr;k¡ gS]a rFkk 100 ls vf/kd NksVh tutkfr;k¡ gSA izR;sd
tutkfr viuh Hkk"kk ;k cksyh cksyrh gSA tutkfr;ksa }kjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ds
uke ij mudk ukekadj.k fd;k x;k gSA bl jkT; dh izeq[k tutkfr;ksa bl izdkj gS%
vkfn] U;h'kh] Å irkuh] VSfxu] feLeh] [kEijh] ukbZr]s okapks] rkaX'kk] flaXQks] eksuik] vdk
bR;kfnA f'kYi tSls fd oqukbZ] feV~Vh ds crZu] fLeFkzh dk dke vkSj Vksdjh cukuk
v:.kkpy izn's k dh fjp ijaijk dk izrhd ekuh tkrh gSA

tutkfr;k¡ tSls fd [kEirh] eksuik] [kack vkSj esca k dh viuh fLØIV ¼ys[kuh½ gSA
v:.kkpy izn's k dh tutkfr;k¡ yksd xhr laxzg dh ijaijk dk ikyu djrh gSaA 2011
dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] bl jkT; esa 29-04 izfr'kr fgUnw gSa] 30-26 izfr'kr bZlkbZ gSa
rFkk 1-95 izfr'kr eqfLye gSaA dqN izeq[k tutkfr;ksa tSls fd vkfnl] fu'rh] [kanuh
rFkk flagiksl dh izksQkby dk laf{kIr o.kZu bl izdkj gSaA

vkfn

vkfn v:.kkpy izns'k dh izeq[k tutkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;s cM+s iSekus ij fnckax
NkVh ftys ds fupys fgLlsa fo'ks"kdj jksgx a vkSj nacqd {ks=ksa esa rFkk iwoZ] if'pe vkSj
jkT; ds Åijh fl;kax ftyksa esa jgrh gSaA ine] feykax] dksedkj] fe;kax s vkSj iklh
tSlh ewyfuoklh lewg [kqn dks vknh dgrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS igkM+h yksxA vkfnokfl;ksa
dks igys vcksj Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA vkfn eq[;r;k Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gaSA blds vykok]
eNyh ikyu vkSj f'kdkj djuk Hkh muds fy;s Hkkstu dk eq[; lzkrs gSA vkfn thookn
dk ikyu djrs gSa] ftlesa os izÑfr] nsork] vkRek bR;kfn dh iwtk djrs gSaA ewy
ekU;rkvksa vkSj izFkkvksa dh j{kk djus vkSj laj{k; djus ds fy;s vkfn tutkrh us ,d
vkanksyu pyk;k ftls 1968 esa MksU;h&iksyks ¼Donyi-Polo½ dgk tkrk gSA blesa
mUgksaus vius izkphu /keZ ls iquZLFkkfir fd;k gS ¼pkS/kjh] 2013½A vkfn lekt esa yksd
u`R; ;gk¡ ds R;kSgkjksa rFkk vU; voljksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA

U;h'kh

igys U;h'kh dks MQyk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA mudh viuh laLÑfr vkSj viuh
ijaijk gSA ou vkSj fe[kqu tks ,d ifo= tkuoj gS] muds lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd

17
ifjp; thou dk varfuZfgr fgLlk gSA U;ksdqe ;wyks ¼Nyukum Yullo½ ,d U;h'kh tutkfr
}kjk euk;k tkus okyk ize[q k R;kSgkj gSA bl R;kSgkj dks os nsoh U;ksdqe ds fy;s eukrs
gSa] rkfd Qlyksa dks dhM+ksa vkSj tkuojksa ls cpk;k tk lds vkSj balkuksa dks vius nqHkkZX;
ls cpk;k tk ldsA

rkbZ [kEifr

rkbZ&[kEifr v:.kkpy izn's k ds ukelkbZ ftys esa fuokl djrs gSaA os fgUkk;ku] vkSj
ckS) /keZ dk ikyu djrs gaAS jkT; esa rkbZ&[kEifr ,dek= tutkfr gS ftuds ikl
viuh fyfi gS ftls rkbZ fyfi dgk tkrk gSA mudk eq[; O;olk; Ñf"k gSA [kaifr
u`R; Hkh rkbZ&[kEifr ds egRoiw.kZ izrhdksa esa ls ,d gSA [kairh u`R;] u`R; vkSj ukVd
nksuksa dk feJ.k gSA ;g ckS}ks dh le`) laLÑfr vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dh vU; fofo/k
dgkfu;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA [kEijh dk ,d vU; yksdfiz; u`R; :i ^^eqxkZ yM+kbZ u`R;**
¼Cockfight dance½ gSA

2-2-2 vle
vle fofo/k tkrh; leqnk;ksa dk fuokl LFkku gSA buesa vkfnoklh] xSj&vkfnoklh]
vlfe;k vkSj caxkyh 'kkfey gSaA bu vkfnoklh lewgksa esa eSnkuh tutkfr;k¡] igkM+h
tutkfr;k¡ vkSj pk; tutkfr;ka 'kkfey gSaA vle dh eSnkuh tutkfr;k¡ bl izdkj gS%
ceZu cksMks ¼cksMks dkNkfj½] nsojh] gkstbZ] lksuksoky] dNkjh] ykyqax] esN ehjh ¼feflax½]
jkHkk] fneklk] gktksax] flaxQks] [kEifr] xkjksA buesa ls cksMks lcls cM+h eSnkuh tutkfr
gSA cksMks dqN tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk ,d lkekU; 'kCn gS tks
mudh tutkfr ds uke ls igpkh tkrh gSA cksMks vle ds ewy fuoklh gksus dk nkok
djrs gSaA lksuksoky] dpkjh frulqfd;k] fMczx<+] f'kolkxj] tksjjgkV] xksyk?kj]
y[kheiqj vkSj /ksekth ftyksa esa cM+s iSekus ij fuokl djrs gSaA

feflax vle dh ,d vkSj vU; tutkfr gSa tks fd T;knkrj /ksekth] y[kheiqj]
f'kolkxj] tksjgkj vkSj lksfuuiqj ftyksa esa dsfUnzr gSA vle dh izeq[k igkM+h
tutkfr;k¡ dkjfc vkSj fneklk dpkjh gSa tks dchZ vk¡xyksax vkSj fMek glkvks ftyksa esa
fuokl djrh gSA vle esa fuokl djus okyh vU; igkM+h tutkfr;k¡ gSa xkjks] gktksax]
gekj] [kklh] tsafr;k] flarasx@okj@Iukj@HksbZ@ysxxal vkSj dqdhA pk; ckxkuksa ls
lacf/kr tutkfr;ksa dks Hkh vle esa vkfnoklh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA os fxjfefV;k
etnwjksa ds oa'kt gaS tks pk; ckxku esa dke djus ds fy;s vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku
vk;s FksA os vle esa ns'k ds vU; {ks=ksa ls eksVs rkSj ij NksVkukxiqj ¼ledkyhu fcgkj]
>kj[kaM] NRrhlx<+] mM+hlk] if'pe caxky vkSj mÙkj izn's k½ ls iyk;u dj x;s FksA
buesa ls T;knkrj eqM a k] vk¡jko] laFkky tutkfr ds gSAa mUgsa pk;&tutkfr;k¡ ¼Tea-
tribes½ dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd os 800 ls vf/kd pk; ckxkuksa esa dke djrh gSaA ;s cM+s
iSekus ij lksfuriqj] nkjkax] ukxkao] tksjgV] xksyk?kkV] fMczwx<+] dNkj] gSykdk¡Mh]
djheeat vkSj frulqfd;k ftyksa esa fuokl djrh gSaA vle esa pk;&tutkfr;k¡k
vuqlfw pr tutkfr ugha gS D;ksafd os ewy :i ls vle ds ewy fuoklh ugha gSA ysfdu
mUgas dsfUnz; lwph esa vks-ch-lh- dh Js.kh esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS ¼'kekZ] 2018½A vlfe;k

18
vle ds mu fuokfl;ksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks vleh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa vkSj oks fgUnw {ks= dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
vkSj eqfLye nksuksa leqnk;ksa ls gksrs gSaA os vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj caxkfy;ksa ls vyx gS D;ksfa d
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
os caxkyh ugha cksyrs gSaA 1980 ds n'kd esa] vlfe;ksa ¼Assamese½ dks u`tkrh;
vlfe;k ^^Etnnic Assamese** dgk tkus yxk Fkk ¼c:vk 1999] i`- XVII½A
caxkfy;ksa dh lcls cM+h vkcknh cjkd ?kkVh ftyksa esa fuokl djrh gSA 2011 tux.kuk
ds vuqlkj] fganw] eqfLye] bZlkbZ vkSj ckS) vle dh vkcknh dk izfr 61-47 izfr'kr] 34-
22 izfr'kr] 3-74 izfr'kr rFkk 0-18 izfr'kr Hkkx gSaA blds vykok] vle esa ekjokM+h
,oa usikyh xSj&vkfnokfl;ksa ds oa'kt Hkh gS] rFkk vle ds ckjisVk] ukSxksax] eaxynkbZ
vkSj uyckM+h ftyksa esa os mu eqfLye [ksrhgj etnwjksa ds oa'kt gSa tks vkSifuosf'kd
dky vklke esa vk, FksA

vH;kl iz'u 1
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA

1½ v:.kkpy izn's k dh vknh tutkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh ppkZ djsaA

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2½ vle dh tutkfr;ksa dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft;sA

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2-2-3 es?kky;
es?kky; esa fo'ks"kdj nks izdkj ds u`tkrh; lewg gSa%& ewy fuoklh tutkfr;k¡ vkSj
xSj&Hkwtfuoklh tutkfr;k¡A es?kky; esa rhu eq[; tutkfr;k¡ gS & [kklh] xkjks vkSj
tafr;kA tsfa r;k tutkfr dks iukj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA [kklh vkSj iukj
lkFk feydj ,d lewg cukrs gSa ftldk uke gS [kklh&iukjA es?kky; dh rhu
tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k [kklh] xkjks ,oa tafs r;k igkfM+;ksa esa Hkh dsfUnzr gaAS
xSj&tutkfr mu izokfl;ksa ds oa'kt gS tks ;gk¡ vktknh ls igys ;k foHkktu ds ckn
esa ;gk¡ vk;s FksA xSj&tutkfr;ksa dk iyk;u Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ Hkh gksrk jgk gSA
izoklh ;gk¡ O;olk; vFkok jkstxkj ds dkj.k ;gk¡ cl x, FksA f'kyksax esa ;s
xSj&tutkfr caxkyh] ekjokM+h] fcgkjh] usikyh] fl[k gSaA xSj&tutkfr T;knkrj f'kyksx
a

19
ifjp; tSls 'kgjksa esa fuokl djrs gS] gkykafd os jkT; ds vU; {ks=ksa esa Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaA
es?kky; dh rhuksa tutkfr;k¡ ekr`oa'kh; iz.kkyh dk vuqlj.k djrh gS] ftlesa ifjokj
oa'k ekrk dh vksj ls pyrk gSA blds vykok eqfLye [kklh Hkh ;gk¡ ij gksrs gSaA
[kkfl;ksa ds ikjEifjd /keZ dks fu;ke ¼Niam½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vf/kdrj
[kklh] tsafr;k rFkk xkjks tutkfr;ka bZlkbZ /keZ dks ekurs gS ftudk vkSifuosf'kd dky
esa /keZ ifjorZu gqvk FkkA es?kky; ,dek= mÙkj&iwoZ {ks= gS ekr`o'a kh; lekt ijEijk
dh vuqlj.k gksrk gSA bl iz.kkyh esa] ifjokj dh oa'kkoyh dk irk cPps dh ek¡ ds
ek/;e ls yxk;k tkrk gSA NksVh csVh ¼[kkM~M½w ikfjokfjd laifÙk dh laj{kd
mÙkjkf/kdkjh gksrh gSA cPpk ek¡ ds miuke ¼ljuke½ /kkj.k djrk gS vkSj ifr 'kknh ds
ckn iRuh ds ekrk&firk ds ?kj pyk tkrk gSA efgykvksa dks ikjEifjd jktuhfrd
laLFkkuksa eas dksbZ izfrfuf/kRo ugha gSA mudk fo/kku lHkk ;k laln esa Hkh izfrfuf/kRo
ux.; gSA

[kklh jkT; dh vkcknh dk yxHkx 50 izfr'kr gSaA [kklh ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds vuqlkj
[kkfl;ksa dh mRifÙk lkr >ksaifM+;ksa ;k fgE;wVisª ¼Hynnewtrep½ ls gqbZ gSA 2011 dh
tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] bZlkbZ] fgUnw ,oa eqfLye vkcknh es?kky; ds Øe'k% 74-59 izfr'kr]
11-53 izfr'kr ,oa 4-40 izfr'kr gSA R;kSgkj Hkh es?kky; dh [kklh tutkfr ds egRoiw.kZ
izrhd gSaA o"kZ dh vyx&vyx vof/k esa es?kky; jkT; esa fofHkUu R;kSgkj vk;ksftr
fd;s tkrs gSaA ,d ik¡p fnu yack [kkfl;ksa dk /kkfeZd R;kSgkj isEcykax ukales u`R; gS
ftls uksUxzes ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA f'kykax ls 12 fdyksehVj nwj ,d xkao fLer esa
izfro"kZ bl u`R; dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g R;kSgkj ikjaifjd [kklh jkT; fgek
¼Hima½ dh mRifÙk dh Le`fr eas euk;k tkrk gSA ,d vkSj R;kSgkj [kklh leqnk; dk
vizSy ds nwljs lIrkg esa f'kykax esa gksrk gSA tsafr;k leqnk; dk lcls egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkj
csganh[kyke ¼Behdiengkhlam½ tqykbZ ds efgus esa tasfr;k fgYl ij izfro"kZ euk;k
tkrk gSA vDVwcj&uoacj esa ltyksax ¼lw;Z&Hkxoku½ ds lEeku esa xkjks tutkfr }kjk
ok¡xyk ¼Wangla½ R;kSgkj ,d lIrkg rd euk;k tkrk gSA

2-3-4 ef.kiqj
ef.kiqj esa ekStwn izeq[k u`tkrh; lewg bl izdkj gS& esbrh tks eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa fuokl
djrs gSa] rFkk tutkfr;ka tSl& s ukxk] dqdh vkSj fpu tks igkfM+;ksa esa fuokl djrh gSAa
esbrh ikaxy ¼esbrh&eqlyeku½ ;gk¡ dh tula[;k dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSaA bu tutkfr;ksa
ds vykok] dqN vU; tutkfr;k¡ Hkh gSa tSls fd ,seksy] vuky] vaxkeh] fp: pks<h+ ]
gekj] dkcqbZ dkse] fetks] yq'k] ekvks] eksulkax bR;kfn Hkh ef.kiqj dh vkcknh dk fgLlk
gSA ef.kiqj ds yksx frcrks&cjeu] Hkk"kk cksyrs gSAa esbrh Hkk"kk esbrh yksxksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk
gS tks jkT; dh fyaxqvk Ýsd a k ¼laidZ Hkk"kk½ gS tcfd vaxzt s h vf/kdkfjd Hkk"kk vkSj
O;olk;&lapkyu dh Hkk"kk gSA laxkbZ mRlo ds uke ls yksdfiz; mRlo dk vk;kstu
vkerkSj ij 15 fnuksa ds fy;s bEQ+ky ds iSysl xzkuq.M esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ij dsUnz
,oa jkT; ljdkjs]a futh m|eh vkSj lgdkfjrk foHkkx vius mRiknksa dks iznf'kZr djrs
gSaA bl R;kSgkj esa vU; u`R;ksa ds lkFk ^eSch u`R;** tks fd ef.kiqj dk yksdu`R; gS dks
og LFkkuh; yksd dykdkjksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ize[q k gLrkf'kYi] ydM+h dh

20
uDdk'kh vkSj jsfMesM oL= vkfn ls lacaf/kr laxBu iM+kSlh ns'k tSls fd E;kaekj] {ks= dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
FkkbZyS.M] ckaXykns'k] nf{k.k dksfj;k] tkiku ;gk¡ rd fd vesfjdk Hkh blesa Hkkx ysrk
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
gSA blds vykok ef.kiqj ds izR;sd u`tkrh; lewg dh viuh laLÑfr vkSj ijaijk,sa gSA
laLÑfr ,oa ijaijk,sa muds u`R;] laxhr] ,oa izFkkxr izpyu ls izpfyr gksrh gSA ef.kiqj
ds dqN 'kkL=h; u`R;ksa esa jkl yhyk] uwik ikyk] iqax pksykse] [kEck Fkksbch u`R; 'kkfey
gSaA jkl yhyk u`R; jkr Hkj eafnj ds lkeus ,d ckM+s esa fd;k tkrk gSA

2-3-5 fet+ksje
fetks ,d lkekU; 'kCn gS tks fetksje dh fetks igkfM+;ksa esa jgus okyh tutkfr;ksa vkSj
ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ik¡p izeq[k tutkfr;k¡ gS& yw'kh] jkYrs] gekj] iS'us]
rFkk ikfo ¼ftls iwoZ esa ykMZl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk½A ogk¡ ij 11 vU; NksVh
tutkfr;k¡ Hkh gaSA eq[; rkSj ij fofHkUu tutkfr;k¡ ftuesa vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku
dqdh&fpu&yq'kkbZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk os fetksje f=iqjk] ef.kiqj] vle vkSj
ckaXykns'k ,oa cekZ ¼E;kekaj½ esa QSyh gqbZ gSaA blds lkFk gh vdsys fetksje ds fuokfl;ksa
dks fetks dgk tkrk gSA ipkÅ ¼Pachuau½ ds vuqlkj ¼2018] i`- 11½] fet+ks igpku
,d ^^fLFkfrtU; igpku** gSA fetksje esa [kqn dks fet+ks ekuus okys lewg tSls fd gekj
vkSj ikbV~l [kqn dks vkSj dgha fet+ks ugha ekurs gSAa ejkl ¼ftUgsa igys yk[kj dgk
tkrk Fkk½ vkSj ikfol Hkh pkgrs gSa fd mUgsa fet+ks us uke tkuk tk;s] E;kaekj dk fpu
leqnk; [kqn dks fet+ks ekurk gSA fetksje ds fetks Hkh E;kaekj ds fpu yksxksa dks fetks
ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa fetksje ds eq[;ea=h us 2021 esa fpu izoklh
'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks tks fd E;kaekj ls Fks dks fetks ds :i esa lgk;rk iznku dh FkhA fpu
leqnk; Hkh vkbtkWy dks viuh lkaLÑfrd jkt/kkuh vFkok tky[okl ekurs gSaA

u`tkrh;rk vkSj Hkk"kk ds lac/a k esa fetksa leqnk; dks ^frCcrks ceZu** ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA Mqgfy;u Hkk"kk vaxt zs h ds lkFk&lkFk fetks dh vkf/kdkfjd Hkk"kk gSA e`R;q
laLdkj vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ fetks laLÑfr dh igpku ds ladrs gSA e`R;q O;fDr dh igpku
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS fd og fetks gS ;k ughaA ,d fetks dks e`R;q ds i'pkr nQu
LFkku esa nQukus dh vuqefr gksrh gS tcfd xSj&fetks dks ughaA nQukus dh vuqefr
ml O;fDr dks Hkh mldh e`R;q ds ckn ugha feyrh gS tks fetks esa iSnk gqvk Fkk ysfdu
fdlh dk dkj.k mldh fetks igpku lekIr gks xbZ gks ¼ipqvk] 2018½A ck¡l dh [ksrh]
tks gkykafd vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr gS] fetks lekt ds Hkkstu vkSj laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ
fgLlk gSA ck¡l fetks ds fy, ,d QwV lIyhesaV gSA ck¡l dk Qwy ftls ekSre dgrs gSa
og gj ipkl o"kZ esa vadqfjr gksrk gSA ck¡l dh Qly esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk vf/kd
ek=k esa ew"kd ¼rodents½ iSnk gks tkrs gSA os ck¡l dh Qly dks [kk tkrs gSa ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkstu dh deh vkSj var esa vdky iM+ tkrk gSA 1950 ds n'kd ds var
esa ,slk vdky iM+ x;k Fkk ¼lty ukx] 2008½A bl vdky us 1960 vkSj 1980 ds
nkSjku fetks mxzokn dks tUe fn;kA ;g mxzokn 1986 esa vle le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj ds
lkFk lekIr gqvk FkkA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 87-16 izfr'kr fetks gS] 2-75
izfr'kr fgUnw vkSj 1-35 izfr'kr eqfLye gSaA ckS) /keZ ds Hkh dqN vuq;k;h] fo'ks"kdj
pdek fetksje gSA jkT; esa u;s o"kZ dk dk fnu fØlel fnol rFkk vU; R;kSgkj
euk, tkrs gSaA fetksje ds yksdfiz; u`R; esa 'kkfey gSa psjko ¼ck¡l u`R;½] [kqvkYye]
21
ifjp; lksyfd;k vkSj NsbZykHk Hkh fetks laLÑfr dks izrhd gSaA fetks vkpkj lafgr ds fy,
ryoexsguk dk vuqlj.k djrs gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd ;g lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa dk
nkf;Ro gS fd os esgekuuokt] n;ky] fu%LokFkZ vkSj nwljksa ds fy;s ennxkj gksA

2-2-6 ukxkyS.M
ukxkyS.M jkT; esa 16 eq[; tutkfr;k¡ gS & vaxkeh] vkvks] pkdslkax] pkSax] phj]
f[kelqaxe] dksU;kd] yksFkk] edokjs] Qkse] jax s ek] lajkre] lsek] frf[kj] f;epqx]s vkSj
tsfy;kaxA gkykafd buesa ls izR;sd dh viuh vyx igpku gS fQj Hkh bUgsa ,d lkekU;
uke ukxk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj bl jkT; esa bZlkbZ
87-9 izfr'kr] fgUnw 8-7 izfr'kr vkSj eqfLye 2-5 izfr'kr gSA ukxkyS.M esa dbZ Hkk"kk,sa Hkh
cksyh tkrh gSA ;s frCrks&ceZu lewg ls lacfa /kr gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj]
ukxkyS.M esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk,sa bl izdkj gSa% dksU;kd] vkvks] yksFkk] vaxkeh] pksdh]
laxre] caxkyh] tses] foepqx a s] pkax] f[kefuaxe] jsaxdk rFkk QkseA yksd xhr vkSj u`R;
ukxk laLÑfr ds ikjaifjd /kjksgj gSA ukxkyS.M jkT; fofHkUu R;kSgkjksa dks eukus ds
fy;s izfl) gSA muesa ls ,d R;kSgkj gkWuZfcy egksRlo gSA bls fnlacj 2000 esa
ukxkyS.M ljdkj us 'kq: fd;k Fkk rkfd varj&tutkfr; okrkZyki vkSj lkaLÑfrd
fojklr dks c<+kok fn;k tk ldsA

2-2-7 f=iqjk
f=iqjk esa vkerkSj ij nks izdkj ds tkrh; lewg gSa & tutkfr; ¼ewy fuoklh yksx½
vkSj xSj&tutkfr;A dbZ mi&tutkfr;ksa ds lkFk f=iqjk esa yxHkx 19 izeq[k
tutkfr;k¡ gSA f=iqjk dh tutkfr;k¡ bl izdkj gS & f=iqjh] fj;kax] pdek] gyke]
xkjks] ywlh vkSj MkjyksaxA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj f=iqjk esa fgUnw 83-70 izfr'kr]
eqfLye 8-60 izfr'kr rFkk bZlkbZ 4-35 izfr'kr gSA f=iqjk esa ewy fuoklh leqnk; dh
tula[;k yxHkx 30 izfr'kr gSA f=iqjk esa caxkyh lcls cM+k u`tkrh; lewg gSA f=iqjk
esa caxkyh T;knkrj caxkyh Hkk"kk cksyus okys izoklh gS tks fd foHkktu ds ckn vk;s FksA
caxkyh laLÑfr vkSj tutkfr;k¡ ijaijk feyh tqydj ^^f=iqjh laLÑfr** dks tUe nsrs gSA
caxkyh Hkk"kk lcls T;knk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gS D;ksfa d jkT; esa caxkyh yksxksa dh
la[;k vf/kd gSA ;gk¡ dh tutkfr;k¡ T;knkrj dksdcksjksd Hkk"kk cksyrh gSaA u`R; ,oa
laxhr f=iqjk dh tutkfr;ksa dk vfHkUu Hkkx gSA izR;sd tutkfr dk viuk laxhr ,oa
u`R; gSA

2-2-8 flfDde
flfDde esa rhu izeq[k u`tkrh; lewg gSa & usikyh] HkwfV;k vkSj ysipkA ;s Øe'k%
usikyh] HkwfV;k vkSj ysipk Hkk"kk cksyrs gSAa ysipk flfDde ds ewy fuoklh gSAa HkwfV;k
HkwVku ls 17oha lnh esa rFkk usikyh usiky ls 19oha lnh esa flfDde esa iyk;u djds
;gka vk;s FksA HkwfV;k leqnk; dk vkxeu] frCcr {ks= ls 14oha lnh esa 'kq: gks x;k Fkk]
tc 1642 esa flfDde lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA tSlkfd vkius bdkbZ la[;k ,d esa
i<+k gksxk flfDde Hkkjrh; la?k dk 1975 esa fgLlk cuk Fkk] D;ksafd flfDde lkezkT;

22
fczfV'k dk lajf{kr jkT; FkkA flfDde dh u`tkrh; lajpuk esa Hkh ifjorZu gksus yxkA {ks= dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
usikfy;ksa dks flfDde esa iyk;u ds dkj.k ftls vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk us c<+kok fn;k Fkk]
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
usikyh flfDde esa ,d cM+k u`tkrh; lewg cu x;k FkkA ftlus vU; u`tkrh; lewgksa
dh tula[;k dks de dj fn;k FkkA usikfy;ksa dh rqyuk esa flfDde esa ysipk vkSj
HkwfV;k] lewgksa dh tula[;k esa deh iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa ,d eq[; lanHkZ fcanq
cu x;k FkkA izk;% ;g nyhy nh tkrh gS fd flfDde ,oa f=iqjk esa usikyh ,oa
caxkfy;ksa ds iyk;u ds dkj.k ogk¡ ewy fuoklh vYila[;d cu x, FksA ;fn ;g
iyk;u ugha jksdk x;k] mÙkj iwoZ ds vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh LFkkuh; leqnk; vYila[; oxZ
esa rCnhy gks tk;sxa As

rhuksa tkrh; lewgksa dh viuh Hkk"kk,sa gSA blds vykok dbZ vU; cksfy;ksa Hkh ;gk¡ ij
cksyh tkrh gS tSlfs d usikyh u`tkfr;ksa esa izpfyr Hkk"kk,a gSa& xq#
a x] jkbZ] reax] eqf[k;k]
usoj] eaxj] 'ksjik] bR;kfnA ysfdu flfDde esa usikyh Hkk"kk lcls vf/kd cksyh tkrh gS
D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij usikyh leqnk; dh tula[;k cgqr vf/kd gSA jkT; dh vf/kdkfjd
Hkk"kk vaxtzs h] usikyh] flfDde ¼HkwfV;k½ vkSj ysipk gSaA flfDde esa ckS) vkSj fgUnw nksuksa
/keZ izeq[k gSAa ysipk vkSj HkwfV;k T;knkrj ckS) gSA cgqla[;d usikyh fgUnw gSA flfDde
esa lkr ls vf/kd eB ¼monastries½ gSaA yksd u`R;] fjfr&fjokt ,oa ijaijk ,oa
u`tkrh; lewgksa dh fofHkUu ijaijk flfDde dh laLÑfr dk fpUg gSAa ikax ykolksy
¼Pang Lhabsol½ HkwfV;k leqnk; dk ,d izeq[k R;kSgkj gSA bl R;kSgkj ds }kjk os
daputaxk igkM+ dks viuk leku izLrqr djrs gSA daputaxk igkM+ dks jkT; dk j{kd
ekuk tkrk gSA

vH;kl iz'u 2
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA

1½ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa fdu tutkfr;ksa esa ekr`oa'kh; iz.kkyh gS] vkSj bldh fo'ks"krk,as
D;k gS\

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2½ flfDde ds izeq[k u`tkrh; lewgksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

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23
ifjp; 2-3 lkjka'k
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ns'k dk lcls fofo/k {ks= gSA eksVs rkSj ij {ks= esa rhu izdkj ds tkrh;
lewg gksrs gSa& ewyfuokfl;ksa u`tkrh; lewg ;k tutkfr;k¡] xSj&tutkfr;k¡ tks dbZ
o"kksZa ls bu {ks=ksa esa jg jgs gSa] rFkk izokf'k;ksa ds oa'kt tks bl {ks= esa 19oha lnh esa vk;s
FksA izR;sd lewg dh viuh fof'k"V lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd igpku gksrh gS tks fd
Hkk"kk] u`R;] iwtk ds rjhdksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa bR;kfn esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA gkykafd iwoksZÙkj
ds gj jkT; esa dbZ u`tkrh; lewg gSa] buesa ls dqN lewg vkdkj esa cM+s vkSj jktuhfrd
:i ls vU; lewgksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lfØ; gSA v:.kkpy izn's k Hkkjr esa lcls
vf/kd u`tkrh; fofo/krk okyk jkT; gS] tgk¡ ij lHkh u`tkrh; lewgksa dh lkaLÑfrd
igpku gSA vle esa] xSj&tutkfr lewg gSa tSls fd vlfe;k] caxkyh rFkk vU; izoklh
lewg tks fd viuh cksyh ;k Hkk"kk cksyrs gS] rFkk dqN tutkfr;k¡ tSls fd cksMks] dkchZ
rFkk fMelk dpkjh] jkT; ds igkM+h bykdksa esa jgrs gSaA os viuh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa tks fd
vleh ,oa caxkyh ls vyx gksrh gSA es?kky; eas rhu izeq[k tutkfr;ksa [kklh] xkjks
rFkk tsafr;k gSA buesa ekr`o'a kh; iz.kkyh izpfyr gSA ukxkyS.M esa dbZ izdkj dh
tutkfr;k¡ gSa ftUgas ukxk dgk tkrk gSA mudk izeq[k R;kSgkj gkuZfcy gSA ef.kiqj ds
izeq[k u`tkrh; lewg esbrh ,oa ukxk gSAa esbrh ?kkVh esa fuokl djrs gSaA tcfd ukxk
igkM+h {ks=ksa esa jgrs gSaA flfDde ds rhu izeq[k tkrh; lewg gS ysipk] HkwfV;k ,oa
usikyhA jkT; esa budh vyx lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd igpku gSA f=iqjk dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ,oa u`tkrh; i`"BHkwfe fofHkUu tutkfr;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrhA
bl jkT; dh tutkfr;k¡ eq[;r% dksdcksjd Hkk"kk cksyrh gSa tcfd caxkyh] caxkyh Hkk"kk
cksyrs gSaA

2-4 lanHkZ
Mkoj] txnh'k yky ¼2021½] dYpj ,UM jsftLVsal bu uksFkZ bZLV bafM;k% rkuh ,UM
fdLeh xzqi vkWQ VªkbCl vkWQ v:.kkpy izn's k] us'ku izsl] fnYyhA
Mkoj] txnh'k yky ¼2009½] QwM bu n ykbQ vkWQ fetkst% Ýkse izh dksyksfu;y Vw n~
iztUs V] bafM;k baLVhV~;wV vkWQ ,MokaLM LVMht] f'keykA
ukx] lty ¼2008½] ikbM] fiilZ vkWQ uksFkZ bZLV bafM;k] euksgj] fnYyhA

jru] Vh ¼2006½] fgLVªh] fjyhtu] ,UM dYpj vkWQ uksFkZ bZLV bafM;k] bZ'kk cqDl]
fnYyhA

'kekZ] fo".kq ,UM yksd's k Nsrzh ¼2020½] ^^dYpjy vkLisDV~l vkWQ flfDde] , fjO;w**
bUVj us'kuy] tuZy vkWQ vkVZl ,UM lks'ky lkbalt**] oks- 3] bZihMCY;w] 5]
flracj&vDVwcj] 2020-

'kekZ] bUnzthr ¼2018½] ^^Vh VªkbCl vkWQ vle] vkbZ Msfa VMh iksfyfVDl ,UM lpZ Qksj
fyojs'ku bZihMCY;w oks- 53] ua- 9] ekpZ 3-

24
20 bZ;lZ ijlisfDVo Iyku Qksj ef.kiqj] fefuLVªh vkWQ V~;wfjTe] xouZeasV vkWQ bafM;k] {ks= dh
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd vkSj
U;w&fnYyhA
u`tkrh; :ijs[kk
s kby vkWQ ef.kiqj 2014&15] http://dcmsme.gov.in., accessed
ef.kiqj] LVsV izkQ
on 25th August, 2021-

es?kky;] bafnjk xka/kh us'kuy lsaVj QkWj n vkVZl] http://www.ignca.gov.in.,

accessed on 25th August, 2021-

ipkÅ] ,y= ds- ¼2014½] chax , fetks% vkbZMasfVVh ,UM fcyksafxax bu uksFkZ bZLV bafM;k]
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izl
s ] fnYyhA

Hkw;ku] vfHkthr] ^^n~ lksfi;ks & iksyhfVdy ewoesVa Qksj cksMksyS.M ,u fo;ksUM , tsaMMZ
isjkMkbe( ihl LVMht] xqokgkVhA

jkW;] vfues'k ¼2018½] ^^fMLdksMZ vkWQ esfVªfy;usfyVh- ,u lkbV bu Vw n~ [kklh

lkslkbZVh bu es?kky;^^ lkslkbVh ,UM dYpj bu lkmFk ,f'k;k] oks- 4 ua-] 2] ist
278&97-

'kekZ] jf'e js[kk] ^^bUVsaftcy dYpjy gsjhVst vkWQ v:.kkpy izn's k** dYpjy
,saFkzkis ksyksth] oks- 8] ua- 2] 2012] ist 514-

flag] ds- ,l ¼,M+½ fiiy vkWQ bafM;k] v:.kkpy izn's k] oks- XIV] ,saFkzkis ksyksth losZ
vkWQ bafM;k½ dydÙkk] lhxy cqDlA

v:.kkpy g;weu MoyiesaV fjiksVZ] ifCyLM ckbZ fMikVZesVa vkWQ Iykfuax] xouZeasV vkWQ
v:.kkpy izn's k] 2005-

vkpk;Z] vferaXlw ,u ,fylu vkWLch] ^^n~ dYpjy iksfyfVDl vkWQ lsfØM xzkOs t , dsl
LVMh vkWQ nsfolku bu flfDde] bafM;k] datosZ'ku ,UM lkslkbVh] oks- 15] ua 2] 2017A

2-5 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj

vH;kl iz'u 1
1½ vkfn tutkfr ftls fd vcksj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] v:.kkpy izns'k dk
,d izeq[k u`tkrh; lewg gSA vkfn dk vFkZ gS igkM+h yksxA ewy fuoklh
tutkfr;k¡ tSlfs d ine] feyax dksedkj] fe;ksx a rFkk iklh vius vki dks
vkfn tutkfr ekurh gSaA mudh izeq[k vkfFkZd xfrfof/k esa [skrh djuk] eNyh
ikyu ,oa f'kdkj djuk 'kkfey gSaA os izÑfr iwtk esa fo'okl djrs gSAa 1968
es]a mUgksua s ,d mudh laLÑfr dh j{kk ,oa laj{k.k ds fy, vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k
ftls ^MkU;h ikWyks* dgk tkrk gSA

25
ifjp; 2½ vklke esa rhu izdkj dh tutkfr;k¡ gS & eSnkuh tutkfr;k¡] igkM+h
tutkfr;k¡ rFkk pk; tutkfr;k¡A eSnkuh tutkfr;k¡ esa fd ceZu] cksjks] nsvjh]
gkstbZ] lksuksoky] dpkjh] ykywax] esp] fØr jkck] fMeklk] gtksax] flaxQks]
[kkerh] xkjks 'kkfey gSAa cksMks eSnkuh bykdksa dh lcls cM+h vle dh tutkfr
gSA os [kqn dks vle dh ewy fuoklh ekurh gSA cksMks dbZ tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s
iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekuk lwpd gSA dkchZ vkSj fMeklk dpkjh vle ds
igkM+h {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh gSa tks fd dkchZ vaxyksax vksj fMeklk glkvksa ftyksa
esa gSaA eqaMk] vksjksu] laFkky pk;&tutkfr;k¡ gS tks pk; ckxkuksa eas dke djrh
gSA ;s vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku vle esa ckgj ls iyk;u djds vk;h Fkha
tSls fd mÙkj izn's k] fcgkj] mfM+lk] if'pe caxky] bR;kfnA

vH;kl iz'u 2
1½ ekr`oa'kh; iz.kkyh es?kky; ds rhu tutkfr;ksa esa izpfyr gS & [kklh] xkjks rFkk
tsafr;kA bu O;oLFkk esa ifjokj dk eqf[k;k cPps dh ek¡ gksrh gSA lcls NksVh
iq=h ifjokj dh laifÙk dh mÙkjkf/kdkjh vkSj laj{kd gksrh gSA cPps ek¡ ds
mi&tutkfr dk uek viukrs gSA 'kknh ds ckn ifr iRuh ds firk ds fuokl
ij pys tkrs gSaA

2½ flfDde esa rhu izeq[k u`tkrh; lewg gSa & ysipk] HkwfV;k ,oa usikyhA usikyh
buesa lcls cM+k lewg gSA

26
bdkbZ&3 {ks= dh vkfFkZd :ijs[kk
lajpuk
3-0 mís';
3-1 çLrkouk
3-2 Hkwfe vkSj ckxku ¼Plantation½
3-3 fu"d"kZ.k vFkZO;oLFkk
3-4 r`rh;d {ks= dk çHkqRo
3-5 lkekftd oxksaZ dk mn;
3-6 pqukSfr;ka
3-7 lkjka'k
3]8 lanHkZ
3-9 vH;klç'uksa ds mÙkj

3-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr djus ;ksX; gksaxs %
•iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cqfu;knh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k
• {ks= esa Hkwfe] ckxku vkSj [kfut lalk/kuksa ds egRo dks js[kkafdr djuk rFkk
•muçeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dh ppkZ dj ldsaxs ftudk lkeuk ;s vFkZO;oLFkk,a djrh gSaA

3-1 çLrkouk
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa dh vkfFkZd :ijs[kk bl {ks= dh jktuhfr vkSj fodkl dks
çHkkfor djrh gSA os viuh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj LFkyk—fr ls vkdkj xzg.k djrs gSaA
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds vkB jkT;ksa esa nks çdkj ds HkwHkkx gSa & eSnku vkSj igkfM+;k¡A Hkwfe] lsok
{ks=] ikjaifjd m|ksx] çk—frd lalk/ku ¼taxy] [kfut] isVªksy] dks;yk] pwuk iRFkj]
vkfn½] vkSj i;ZVu {ks= dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds egRoiw.kZ lzkrs gSaA buesa Hkwfe dk fo'ks"k
egRo gSA veysna q xqgk ¼1977½ ds vuqlkj] Hkwfe dks NksM+dj vle esa vU; lHkh fuos'kksa
dks ckgj ls yk;k x;k FkkA ;g bdkbZ vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa tSls Hkwfe] ckxku]
[kfut] r`rh;d {ks=] pqukSfr;ksa vkSj çokl ds lanHkZ esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd :ijs[kk
ls lacfa /kr gSA

3-2 Hkwfe vkSj ckxku ¼ Plantation½


txiky flag] izkQ
s slj] jktuhfr foKku ladk;] bXuw] eSnku x<h
ifjp; Hkwfe —f"k] ckxku vkSj çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk lzkrs gSA eSnkuh vkSj igkM+h {ks=ksa esa Hkwfe esa
[ksrh dh ç—fr fHkUu gksrh gSA vle esa eSnkuh {ks=ksa dk vuqikr iwoksZÙkj ds vU; jkT;ksa
ds ,sls {ks=ksa ds vuqikr ls cM+k gSA igkM+h {ks=ksa esa >we dh [ksrh ikjaifjd [ksrh dk
rjhdk jgh gSA vkSj >we dh [ksrh xksykdkj rjhds ls tkjh jgsxhA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa [ksrh
dh tkus okyh eq[; Qlysa gSa twV] Qy] pk;] nkys]a ukfj;y] vkyw] lqikjh] pkoy] xsga]w
eDdk] frygu] xUuk] vnjd] esLrk] elkys] vukukl] dsyk] iihrkA
iwoksZÙkj ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa —f"k Hkwfe dk dksbZ O;fäxr LokfeRo ugha gSA ;g leqnk; ds
lkFk tqMk+ gSA ysfdu bl {ks= ds eSnkuh bykdksa es]a Hkkjr ds vU; fgLlksa dh rjg]
vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj xSj&vkfnokfl;ksa nksuksa dk fuokl gS] Hkwfe esa O;fäxr gLrkarj.kh;
vkSj fojklr ;ksX; vf/kdkj ekStwn gSaA tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa] fdlh O;fä dks [ksrh dk
mís'; xzke leqnk; }kjk xk¡o ds ç/kku ds ek/;e ls Hkwfe dk vkoaVu fd;k tkrk gSA
og leqnk; dh vksj ls dke djrk gS] vkSj ikjaifjd fjokt ds vuqlkj tehu vkoafVr
dh tkrh gSA O;fäxr vkoaVh }kjk çfØ;k dk mYya?ku djus ij mls Hkwfe ls csn[ky
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr] fo'ks"kdj vle dh jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkwfe vkSj çoklh fdlkuksa ds
chp laca/k ,d egRoiw.kZ eqík jgk gSA lkfgR; ds vk/kkj ij Hkwfe vkSj fdlkuksa ds chp
laca/kksa ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr iSVuZ mHkjrk gSA iwohZ caxky ls vle esa fdlkuksa dk
çokl jkT; dh Hkwfe vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk jgh gSA vle esa ^^catj
Hkwfe^^ ij [ksrh djus ds fy, vaxzt s ksa ds çksRlkgu ds lkFk 1891 esa iwoZ ls fdlkuksa dk
çokl 'kq: gqvkA çokl dks çksRlkfgr djus dk eq[; mís'; [kk| mRiknu vkSj jktLo
c<+kuk FkkA ^^catj Hkwfe^^ ml çdkj dh Hkwfe Fkh ftls os taxy vkSj vU; lkekU; laifÙk
lalk/ku ¼lhihvkj½ dgrs Fks] ftls fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd O;fäxr LokfeRo ds rgr catj
Hkwfe dgrs FksA ,slh ou Hkwfe ftls ^^catj Hkwfe^^ dgk tkrk Fkk] vle ds cksMks vkSj jkHkk
tutkfr;ksa ds fuokZg dk lk/ku FkhA 1930 ds n'kd rd] vle esa Hkwfe cgqrk;r esa
FkhA ysfdu ml le; i’pkr cny xbZA mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds iwokZnZ~/k ls ckxku
vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f) us çkar esa [kk| mRiknu ij çfrdwy çHkko MkykA {ks= esa [kk|kUu
dh deh FkhA blls çkar esa [kk| mRiknu esa o`f) dh vko';drk gqbZA ,sls esa iwohZ
caxky esa iM+kl s h ftyksa ds çokfl;ksa }kjk Hkwfe ij [ksrh dh xbZA iwohZ caxky ls vle esa
fdlkuksa dk çokl nks dkj.kksa ls gqvk% igyk dkj.k Hkwfe O;oLFkk dh ç—fr ds dkj.k
fdlkuksa dh nfjærk Fkh tks LFkk;h Hkwfe cankscLr FkhA LFkk;h cankscLr us iwohZ caxky esa
fdlkuksa dks xjhc cuk fn;k ftlls mUgsa vle esa çokl djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k
¼QukaZMhl 2020½A nwljk dkj.k jktuhfrd FkkA 1930 ds n'kd esa lSnqYyk ds usr`Ro
okyh eqfLye yhx ljdkj us caxky ls iyk;u dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA ;|fi lSnqYyk
ljdkj dh ^^vf/kd Hkkstu mxkvks^^ uhfr ds rgr çoklu dks Li"V :i ls çksRlkfgr
fd;k x;k Fkk] bldk eq[; mís'; fdlkuksa ds chp lSnqyk @ eqfLye yhx dks c<+kok
nsuk FkkA 1940 ds n'kd esa] LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dh rqyuk esa çoklh fdlkuksa dh la[;k
vf/kd gksus ds lkFk vle dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk cny xbZA çfrfØ;k esa] dkaxl zs
usrk xksihukFk ckjnksykbZ us ykbu flLVe dh 'kq#vkr dhA blus çoklh fdlkuksa }kjk
dCtk dh xbZ Hkwfe dks Hkwfe ç.kkyh ls ijs Hkwfe ij dCtk djus ls jksdus ds fy,
lhekafdr fd;k ¼QukaZMhl 2021] xqgk 1977] ukx 1990½A

28
ckxku vFkZO;oLFkk iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkwfe ds ç'u ls Hkh lacfa /kr gSA phu ds lkFk pk; {ks= dh vkfFkZd
ds O;kikj dks can gksus ls baXySaM ds fy, pk; dh miyC/krk ds jkLrs can gks x,A :ijs[kk
vaxtzs ksa us pk; ds oSdfYid lzkrs ksa dh ryk'k dhA vkSj ;g vle esa Hkwfe esa miyC/k gqbZ
¼eSnku vkSj igkM+h {ks= tks dkykarj esa dCtk dj fy;s x;s Fks ½A fczfV'k ckxku
ekfydksa us vle esa pk; ckxku ds fy, tehu ij dCtk djus ds fy, iSlk yxk;kA
dydÙkk esa fczfV'k O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa ds ,tsVa yanu esa vius led{kksa dh vksj ls dke
djrs FksA ckxku vFkZO;oLFkk us vle dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds eqæhdj.k dh 'kq#vkr dhA
blls —f"k esa [ksrh ds lk/kuksa esa lq/kkj gqvkA njvly] igyh ckj cSy dkMZ is'k fd;k
x;k FkkA vaxt zs ksa us Hkkjr ds vU; fgLlksa & fcgkj] ;wih vkSj jktLFkku ds pk; ckxku
Jfedksa dks pk; ckxku esa dke djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k] D;ksafd mUgksaus iwohZ
caxky ds fdlkuksa dks vle esa Hkwfe ij [ksrh djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;kA gkyk¡fd
nks vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ tks ckxku vkSj —f"k Hkwfe ij fuHkZj Fkha] ysfdu muds chp dh dM+h
detksj vkSj U;wure jghA Hkwfe ls lacaf/kr vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ls lekt ds Hkhrj
Hkkjh cnyko ugha vk;k ¼xqgk 1977½A

3-3 fu"d"kZ.k vFkZO;oLFkk

—f"k vkSj ckxku ds vykok] iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa Hkwfe çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds fu"d"kZ.k dk Hkh
,d lzkrs gS & ou mRikn tSls ydM+h] isVªksfy;e] dks;yk vkfn A gkyk¡fd jkT;ksa esa
çk—frd lalk/kuksa dks fudkyus ds ç;kl 1950 ds n'kd ls fd, x, gSa] ysfdu 1990
ds n'kd ls gh ç;kl vf/kd yxkrkj gks jgs FksA ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dh 'kq#vkr ds
ckn iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa fu"d"kZ.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok feyk] ftls 1990 ds n'kd esa
iwoksZÙkj esa foLrkfjr fd;k x;k FkkA bl vof/k ds nkSjku] dsaæ ljdkj] dqN jkT; Lrj
ds jktusrkvksa] Bsdsnkjksa] LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa us lalk/kuksa dks fudkyus dk ç;kl fd;k &
dks;yk] jsr iRFkj] pwuk] ;wjfs u;e vkfn A blls tSo fofo/krk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj
LokLF; lac/a kh [krjsa mHkjs gaSA gkykafd] us'kuy xzhu fVªC;wuy ¼,uthVh½ us dks;ys dh
fudklh ij jksd yxk nh FkhA if'pe [kklh fgYl ftys ds Mksfe;kfl;kr xkao esa
;wjfs u;e la;= a fojks/k ds dkj.k Bi gks x;kA t;afr;k fgYl esa pwg& s ek¡n esa dqN
[kfudksa dh ekSr vkSj [kfudksa ds leFkZdksa }kjk dqN lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa ij geyk
{ks= ds lkekftd thou ij fu"d"kZ.k vFkZO;oLFkk ds çHkko dks n'kkZrk gS ¼dkyZlu
2011½A
1990 ds n'kd rd ukxkySM a esa [kfutksa dk nksgu ekStwn ugha Fkk ¼QukaZMhl 2020% ih-
275½A ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dh 'kq:vkr ds ifj.kkeLo:i çk—frd lalk/kuksa dks
fudkyus ds mís'; ls Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k fd;k x;kA lq/kkjksa dk foLrkj fu"d"kZ.k
vFkZO;oLFkk us [kfutksa] [kuu vkfn ds fu"d"kZ.k ds fy, Hkwfe dh miyC/krk dks
vko';d cuk fn;kA es?kky; esa [kuu mís'; ds fy, 1947&2000 ds nkSjku jkT;ksa esa
[kuu ds fy, de ls de 500]000 ,dM+ Hkwfe dh vko';drk Fkh] yxHkx 585-92
,dM+ Hkwfe dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA {ks=h; fooknksa ls çHkkfor {ks=] mnkgj.k Lo:i
ukxkySaM&vle {ks=h; fookn ls tqM+k esjkikuh lhek {ks= [kfut le`) gS% ;g nksuksa
jkT;ksa ds fy, jktLo dk lzksr gks ldrk gSA f=iqjk esa] çk—frd xSl dh [kkst ds fy,

29
ifjp; Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA lq/kkj vof/k dh 'kq#vkr rd ;gk¡ [kuu ugha gqvk
FkkA ef.kiqj esa Hkh 'kks"k.k ,d gkfy;k fodkl gS ¼QukaZMhl 2020% i`"B 275&276½A

3-4 r`rh;d {ks= dk çHkqRo

{ks= esa LFkyk—fr ds dkj.k —f"k vkSj m|ksx ds fodkl dh xqatkb'k lhfer gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa iwoksZÙkj esa lsok {ks= dk fodkl vf/kd O;ogk;Z gS ¼v'kksd iadt] oxSjg
2021½A lsok {ks=] ftls r`rh;d {ks= ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS & cSafdax] chek] ifjogu]
lapkj] yksd ç'kklu vkSj vU; lsok,a tSls LokLF;] f'k{kk] LoPNrk] vkfn iwoksZÙkj esa
vFkZO;oLFkk ij gkoh gSaA okLro esa] r`rh;d {ks= vU; {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa iwoksÙZ kj esa rsth
ls fodflr gq, gSa A ef.kiqj ds gatcke ¼2009½ ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd 2009
esa] r`rh;d {ks= us jkT; ds ,u,lMhih ¼'kq) jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn½ dk 50 çfr'kr ls
vf/kd dk ykHk çkIr fd;kA okLro esa] ;g v/;;u ef.kiqj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
^^r`rh;d^^ vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa oxhZ—r djrk gSA r`rh;d dh rqyuk esa] çkFkfed {ks=
& —f"k] okfudh] y‚fxax] [kuu] [knku us jkT; ds ,u,lMhih esa r`rh;d {ks= dh
rqyuk esa de ;ksxnku fn;k ¼gatcke 2009½ A f}rh;d {ks= us iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa de
fuos'k ns[kk gSA 1990 ds n'kd ls vle] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj jkT;ksa esa f}rh;d {ks= dh
dbZ bdkb;ksa dks chekj ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k Fkk ¼QukaZMhl 2021] gatcke 2009½A
f}rh;d {ks=ksa ds nks ?kVdksa] fofuekZ.k vkSj fuekZ.k dh rqyuk esa] ef.kiqj esa] ;g fuekZ.k
{ks= gS tks f}rh;d {ks= dk usr`Ro djrk gSA iwoksZÙkj ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ikjaifjd
m|ksx gSaA ysfdu] ;s bdkb;k¡ vkerkSj ij chekj jgrh gSAa muds ikl i;kZIr iwath ugha
gSA dbZ bdkb;ksa dks can dj fn;k x;k gSA ef.kiqj esa LMSI ¼cM+s vkSj e/;e m|ksx½
oLrqr% u ds cjkcj gSa ¼gatcke] 2009% ihih- 124] 127½A vukfedk nkl vkSj nhid ds-
feJk ¼2021½ ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd vle esa lkSydqph js'ke DyLVj es]a cM+s
m|eksa ds lkFk&lkFk vks,bZ ¼Lo;a [kkrk m|e½ ;k Lo;a ds LokfeRo okys m|e nksuksa
ekStwn gSaA ,sls m|e esa dkexkj [kjkc dke djus vkSj jgus dh fLFkfr esa jgrs gSaA ,sls
m|eksa esa iwt
a hoknh foLrkj dh dksbZ xqt a kb'k ugha gSA ;gka rd fd vle esa iwathifr
oxZ] ekjokM+h viuh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks O;kikj vkSj O;kikfjd dk;ksaZ rd lhfer
j[krs gSaA
vH;kl iz'u 1

uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA

ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA
1½ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa r`rh;d {ks= ds egRo ij ppkZ djsaA

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30
 2½ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa fu"d"kZ.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k djsaA {ks= dh vkfFkZd
:ijs[kk
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3-5 lkekftd oxksaZ dk mn~Hko

iwoksZÙkj ds fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds vius ikjaifjd inkuqØe lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd laca/kksa esa
ca/ks gq, FksA ikjaifjd lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd laca/k fczfV'k dky ls gh çHkkfor gq, gSaA
iwohZ caxky vkSj ns'k ds vU; fgLlksa ls çokl tks ledkyhu le; esa tkjh gS] 'kSf{kd
vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa dk foLrkj] leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj tulkaf[;dh; ifjorZu] vkSj Lora=rk
ds ckn dh vof/k esa jkT; dh uhfr;ka] ftlesa vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ij /;ku nsuk 'kkfey gSA
1990 ds n'kd esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa u, lkekftd oxksaZ dk mn; gqvk gSA bu dkjdksa dk
çHkko lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa esa leku ugha jgk gS] vkSj u gh mUgksaus u, lkekftd
oxksaZ ds mn; dk leku Lrj ns[kk gSA lkekftd oxZ fo'ks"k :i ls lkekftd ;k
vkfFkZd lewg ugha gSaA mudh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fo'ks"krk,a varfuZfgr gSaA bu oxksZa
dh igpku m|eh@O;olk;h@O;kikjh] e/;e oxZ ¼osruHkksxh oxZ½] ;qok] dqyhu ¼ftuds
ikl f'k{kk] vkfFkZd laifÙk] jktuhfrd 'kfä gS½] fdlku vkfn ds :i esa dh tk ldrh
gSA bu oxksaZ dk fodkl vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku 'kq: gqvkA fofHkUu vkfFkZd
xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vkSifuosf'kd vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çksRlkgu] vkSj ;g ledkyhu vof/k esa
tkjh jgkA u, lkekftd oxksaZ ¼fo'ks"kdj e/;e oxZ] tSls f'k{kd] odhy] ljdkjh
deZpkjh½ dk fodkl xkaoksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjksa esa vf/kd gqvkA pwfa d bl {ks= esa
'kgjhdj.k ,d çeq[k fo'ks"krk ugha gS] blfy, vf/kd eq[kj oxZ ¼e/;e oxZ vkfn½ 'kgjksa
esa dsafær gSaA muesa ls dqN vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkeqnkf;d ekeyksa esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA tSlk fd vki [kaM 5 dh bdkb;ksa esa i<+asx]s ;s lkekftd oxZ vius&vius
leqnk;ksa ds fofHkUu ljksdkjksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gSa vkSj lkekftd vkanksyuksa dk
vk;kstu djrs gSaA
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp oxZ Hksn mHkjk gSA gkykafd iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr
dh igkfM+;ksa esa Hkwfe ,d futh laifÙk ugha gS] v#.kkpy çns'k ds v/;;u Hkwfe ds
LokfeRo ds O;fädj.k ¼Hkwfe dk O;fäxr LokfeRo½ fn[kkrs gSaA >we [ksrh ?kkVh vkSj
<yku okys {ks=ksa esa clh gqbZ [ksrh dks jkLrk ns jgh gSA v#.kkpy çns'k esa Hkwfe
vf/kdkjksa ds ifjorZu ij oanuk mik/;k; ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd v#.kkpy
çns'k esa ^^/kuh vkSj 'kfä'kkyh^^ O;fä;ksa dk ,d oxZ mHkjk gSA bl oxZ ds O;fä;ksa us
ckxokuh] pk; jcM+ ckxku ds fy, lkeqnkf;d Hkwfe ds cM+s Hkw[kaMksa ij dCtk dj fy;k
gSA os xjhc vkfnokfl;ksa dks iSlk m/kkj nsrs gSa vkSj Hkwfe iathdj.k fjd‚MZ dks tekur
ds :i esa j[krs gSaA le; ij _.k pqdkus esa vleFkZrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i m/kkjdrkZ ls
Hkwfe dk gLrkarj.k gksrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i vkfnoklh fdlkuksa ds Hkhrj HksnHkko
gqvk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkwfeghurk vkSj NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

31
ifjp; ljdkjh lgk;rk O;oLFkk esa varjh; igqap us Hkh v#.kkpy çns'k esa vkfnoklh leqnk;
ds lkFk HksnHkko esa ;ksxnku fn;kA v#.kkpy çns'k esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp ;g u;k oxZ
xBu —f"k ds O;kolk;hdj.k ds lkFk gks jgk gSA ;g cktkj dh rkdrksa vkSj ljdkj ds
chp lg;ksx ds dkj.k gqvk gS ¼mik/;k; 2020½A ,afMª;kl dqyds dh fdrkc Dykl
Q‚esZ'ku] lks'ky bubDofyVh ,aM n ukxk bu u‚FkZbZLV bafM;k ¼2019½ fd lkekU;
/kkj.kkvksa ds foijhr vkfnoklh lekt ^^oxZ jfgr^^ gS] ukxkySaM esa ukxkvksa us oxksZa dk
xBu fd;k gSA ;g oxZ xBu vk; dh vlekurkvksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jkstxkj l`ftr
fd, fcuk ,d vuxjhdj.k gqvk gSA ukxkySaM ds ukxkvksa esa rFkkdfFkr ^^f'kf{kr
csjkstxkj^^ dk ,d oxZ mHkjk gSA ;g ukxkySaM esa ^^fu;ksifs Vªeksfu;y dYpj^^ ds mn;
ds lkFk gqvk gSA es?kky; esa Hkh m|fe;ksa dk ,d oxZ & [kfud] fj;y ,LVsV O;olk;]
mHkjk gSA bl oxZ esa dks;ys tSls çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk LokfeRo 'kkfey gSA blls
i;kZoj.k dk {kj.k gksrk gS vkSj çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk ºzkl gksrk gSA m|eh oxZ vkSj
jktuhfrd oxZ ds chp ,d xBtksM+ mHkjk gSA çk—frd lalk/kuksa dh deh ds
ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; esa ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vkSj O;fä;ksa dk fojks/k gqvk gSA
ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh ;kfpdk ds tokc es]a ,uthVh us t;afr;k igkfM+;ksa esa
dks;yk [kuu ij çfrca/k yxk fn;kA ysfdu çfrca/k ds ckotwn voS/k [kuu dk
flyflyk cnLrwj tkjh gSA 2018 esa] voS/k dks;yk [kuu dk fojks/k djus ij dqN
lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa ij fgald geyk fd;k x;k FkkA mlh o"kZ] dqN [kfud t;afr;k
igkfM+;ksa esa dks;yk [knkuksa esa Qal x, Fks% muds 'kjhj dks iqu% çkIr ugha fd;k tk
ldkA ysfdu çfrca/k vkSj fojks/k ds ckotwn [kuu vHkh Hkh csjksdVksd tkjh gSA

3-6 pqukSfr;ka
iwoksZÙkj esa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ;kuh xjhch]
csjkstxkjh] fiNM+kiu] fpark vkSj lkekftd v'kkafrA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa cqfu;knh <kaps ds
i;kZIr fodkl dk Hkh vHkko gSA v#.kkpy çns'k] vle vkSj ef.kiqj esa jk"Vªh; vkSlr
dh rqyuk esa xjhch vuqikr vf/kd gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xzkeh.k
xjhch vf/kd gSA v#.kkpy çns'k esa xjhch vuqikr esa o`f) dk çeq[k dkj.k xzkeh.k
xjhch esa o`f) gSA gkykafd] mnkjhdj.k ds igys nks n'kdksa esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa
xjhch esa dqN fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ysfdu fxjkoV jkT;ksa esa cjkcj ugha jgh ¼t‚;nhi
c#vk 2021½A iwoksZÙkj esa jkstxkj ds voljksa dh deh gSA ikjaifjd {ks= jkstxkj çnku
ugha djrs gSa A tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] dbZ vkfFkZd bdkb;ka chekj gks
xbZ gSAa dY;k.k nkl ¼2021½ us iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa esa ;qok csjkstxkjh nj fn[kkus ds
fy, 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vkadM+kas ds lkFk vkof/kd Je 'kfä losZ{k.k ds vkadM+kas dk
ewY;kadu fd;kA ukxkySaM esa 56 Qhlnh] ef.kiqj esa 35 Qhlnh] fetksje esa 26-8 Qhlnh]
vle esa 27 Qhlnh vkSj v#.kkpy çns'k esa 26 Qhlnh ;qok csjkstxkjh nj gSA ;s ;qok
csjkstxkjh nj 17-8 çfr'kr dh vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkSlr nj ls vf/kd gSA iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr
ds jkT;ksa esa Hkkstu dh deh ,d vke fo'ks"krk gSA Hkkstu dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus
ds fy, lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh ¼ihMh,l½ ij yksxksa dh fuHkZjrk dk ,d mPp Lrj
gS ¼iadt] ,V vky- ¼la-½] 2021% ihih-29½A iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa ifjogu vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps
dh deh ckjgeklh leL;k jgh gSA tSlk fd vki bdkbZ 16 esa i<+sx a ]s yqd bLV vkSj

32
,DV uhfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls igy dh xbZ gSA ;g iwoksZÙkj esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dh {ks= dh vkfFkZd
'kq:vkr ds ckn gqvk gSA cqfu;knh <kapk & ifjogu] vLirky vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku :ijs[kk
¼LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa Ldwyh f'k{kk ds ckn½ bl {ks= esa vPNh rjg ls fodflr ugha gSaA ;gka
rd fd yqd bZLV i‚fylh ¼,ybZih½ }kjk lq>k;k x;k cqfu;knh <kapk fodkl 'kgjh
{ks=ksa ij dsafær gSA ,ybZih ds vuqlkj cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl dh çkFkfedrk jk"Vªksa ds
chp O;kikj ij gS] u fd {ks= ds Hkhrj vkarfjd fLFkfr;ksa ijA xkaoksa esa vkerkSj ij
cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd yksxksa dks LokLF;
vkSj 'kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, yach nwjh r; djuh iM+rh gSA 'kSf{kd
vko';drk vkSj LokLF; vkikr fLFkfr ds fy, mUgsa xqokgkVh] f'kykax ;k ,ubZvkj ds
ckgj LFkkukarfjr djuk gksxk ¼ds[kzhlsuks QukaZMhl] 2020% ihih 277 esa mfYyf[kr½A
v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd iwoksZÙkj esa jkstxkj ds voljksa dh deh vkSj xjhch us
iwoksZÙkj ls Hkkjr ds vU; fgLlksa esa yksxksa ds çokl dks c<+kok fn;k gSA tSlk fd vki
bdkbZ 7 esa i<+sx a ]s iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk çokl mUuhloha lnh ls gksrk vk jgk gSA
1990 ds n'kd rd] çokl dkQh gn rd ,drjQk Fkk% vU; {ks=ksa ls iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh
vksj A iwoksZÙkj ls vU; {ks=ksa esa çoklu igys ux.; FkkA ysfdu 1990 ds n'kd ds ckn
ls] iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa ls ns'k ds vU; {ks=ksa esa] fo'ks"k :i ls fnYyh] xq#xzke] eqca bZ]
csaxyq# vkSj vU; 'kgjksa esa çokl dh ço`fÙk c<+ jgh gSA çokfl;ksa ds ifjokj vkfFkZd
:i ls çokfl;ksa }kjk nwljs jkT;ksa esa Hksts x, çs"k.k ij fuHkZj gSaA os T;knkrj vkfrF;
m|ksx] Lik] jsLrjka] lSyuw ] C;wVh ikyZj vkfn esa dke djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=ksa esa
vf/kdre çokl ef.kiqj ls gksrk gS ¼fdd‚u vkSj dkyZlu 2019] eSd MîwbZ&jk 2012½A
vH;kl iz'u 2

uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa

ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsaA
1½ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa u, lkekftd oxksaZ ds mn; dh ppkZ dhft,A

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2½ iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkeus pqukSfr;ksa dh igpku djsaA

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3-7 lkjka'k
33
ifjp; Hkwfe] lsok {ks=] ikjaifjd m|ksx vkSj çk—frd lalk/ku vkSj i;ZVu iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh
vFkZO;oLFkk ds egRoiw.kZ {ks= gSaA {ks= ds tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa Hkwfe dk LokfeRo leqnk;ksa
ds ikl gSA vkfnoklh fdlku >we dh [ksrh djrs gSaA Hkwfe —f"k] ckxku vkSj çk—frd
lalk/kuksa ds lzkrs gSa A iwoksZÙkj esa tehu dk loky iyk;u ls tqM+k gSA çoklu
vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku 'kq: gqvk vkSj ;g ledkyhu dky esa Hkh tkjh gSA bl
{ks= esa çokl dk ,d dkj.k Hkwfe ij [ksrh djuk vkSj ckxku xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gksuk
FkkA r`rh;d vFkZO;oLFkk & cSafdax] chek] ifjogu] lapkj] yksd ç'kklu vkSj LokLF;]
f'k{kk vkSj LoPNrk tSlh vU; lsok,a iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds çeq[k {ks= gSa A
bu o"kksaZ esa] dqN lkekftd lewg tSls osruHkksxh e/;e oxZ vkSj m|eh bl {ks= esa mHkjs
gSaA jkT;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks xjhch] csjkstxkjh] cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh vkfn tSlh
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA iwoksZÙkj vFkZaO;oLFkk esa voljksa dh deh {ks= ls
ns'k ds vU; fgLlksa esa iyk;u djrh gSA

3-8 lanHkZ
c#vk] t‚;nhi-¼2021½- ^^iksoVhZ bu ukFkZ vkbZ,lVh bafM;k% ,u vksojO;w ^^] bu v'kksd
iadt] vrqy ljek vkSj varksjk cksjk ¼,M-½]lksly lsDVj MhoyiesaV bu ukFkZbZLV
bafM;k] lst çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] ihih- 219&245A
HkkSfed- lqchj ¼2009½- ^^tLV MsoyiesaV% , LVªSVt s h Q‚j ,Fkfud fjd‚fUlfy,'ku bu
f=iqjk^^] bulathc c#vk- ¼la-½- fc;‚UM dkmaVj&baltsZalh% czfs dax n bEikll bu
u‚FkZbZLV bafM;k] v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] ubZ fnYyh] ihih- 293&307-
nkl] vukfedk; feJk] nhid- ¼2021½- ^^fj çksnkD'ku bu bUQkjey baVjçkbtst% Þ,
LVMh v‚Q n lqvkYdqpq flYd gSaMywe DyLVj bu vle ^^] bdksu‚fed ,aM i‚fyfVdy
ohdyh v‚Q bafM;k] o‚Y;we 61] ua- 37] ihih- 52&59 -
nkl] dY;k.k- ¼2021½- ^^vu,EIyk;esaV v¡M vkmVekbxz's ku Q‚j odZ bu ukFkZ bZLV
bafM;k ^^] bu v'kksd iadt] vrqy ljek vkSj varksjk cksjk ¼la-½] ihih- 246&267-
QukaZMhl] okYVj-¼2020½- ^^ySM
a bZlwt v¡M fycjykbts'ku bu ukFkZ bZLV bafM;k ^^] bu
feJk]nhid ds- vkSj uk;d çnhi-¼la-½- ySaM ,aM ykboyhgqM bu fu;ksfycjy bafM;k]
ikyxzos eSdfeyu] flaxkiqj] ihih- 265&81-
xqgk] veysna q-¼1977½- IykaVj&jkt Vw Lojkt% ÝhMe LVªxy ,aM bysDVksjy i‚fyfVDl
buvle 1826&1947] vkbZ lh ,p vkj] ubZ fnYyh-
bZ'ojpaæ 'kekZ] gatce- ¼2009½- ^^yqd bZLV i‚fylh ,aM ef.kiqlZ bdksu‚eh% , fØfVdy^^
LØwVuh^^] bu fd'ku] fFkaxuke ¼,M-½] yqd bZLV i‚fylh ,aM bafM;kt u‚FkZ bZLV%
ç‚CyEl ,aM ilZifs DVOl] lsaVj Q‚j vYVjusfVo fMLdkslZ] ef.kiqj ,aM d‚UlsIV ifCyf'kax
gkml] ihih- 123&39-
dkyZlu] csx a LV th- ¼2011½- vu:yh fgYl% uspj ,aM us'ku bu bafM;kt ukFkZbZLV]
vksfj,aVCySdLoku ,aM lks'ky lkbalt
s çsl] ubZ fnYyh-
fdd‚u] M‚yh vkSj dkyZlu] csXa V th- ¼2019½] yhfoax n ySaM% bafMftul ekbxz's ku vkSj

34
 vQsfDVo yscj bu bafM;k] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl] ubZ fnYyh- {ks= dh vkfFkZd
:ijs[kk
eSd MîwbZ&jk] Madu ¼2012½] fnYyh esa iwoksZÙkj çoklh% jsl] fj¶;wt vkSj fjVsy]
,ELVMZe ;wfuoflZVh çsl] ,ELVMZe-
ukx] lty-¼1990½- :V~l v‚Q ,Fkfud d‚fU¶yDV% us'kufyVh Dos'pu bu u‚FkZ&bZLV
bafM;k]ubZ fnYyh euksgj-
lpnsok] xqy'ku- ¼2008½- ^^Xykscykbts'ku v¡M MhoyksiesaV LVªVs tht bu ukFkZ bZLV
bafM;k ^^bu cjkM+ ] Hkwfianj; dqekj] vk'kqrks"k; jke] jksd
a h ¼,fM'ku½] Xykscykbts'ku v¡M
i‚fyfVDl v‚Q vkbMsafVVh bu bafM;k] fi;lZu y‚UxeSu] ubZ fnYyh] ihih- 287&300-
mik/;k;] oanuk- ¼2020½- ^^n tsaMj Vªkl
a Q‚esZ'ku v‚Q ySM
a jkbV~l ,aM Qsfeukbts'ku
v‚Q fgy ,xzhdYpj bu v#.kkpy çns'k% bulkbV~l Ý‚e QhYM losZß nhid ds- v¡M
uk;d çnhi ¼,fM'ku½] ySaM ,aM ykboyhgqM bu fu;ksfycjy- bafM;k] ihih 283&307-

3-9 vH;kl ç'uksa ds mÙkj

vH;kl ç'u 1
1½ çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa] r`rh;d {ks= iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d çeq[k LFkku j[krk gSA
2½ çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk fu"d"kZ.k & ou] [kfut] dks;yk] isVkª sy] vkfnA vkfFkZd
lq/kkjksa dh 'kq:vkr ds ckn çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds fu"d"kZ.k dks c<+kok feykA
çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk fu"d"kZ.k m|fe;ksa] jktusrkvksa vkSj ljdkj }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds fu"d"kZ.k dk {ks= ds ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa
}kjk fojks/k fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl ç'u 2
1½ fofHkUu lkekftd oxZ tSls m|eh@O;olk;h@O;kikjh] e/;e oxZ ¼osruHkksxh
oxZ½] ;qok] vfHktkr oxZ ¼ftuds ikl f'k{kk] vkfFkZd laifÙk] jktuhfrd 'kfä
gS½] fdlku vkfn iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa mHkjs gSAa bl {ks= ds bu oxksZa us fofHkUu
vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsus ds fy, vkSifuosf'kd vf/kdkfj;ksa dks
fodflr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k vkSj os ledkyhu dky esa Hkh tkjh jgsA
2½ iwoksZÙkj esa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa pqukSfr;ksa esa xjhch] csjkstxkjh] Hkkstu dh deh] vkSj
voljksa dh deh ds dkj.k iwoksZÙkj ls ns'k ds vU; fgLlksa esa çoklu 'kkfey gSAa

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