Scribd
Upload
25 views27 pages

IE360 - Lecture 08 - Finite Element Analysis

Cad cam

Uploaded by

ٰ MJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views27 pages

IE360 - Lecture 08 - Finite Element Analysis

Cad cam

Uploaded by

ٰ MJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

IE360: CAD/CAM

Computer Aided Design and


Computer Aided Manufacturing

Lecture 8: Finite Element Analysis


Outline
➢ Introduction
➢ FEA Method
➢ Mesh Generation
➢ Cautions
Objectives

•To identify the importance and uses of finite


element analysis.
•To recognise the steps of applying finite element
analysis.
•To distinguish different types of elements and
boundary conditions.
c n al l
OV
Introduction:
➢ Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method of
solving engineering problems.

➢ FEA have been successfully applied in (discussion will be


limited to structural problems):
▪ Structural analysis
▪ Heat transfer,
▪ Fluid flow,
▪Magnetic field analysis,
▪Etc.

a
loading

Effigy It
Videos for FEA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geUCv
KayhHE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmKKF
kREu8Q&list=PL4XCKfOBgSSdde5BE5T
5WzCXvLzQgTyNN
➢ Why FEA?
▪ Used in problems where analytical solution not easily
obtained.
▪ Mathematical expressions required for solution not simple
because of complex:
• geometries
• loadings
• material properties
▪ Costly experimental procedures.
➢ FEA: Basic concept
▪ Divide body into finite number of simpler units called
elements.
▪ Elements connected at nodal points.
• points common to two or more
adjacent elements.
• set of elements referred to as “mesh”.
•The process of dividing the object into
elements is called discretization.

Discretization
Schematic illustration of a finite element model, depicting the
discretization of the object into a collection of elements and
nodes, along with the associated boundary conditions.

2 427 22 Rolled
1g
x i
f Fixed
Rx o
➢ Examples of FEA Mesh is shown in the following figure
➢ FEA vs. analytical methods
▪ Analytical methods involve solving for entire system in
one operation.

▪ FEA involves defining equations for each element and


combining to obtain system solution.
• is therefore an approximation technique.

control
ad v6
qFEA Method: era

➢ The most common technique is


free
Displacement Method
▪ Loads are known.
▪ Resistance to deformation of elements known.
▪ Displacements are unknown values.

➢ Solve for displacements


▪ Stress is a secondary solution, derived from
displacements.
➢ Structural FEA
▪ Structural problems defined in terms of:
• loads (forces)
• resistance to deformation (stiffness)
• displacements

▪ Given by: [k]{d} = {F}


• k = stiffness, d = displacement, F = force

➢ FEA concept
▪ Assume that variation of displacement across element is
a simple function.

▪ Results in a set of relationships for displacement at


nodal points for each element.

▪ Combine for entire mesh.


• problem is converted to large number of simple algebraic
equations.
➢ Spring element displacement
I

➢ Computer use in FEA


▪ Because of
• the relatively simple nature of equations,
• connectivity between elements (resultants from adjacent
elements applied),
• combining of solutions for individual elements,
• large number of equations to solve.

▪ FEA is well suited to computational automation.


➢ FEA steps:
▪ Three steps:
• pre-processing
• analysis
• post-processing

➢ Pre-processing
▪ Requires definition of:
• system geometry (e.g. solid modelling)
• material properties
• restraints on the system (boundary conditions)
• loads applied
• meshing
• type and properties of elements

➢ Older systems
▪ Prior to use of GUIs (graphic user interfaces)
• analyst would define input by hand.
• each nodal location, element type, constraint, etc. will be
input one at a time to a data file.
➢ Use of solid modeling in FEA
▪ Solid modeling use simplifies and enhances FEA.

▪ Model database is used as pre-processor input e.g. a model


from CATIA.

▪ May permit definition of all preprocessing data.

➢ Modern solid modeling systems


▪ Allow direct definition of element type.

▪ Have automatic mesh generators.

▪ Permit definition of loads and boundary conditions


graphically, directly upon model geometry.

▪ Allow specification of other data through menu input.


Automated mesh generation:
➢ Mesh shape considerations
▪ Shape of mesh critical to analysis.
▪ Higher density improves solution at cost of computational time.
▪ Simple geometry requires fewer elements, more complexity
requires increased density.
▪ Mesh shape related to loads, and boundary conditions.

coarse Time

Low mesh density Higher mesh density


➢ Auto meshing exists for 2D and 3D systems.

➢ Intelligent meshing systems consider geometry and topology


of model.

➢ Some systems support bi-directional associativity.

➢ Changes in model geometry will produce changes in mesh.

➢ However, changes in topology (additional edges) would


require remeshing.

➢ Different mesh cases may be defined for the same model.

➢ Early analysis may involve coarse mesh.


▪ Low mesh density.
▪ Faster computation time.
➢ Mesh is refined for further analysis.
Refined mesh

Simulation of
Brinell hardness
test
➢ Model cases
▪ In addition to mesh cases
• Load cases,
• Material cases
• Constraint cases, may be defined.

▪ As with meshes, early analysis may involve simplified


loading and constraints, later refined.
➢ Boundary conditions and loads
▪ Much of specification is automated.
▪ Specification not limited to nodes only.
▪ Possible to specify restrains and loads for high level geometric
entities (edges, faces).

▪Pre-processing within CAD package


➢ Automated mesh generation concerns:
▪ Mesh shape should consider loads and restraints.
▪ Automated systems may NOT do so.
▪ This can be of high concern when defining meshes for
different load cases.

➢ Element Types:
▪ 1D (Dimensional elements)
▪ 2 D (area elements)

▪ 3 D (volume elements)
➢ Load cases (mechanical): Rules of thumb
▪ Moments
• apply at single node, apply at nodes on an edge

▪ Point forces:
• apply to single node, nodes along edges, nodes on
surface.

▪ Surface pressure: N um
• may be uniform or non-uniform.

• applied to edge or surface.


➢ Post-processing
▪ Output of FEA data.

▪ Desire simplicity for speed in design evaluation.

▪ Many systems support enhanced graphics display.

➢ Output Examples
▪ Extreme values reported in list form.

▪ Extreme values displayed in color on rendered solid


model.
• typically include color index.

▪ Note that max value occur at surface unless internal loads


present.
➢ Design evaluation
▪ Von Mises stress
▪ Tresca stress
▪ Principle stress

Stress analysis outputs


➢ Design evaluation
▪ Von Mises stress
▪ Tresca stress
▪ Principle stress

D
stress

Stress analysis outputs


Cautions:
▪ Results only as good as the job done in creating mesh,
applying loads, materials and boundary conditions.
• if not calculated and applied correctly, results of little use.

▪ Must understand
• mechanics principles.
• material and physical properties.

▪ Mesh generation is often a critical aspect.


▪ Proper mesh can reduce errors in primary results (such as
displacements) by half.

▪Boundary conditions are the most difficult item to define.

▪ Point loads produce inaccurate local deformation.

You might also like