PHYSICS CLASS-XII –MAGNETISM & MATTER REVISIONFAQ's

AISSCE-2020

301*. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. CBSE (AI)-2008
[Ans. Magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product of current (I) and the area (A) enclosed by the current
loop i,e,
302*. Write the expression for the magnetic moment of a circular coil of area , carrying current , in a vector form.
[ Ans. = CBSE (F)-2014,(AI)-2002
303*. An electron in an atom revolves around the nucleus in an orbit of radius with frequency . Write the expression
for the magnetic moment of the electron. CBSE (F)-2014
[Ans.
304*. What are S.I. units of pole strength and magnetic moment ? CBSE (AI)-2003
[Ans. S.I. unit of pole strength : Ampere-metre
S.I. unit of magnetic moment: Ampere-
305*. What is the direction of magnetic moment ? CBSE (AIC)-2003
[Ans. from south to north pole
306*. How does the (i) pole strength and (ii) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet is change, if it is cut into
two equal pieces transverse to its length ? CBSE (AI)-2003
[Ans. (i) pole strength (m) will remain same
(ii) magnetic moment( ) will be halved as
307*. How does the (i) pole strength and (ii) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet is change, if it is cut into
two equal pieces along its length ? CBSE (AI)-2003
[Ans. (i) pole strength (m) will be halved
(ii) magnetic moment( ) will be halved as
308*. Why is current loop considered as a magnetic dipole ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. Like a bar magnet, a current loop possesses magnetic moment (M =NIA) and experiences a torque in magnetic field
==================================================================================
309*. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (a) a permanent magnet, and (b) an electromagnet.
[ Ans. (a) For making permanent magnet : CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(D)-2010,(F)-2009
(i) High retentivity (ii) High coercivity (iii) High permeability
(b) For making electromagnet :
(i) High permeability (ii) Low retentivity (iii) Low coercivity
310*. Mention the two characteristic properties of a material suitable for making core of a transformer.CBSE (AI)-2012
[Ans. (i) Low coercivity/ Low retentivity (ii) High permeability
311*. What are permanent magnets ? Give one example. CBSE (D)-2013
[Ans. Permanent magnets are the materials, which retain their magnetic properties at room temperature for a long time
For example : Magnets used in speakers made by steel
312*. Which material is used in making permanent magnets and why ? CBSE (AI)-2010
[Ans. Steel/alnico, because it has high coercivity and high retentivity
313*. Why do we prefer to use the alloy alnico for making permanent magnets ? CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. because alnico has high coercivity and high retentivity
314*. Which material is used to make electromagnet and why ? CBSE (AI)-2010
[Ans. Soft iron, because it has low hysteresis loss/low coercivity and high permeability
315*. Why is soft iron preferred for making the core of a transformer ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
OR
Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials ? CBSE (D)-2010
[Ans. Because soft iron (ferromagnetic materials) has low hysteresis loss/low retentivity and high permeability
316*. Which material is used for making the core of a moving coil galvanometer and why ? CBSE (DC)-2006
[Ans. Soft iron, because it has low hysteresis loss/low retentivity and high permeability
==================================================================================

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –MAGNETISM & MATTER REVISIONFAQ's
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317*. Name the three elements of Earth’s magnetic field. CBSE (F)-2011
[ Ans. Elements of Earth’s magnetic field :
(i) Magnetic declination
(ii) Angle of dip or magnetic inclination
(iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
318* What is the angle of dip at equator ? CBSE (AIC)-2010
[ Ans. zero (
319*. What is the angle of dip at magnetic poles ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[ Ans.
320*. How does angle of dip varies from equator to poles ? CBSE (F)-2009,2003
[ Ans. angle of dip increases from zero to on moving from equator to poles
321*. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero ? CBSE (AI)-2011
[ Ans. At equator
322*. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip ? CBSE (AI)-2011
[ Ans. At poles
323*. Where on the Earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip (i) minim um (ii) maximum ? CBSE (D)-2003
[ Ans. (i) at equator ( ) (ii) At poles ( )
324*. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earth’ s magnetic field zero ?CBSE (AI)-2011,2003,(F)-2010
[ Ans. At equator
Reason : At equator, ⇨
325*. What will be the value of the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at the Earth’s geometric pole ?
[Ans. Zero
Reason : At poles ⇨
326*. A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. At what place on the surface of the earth will
the magnet be vertical ? CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. At poles
327*. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients itself vertically at a certain place on the earth.
What are the values of (i) angle of dip at this place, and (ii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. (i) (ii)
328* The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is and the angle of dip is . What is the value of
vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at equator ? CBSE (D)-2012
[Ans. Zero, Reason : at equator, , so = = =0
329*. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of the earth’s magnetic field are equal ?
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨ CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011
330*. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the vertical component. What is the value of
angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (DC)-2007
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨
331*. The vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the horizontal component. What is the
value of angle of dip at this place ? CBSE (D)-2006
[ Ans. As ⇨ ⇨
332*. At a place the horizontal component of magnetic field is and angle of dip is . What is the value of horizontal
component of the Earth’s magnetic field at equator ? CBSE (D)-2017
[Ans. Given : In first case, , ,
⇨
In second case, at equator, ⇨
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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –MAGNETISM & MATTER REVISIONFAQ's
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333*. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic ? CBSE (D)-2013,(AIC)-2009

, , , , and
[Ans. and both are diamagnetic substances
334*. Which of the following substances are paramagnetic ? CBSE (D)-2013
, , , and
[Ans. is a paramagnetic substance
335*. Define the term intensity of magnetization. CBSE (AIC)-2006
[Ans. Intensity of magnetization : It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material when placed in a
magnetizing field

336*. Define the term magnetic susceptibility. CBSE (AIC)-2006

[Ans. Magnetic susceptibility : It is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization to the magnetizing field
intensity

337*. What do you mean by the statement that “Susceptibility of Iron is more than that of copper” ? CBSE (AIC)-2003
[Ans. It means that iron can be magnetized more easily than copper
338*. Why do magnetic lines of force prefer to pass through ferromagnetic materials (e.g., Iron ) than through air ?
[Ans. It is because magnetic permeability & susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials is very high than that of air
339*. What happens when a diamagnetic substance is placed in a varying magnetic field ? CBSE (F)-2009
[Ans. Diamagnetic substance tends to move from stronger to the weaker parts of the varying magnetic field
340*. What is the characteristic property of a diamagnetic material ? CBSE (F)-2010
[Ans. When a diamagnetic material is placed in an extern al magnetic field, it acquires a slight magnetism in a direction
opposite to that of the magnetic field
341*. What is Curie point ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. Curie Point : It is the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic
342*. State Curie law. CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. Curie Law : The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
i,e,
343*. The permeability of a magnetic material is . Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[ Ans. As , so the given material is diamagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
344*. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is . Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[ Ans. As susceptibility is negative, so the given material is diamagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
345*. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 1.9 X Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[Ans. As susceptibility is positive, so the given material is Paramagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
346*. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic material vary with increasing applied magnetic field ?
[Ans. for small magnetic field, intensity of magnetization increases with magnetic field ( ) CBSE (AIC)-2006
but at strong magnetic field, intensity of magnetization gets saturated and becomes independent of
347*. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic sample vary with temperature ? BSE (AI)-2001
[Ans. Intensity of magnetization decreases with increase in temperature
Reason : on increasing the temperature, tendency to disrupt the alignment of atomic dipoles increases
348*. Why does the magnetization of a paramagnetic sample increase on cooling ? CBSE (AIC)-2006
[Ans. Intensity of magnetization increases with decrease in temperature
Reason : on decreasing the temperature, tendency to disrupt the alignment of atomic dipoles decreases
349*. How does the magnetization of a diamagnetic material change on cooling ? CBSE (AIC)-2006
[Ans. No effect, because magnetism of a diamagnetic material does not depend on temperature
350*. Why is diamagnetism independent of temperature ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. The induced dipole moment in a diamagnetic material is always opposite to the magnetizing field. It does not depend
on the internal motion of atoms

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –MAGNETISM & MATTER REVISIONFAQ's
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351*. State Gauss’s law in magnetism. How is it different from Gauss’s law in electrostatics and why ?CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Gauss’s law in magnetism : The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero
i,e,

Gauss’s law in electrostatics : The net electric flux through any closed surface is times the net charge enclosed

i,e,

It indicates that mono pole does not exists/ magnetic poles always exists as unlike pairs of equal strengths
352*. Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials. Give a simple
explanation to account for the difference in the magnetic behaviour of these materials.
[Ans. CBSE (DC)-2017,(F)-2016,(AI)-2015,2014

(i) Diamagnetic (ii) Paramagnetic

Explanation : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atoms acquire net magnetic
moment opposite to field, and material acquires a slight magnetism in the opposite direction of field.
Hence, magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atomic magnets align themselves
along the field direction and material acquires a slight magnetism in the direction of field. Hence,
magnetic field lines are attracted
==============================================================================
353*. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of a paramagnetic, when kept in an
external magnetic field. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. Behaviour of a diamagnetic and paramagnetic material in an external magnetic field
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
1. A diamagnetic specimen is repelled by a magnet 1. A paramagnetic specimen is attracted by a magnet
2. A diamagnetic specimen would move towards 2. A paramagnetic specimen would move towards the
the weaker region of the magnetic field stronger region of the magnetic field
3. A diagrammatic rod aligned perpendicular to 3. A paramagnetic rod aligned along the magnetic field
the magnetic field
===============================================================================
354*. The Earth’s magnetic field at the Equator is approximately 0.4 G. Estimate the Earth’s magnetic dipole moment.
(Given : Radius of the Earth = 6400 km) CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans.

⇨
355* An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area A observes that a steady current I in it
flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show
that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment M = NIA. CBSE (D)-2015

[ Ans. The solenoid contains N loops, each carrying a current I. Therefore,

each loop acts as a magnetic dipole having dipole moment m = IA.
The magnetic moments of all loops are aligned along the same
direction. Hence, net magnetic moment equals M= N1A

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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401. Define magnetic flux. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
[ Ans. Magnetic flux : It is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through a given
surface
.
It’s S.I. is Weber (Wb). It is a scalar quantity
402. (i) What is electromagnetic induction ? CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, how one can demonstrate that emf can be induced in a coil due to
the change of magnetic flux.
[ Ans. (i) Electromagnetic Induction : Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit is changed, an emf and hence a
current is induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.

(ii) Demonstration :
When a bar magnet is either pushed towards or
pulled away from coil as shown, magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes and galvanometer shows deflection. This shows that emf is
induced

403. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. CBSE (F)-2017,2009,(AI)-2016,2015

[ Ans. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic Induction :
(i) Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit. The induced emf
lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
i,e,
404. When a bar magnet is pushed towards or away from the coil connected to a galvanometer, pointer in
galvanometer deflects. Identify the phenomenon causing this deflection and write the factors on which
the amount and direction of the deflection depends. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Phenomenon : Electromagnetic induction
Factors : (i) Amount of deflection depends on the speed of movement of the magnet
(ii) Direction of deflection depends on the sense (towards or away) of the movement of the magnet
405. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region to a field-free region with
a constant velocity v. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be constant during the passage out of the
field region? The field is normal to the loops. NCERT-2017

[ Ans. In rectangular loop

Reason : In the case of circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage out of the field
region is not constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
==================================================================================

406. State Lenz’s law. CBSE (AI)-2015,(AIC)-2015,(D)-2014,2009

[ Ans. Lenz’s law : The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux responsible for
its production
407. Illustrate by giving an example, how Lenz’s law helps in predicting the direction of the current in a loop in the
presence of a changing magnetic flux ? CBSE (AI)-2015,(AIC)-2015,(D)-2009
[ Ans. Illustration :
When north pole is moved towards loop, due to Lenz’s
Law loop will repel it by inducing current in anticlockwise direction.
Similarly, when north pole is taken away current will be induced in
clockwise direction.

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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408. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described below : CBSE (AI)-2017,2011
[ Ans. A – positive
B- negative

409. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD. Predict the direction
of the induced current in each coil. CBSE (AI)-2017,2012

[ Ans. Q to P through ammeter and D to C through ammeter

(Alternatively: Anticlockwise as seen from left in coil PQ clockwise as seen from left in coil CD
410. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction of the induced current in
the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Clockwise

411. A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire as shown in the figure. Depict the direction of the current induced
in the loop when the current in the wire is constantly increasing. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Clockwise

412. A conducting loop is held below a current carrying wire as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current
in the loop when the current in the wire is constantly increasing. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Anticlockwise

413. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ?
[ Ans. Clockwise in loop 1, anticlockwise in loop 2 CBSE (AI)-2017

414. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved in to a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the plane of the paper as
shown in figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop . CBSE (F)-2012
[Ans. Anticlockwise

===============================================================================
415. A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centre of circular loop. If the current through the
wire increases, will there be any induced emf in the loop ? Justify CBSE (D)-2017
[ Ans. No,
Reason : As the magnetic field due to current carrying wire will be in the plane of the circular loop, so magnetic flux
will remain zero/ Magnetic flux does not change with the change of current

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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416. A bar magnet falls from height through a metal ring as shown in figure. CBSE (AIC)-2001
(i) Will its acceleration be equal to ?
(ii) What will happens if the ring in the above case is cut so as not to
form a complete loop ? Justify your answer.
[ Ans. (i) acceleration will be less than g ( )
Reason : as the magnet falls, magnetic flux inked with the metal
ring increases. By the Lenz’s law, induced current in the
ring opposes the downward motion of the magnet
(ii) acceleration will be equal to g ( )
Reason : when the ring has a cut, emf will be induced but no induced current flows through it. Hence motion of
the magnet is not opposed. Magnet will fall with acceleration equal to g
417. Figure shows two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2), placed on a table along with a straight long current
carrying conductor between them. CBSE (AI)-2005
(i) What will be the direction of induced currents in the loops when they
are pulled away from the conductor with the same velocity ?
(ii) Will the emfs induced in the two loops be equal ?
Justify your answer.
[ Ans. (i) in loop (1) - Anticlockwise
in loop (2) – Clockwise
(ii) No, emf will not be equal because the rate of change of
magnetic flux in the two loops are different
==================================================================================
418. What are eddy currents ? How are they produced ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009,(F)-2009,(AIC)-2006
[ Ans. Eddy currents : The induced circulating currents produced in the bulk piece of a conductor, when it is subjected
to a changing magnetic flux, are known as eddy currents
Eddy currents are produced when a bulk conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field

419. Give two uses of eddy currents. CBSE (AI)-2009

[ Ans. (i) magnetic braking in electric trains
(ii) to produce heat in induction furnaces
(iii) electro magnetic damping

420. Why eddy currents are considered undesirable ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

[ Ans. Because (i) they heat up the metallic core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat.
(ii) they always oppose the motion.

421. How are eddy currents minimized ? CBSE (AI)-2011,2009

[ Ans. (i) using laminating iron core
(ii) using slotted iron blocks
422. The motion of a copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet.
What is the cause of this damping ? CBSE (AI)-2013
[Ans. It is due to eddy currents produced in the plate

423. The motion of a copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet. If the
slots are cut in the plate, how will the damping be affected ? CBSE (AI)-2013
[Ans. The damping is due to eddy currents produced in the plate. Slots reduce eddy current hence damping will be less

424. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on. Why ? Give reason.
[Ans. Due to eddy currents set up in the disc CBSE (AI)-2013
Reason : As the current is switched on, eddy currents are set up in metal disc due to increasing magnetic flux.
By Lenz’s law lower face of the disc will have the same polarity as that on the top end of the
Electromagnet, resulting in a repulsive force. Hence, it is thrown up

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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425. What is meant by self induction ?

[Ans. Self induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the coil due to change in
magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called self-induction.
426. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2010,(D)-2009,(F)-2009
[Ans. Self inductance : It is defined as the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit current flows through it.
Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
427. What is meant by back emf ? When current in a coil changes with time, how is the back emf induced in the coil related to it ?
[Ans. Back emf :The self-induced emf in a coil due to changing current flowing through it, is called the back emf as it
opposes any change in the current in a circuit ( ) CBSE (AI)-2008
428. A plot of magnetic flux versus current is shown in the figure for two inductors and , which of the two
has larger value of self-inductance and why ? CBSE (D)-2010
[Ans. Inductor A
Reason : ⇨ slope
As
⇨
429. Figure shows an inductor and a resistor connected in parallel to a battery through a switch.
The resistance is same as that of coil that makes . Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit.
CBSE (AI)-2003
(i) Which of the bulbs lights up earlier when S is closed ?
(ii) Will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time ?
Give reason for your answer.
[Ans. (i) Bulb lights up earlier
Reason : induced emf across opposes growth of current in
(ii) yes, after some time both bulbs will be equally bright
Reason : after some time current reached its maximum value in
and self-induction plays no role
430. What is meant by mutual induction ?
[Ans. Mutual induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil due
to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called mutual-induction.
431. Define Mutual inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2015,2005,(D)-2009,(F)-2009
[Ans. Mutual inductance : Mutual inductance of two coils may be defined as the total magnetic flux linked with one coil,
when unit current flows through the other coil. Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
432. The circuit arrangement given in the figure shows that when an a.c. passes through the coil , the current
starts Flowing in the coil . CBSE (AI)-2008
(i) Name the underlying principle involved
(ii) Mention two factors on which the current produced in the coil depends.
[Ans. (i) principle : Mutual induction
(ii) factors; (a) mutual inductance of two coils
(b) rate of change of current in coil A
(c) resistance of coil B
433. Figure given below shows an arrangement by which current flows through the bulb (X) connected with coil ,
when a.c. is passed through coil . Explain the following observations : CBSE (AI)-2008,(AIC)-2002
(i) Bulb lights up
(ii) Bulb gets dimmer if coil is moved upwards
(iii) If a copper sheet is inserted in the gap between the coils how the
brightness of the bulb will change ?
[Ans. (i) bulb lights up due to induced current in coil B because of mutual
induction
(ii) when coil B is moved upwards, flux linked with it decreases, induced current decreases so the bulb gets dimmer
(iii) eddy currents will be set up in the copper sheet, which will oppose the passage of magnetic flux. Induced emf
in coil B de creases hence brightness s of bulb will decrease

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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435. The peak value of emf in an a.c. is . Write its (a) rms and (b) average value over a complete cycle.
[ Ans. (a) (b) Zero ] CBSE (F)-2001
435. The instantaneous current from an a.c. source is = . What is the rms value of current ?
[ Ans. CBSE (DC)-2010
436. Calculate the rms value of the alternating current shown in figure. CBSE (D)-2001

[ Ans.

437. (i) Define the term inductive reactance. Write its S.I. unit. (AI)-2015,2011,(DC)-2008,(D)-2003
(ii) Show graphically the variation of inductive reactance with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.
[ Ans. Inductive reactance :
The obstruction offered by an inductor to the
flow of alternating current through it, is called inductive reactance

⇨
Its S. I. unit is Ohm
438. (i) Explain the term capacitive reactance. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2015,2011,(DC)-2008,(D)-2003
(ii) Show graphically the variation of capacitive reactance with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.
[ Ans. Capacitive reactance :
The obstruction offered by a capacitor to the
flow of alternating current through it, is called capacitive reactance

⇨
Its S. I. unit is Ohm
439. What is meant by impedance ? Write an expression for impedance of L-C-R circuit. What is it’s S.I. unit ?
[ Ans. Impedance :
The obstruction offered by the combination of resistance and effective reactance to the flow of
alternating current through it, is called impedance

Its S. I. unit is Ohm

440. A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an a.c. source. What happens to the brightness of the lamp
when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the inductor ? Explain. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016
[Ans. Brightness decreases
Reason : When iron rod is inserted, inductance increases
⇨ & also decreases and current increases
Hence brightness (
441. A bulb is connected in series with a variable capacitor and an a.c. source as shown. How the brightness of bulb
changes on reducing the (a) capacitance and (b) frequency ? Justify your answer. CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2010
[Ans. (a) Brightness will decreases
Reason : When capacitance is reduced, reactance ( ) increases
⇨ also increases and current decreases
Hence brightness (
(b) Brightness will decreases
Reason : When frequency is reduced, reactance ( ) increase.

⇨ also increases and current decreases

Hence brightness (

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII –EMI &A C REVISIONFAQ's
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442. Define quality factor (Q-factor) and give its significance. What is its S.I. unit ? CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015
[Ans. Quality factor: It is defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve

i,e, = = =
Significance : It gives the sharpness of resonance. For larger value of Q, resonance will be sharper and
consequently the circuit will be more selective.
Unit : It has no unit
443. Name the factors on which Quality factors depends. CBSE (D)-2009
[Ans. Resonating frequency and band width (
445. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits CBSE (D)-2016,2013,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014
[Ans. For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective
446. Define the term ‘sharpness of resonance’. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective ? CBSE (F)-2016
[Ans. Sharpness of resonance : The ratio of resonant frequency to the frequency band width of the resonant curve is the
measure of sharpness of resonance (called Q-factor) and is given by

For high value of Q, resonance will be sharper and consequently the circuit will be more selective
447. (i) Mention the factors on which resonant frequency of a series circuit depends. CBSE (D)-2009,(AI)-2005
(ii) Plot a graph showing the variation of impedance of a series circuit with the frequency of applied a.c. source.
[Ans. (i) Factors : values of inductance and capacitance

==================================================================================
448. Define the term power factor. State the condition under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. CBSE (D)-2010
[ Ans. Power factor : It is the ratio of resistance to the impedance of an a.c. circuit
i,e,
(i) when, , maximum
i,e, when the circuit is purely resistive, power factor is maximum
(ii) when, , minimum
i,e, when the circuit is purely inductive or capacitive, power factor is minimum ]
449. Define the term ‘Wattless current’. CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2011
[ Ans. Wattless current : The current which flows in a circuit without consuming any electrical power is called Watt less
current
In a purely inductive or capacitive circuit,
⇨
450. The power factor of an a.c. circuit is 0.5. What is the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit ?
[Ans. Reason : ⇨ CBSE (AI)-2016
451. In a series circuit, . What is the value of power factor ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. ⇨ ⇨
⇨ ⇨ Power factor,
452. In an a.c. circuit, the instantaneous voltage and current are Volt and Ampere
respectively. Is the nature of the circuit is capacitive or inductive ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Capacitive, Reason : Given, & ⇨
As the current leads voltage by phase angle . Hence the circuit is Capacitive
453. Can the voltage drop across the inductor or the capacitor in a series circuit be greater than the applied voltage
of the a.c. source ? Justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2005,2002
[ Ans. Yes, because in series circuit, or are not in same phase, hence cannot be added like ordinary numbers

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454. An a.c. source of voltage is connected one by one, to three circuit elements and .
It is observed that the current flowing in them, CBSE (AIC)-2008
(i) is in phase with the applied voltage for element
(ii) lags the applied voltage in phase by , for element
(iii) leads the applied voltage in phase by , for element .
Identify the three circuit elements.
[ Ans. (i) X-Resistor (ii) Y- Inductor (iii) Z- capacitor
455. Write the principle of which a transformer works. CBSE (AI)-2015,2014,2012,(F)-2008
[Ans. It is based on the principle of mutual induction
i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil
456. Why cannot a transformer works on d.c. ? CBSE (AI)-2015,(F)-2008, (DC)-2010
OR
Why can not a transformer be used to step up d.c. voltage ?
[Ans. d.c. cannot produce a changing magnetic flux in the primary and hence no emf will be induced in the secondary
457. Why is the use of a.c. voltage is preferred over d.c. voltage ? Give two reasons. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. 1. A.C. voltage can be steeped up & stepped down using a transformer, but same is not true for d.c. voltage
2. A.C. voltage can be converted in to d.c. voltage by using rectifier but d.c. voltage cannot be converted in to a.c.
voltage
458. These days most of the electrical devices we use require a.c. voltage. Why ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. (a) It can be stepped up/ stepped down
(b) It can be converted in to d.c. (c) line loss can be minimized
459. In India, domestic power supply is at 220V,50Hz, while in U.S.A. it is 110V,50Hz. Give one advantage and one
disadvantage of 220V supply over 110V supply. CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. Advantage – power loss at 220V supply is less than that at 110V.
Disadvantage- 220V is more dangerous than 110V because its peak value (311V) is more than peak value (155.5V)
for 110V supply
460. Why is the core of a transformer is laminated ? CBSE (DC)-2002
[Ans. to minimize the energy losses due to eddy current
461. Mention the two characteristic properties of a material suitable for making core of a transformer . CBSE (AI)-2012
[Ans. (i) Low coercivity/ Low retentivity (ii) High permeability
462. Why is the core of a transformer made of a magnetic material of high permeability ? CBSE (DC)-2010
[Ans. to increase the magnetic flux in the core, due to which flux leakage decreases & efficiency increases

463. Does a step up transformer violets the principle of conservation of energy ? CBSE (D)-2011,(DC)-2009
[ Ans. No, In an ideal transformer input power is always equal to output power, due to which if voltage increases, current is
reduced in same proportion
464. (i) What is the source of energy generation in an ac generator ? CBSE (AI)-2011
[Ans. Mechanical energy used in rotating the armature coil is the source of energy generation in an ac generator
465. (ii) Can the current produced by an ac generator be measured with a moving coil galvanometer ? (D)-2007
[Ans. No
465. Show a plot of variation of (i) magnetic flux and (ii) alternating emf versus time generated by a loop of wire
rotating in a magnetic field in an ac generator. CBSE (D)-2014
[Ans. (i) (ii)

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466. Explain, with the help of a suitable example, how we can show that Lenz’s law is a consequence of the principle of
conservation of energy. CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2015,(AIC)-2015,(D)-2009
[ Ans. Lenz’s is a consequence of law of conservation of energy :
A bar magnet experiences a repulsive force when brought near a closed
coil and attractive force when moved away from the coil, due to induced
current. Therefore external work is required to be done in the process,
which appears in the form of electrical energy.

In the absence of Lenz’s law, no opposition by induced current and we

would be obtaining electrical energy without doing any work, which is
impossible. Thus, Lenz’s law is in accordance with the principle of
conservation of energy.
==============================================================================
467. What is motional electromotive force (motional emf) ?
A rod of length is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity in a direction perpendicular to its length through a
region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced
across the ends of the rod. CBSE (D)-2014,2013
[ Ans. Motional emf : The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its motion in a magnetic field is called
motional emf
Expression for motional emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQRS

Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux will
induce an emf given by

⇨
⇨ Where because velocity is in decreasing direction of

468. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop in which arm of length is movable. The loop is kept in a
uniform magnetic field directed downwards perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm is moved with a
uniform speed . Deduce the expression for the : CBSE (AI)-2009
(a) emf induced across the arm
(b) external force required to move the arm, and
(c) power dissipated as heat.
[ Ans. (i) Induced emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQSR

Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux will induce an emf given by

⇨
(ii) External force required to move the arm RS:

Induced current,

⇨ External force required,

(iii) Power dissipated as heat :

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469. Use the expression for Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers of a conductor to obtain the expression for the
induced emf across the conductor of length moving with velocity through a magnetic field acting perpendicular
to its length. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Motional emf by using Lorentz’s force:
Lorenz’s force on any charge q in the rod

This force will be towards Q

work done in moving the charge from P to Q

Now the induced emf work done per unit charge

⇨
⇨
470. A metallic rod of length is rotated with a frequency , with one end hinged at the centre in a uniform
magnetic field as shown. Derive an expression for- CBSE (AI)-2015, (AIC)-2014,(D)-2012,2008
(a) induced emf and induced current in the rod
(b) magnitude and direction of the force acting on the rod
(c) power required to rotate the rod
[ Ans. (a) As the rod is rotated, due to Lorentz force, free electrons in the
rod move towards the outer end and get distributed over the ring.
Thus, an emf is induced across the ends of the rod
induced emf across the length of the rod

⇨
⇨
Induced current,

(b) Force on the rod,

Direction of this force will be opposite to that of the Lorentz’s force

(c) Power required to rotate the rod

===============================================================================
471. Describe briefly three main useful applications of eddy currents. CBSE (F)-2015, (AI)-2010,2009
[ Ans. (i) Magnetic braking in trains:
In some electrically powered trains, strong electromagnets are situated above the
rails. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the motion of the
train. As there are no mechanical linkages, the braking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic damping:
Certain galvanometers have a fixed core made of nonmagnetic metallic material. When
the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest quickly.
(iii) Induction furnace: It is used to produce high temperatures and can be utilized to prepare alloys, by melting the
constituent metals. A high frequency alternating current is passed through a coil which surrounds the metals to
be melted. The eddy currents generated in the metals produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to the eddy currents.
Electric currents are induced in the disc by magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a coil

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472. Derive the expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross sectional area , length , and having
turns per unit length. CBSE (AIC)-13,(AI)-2005,(D)-2012,2009,2008
[Ans. Self inductance of a long solenoid :
Let a current I is flowing through a long solenoid, then magnetic field at its centre
[ ]
⇨ magnetic flux linked with each turn of the solenoid

⇨
⇨
If we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability , then

473. Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a circular aired coil. Name the three factors on which the self-
inductance of a coil depends. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Self inductance of an aired coil :
magnetic field at the centre of circular coil

⇨ magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil

⇨ Self inductance of the coil

Factors on which self inductance of a coil depends :

(a) the number of turns in the coil
(b) the area of cross section of the coil (c) the permeability of the core material
474. (i) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over
the other. CBSE (AI)-2017,2014,2009,(D)-2015,2012,2005,(F)-2013,2011
(ii) Write the factors on which the mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Mutual inductance between two co-axial long solenoids of same length wound over the other :
Magnetic field at the centre of solenoid

=
Magnetic flux linked with each turn of inner solenoid

= = =
Hence mutual inductance

⇨
Similarly,
⇨
If a medium of relative permeability is filled in between the solenoids then

Factors on which mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids depends :

(i) number of turns and separation between two solenoids
(ii) relative orientation of two solenoids
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475. Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius and the other of large radius such that are placed
co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual inductance of the arrangement. Give two factors on which the
coefficient of mutual inductance between a pair of coils depends. CBSE (AI)-2015,(D)-2015, (AIC)-2015
[Ans. Mutual inductance between two co-axial with centres coinciding circular coils :
magnetic field at the centre of the outer coil

=
magnetic flux linked with inner coil

= =
Hence mutual inductance

⇨
Factors on which mutual inductance of a pair of a coil depends :
(i) number of turns and geometrical shape of two coils
(ii) relative orientation of two coils

476. In an experimental arrangement of two coils and placed co-axially parallel to each other, find the expression
for the emf induced in the coil (of turns)corresponding to the change of current in the coil (of turns).
CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2015
[Ans. Induced emf in coil due to change in current through
We have,
For varying currents,

⇨
⇨ ]

477. Obtain an expression for the energy stored in an inductor/coil/ solenoid of self-inductance when the current
through it grows from zero to . CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2011,2008
[ Ans. Energy stored in an inductor/coil/solenoid :
When a current flows through an inductor/solenoid, work is
done against back emf ( = ), which is stored as magnetic potential
energy.
Rate of work done, when a current I is passing through the inductor

⇨ = = =

=
⇨
But for a solenoid,

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478. An a.c. voltage = is applied across a pure resistor of inductance . Find an expression for the current
flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through it is in phase with the applied
voltage Also draw (a) phasor diagram (b) graphs of and versus for the circuit. CBSE (AIC)-2013
[ Ans. We have the applied a.c. voltage
-------(1)
By Kirchhoff’s loop rule,

⇨
⇨
⇨ -------(2)

Where is the peak value of a.c.

From (1) & (2) we conclude that voltage and

current are in the same phase

Phasor diagram V-I graph

479. For a given alternating current, = , Show that the average power dissipated in a resistor over a
complete cycle is . CBSE (AI)-2013
[ Ans. We have, =
Average power dissipated per cycle

⇨
⇨
⇨ ]

⇨
480. An a.c. voltage = is applied across a pure inductor of inductance . Find an expression for the current
flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage
by a phase angle of . Also draw (a) phasor diagram (b) graphs of and versus for the circuit.
[ Ans. We have the applied a.c. voltage CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2015,2011,(DC)-2008,(D)-2003
-------(1)
By Kirchhoff’s loop rule,

⇨
⇨
⇨ =
⇨ = ------(2)

Where, ------(3)

Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit

known as inductive reactance ( ) given by

From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit lags behind the voltage in phase by

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481. An a.c. voltage = is applied across a pure capacitor of capacitance . Find an expression for the
current flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through it leads the applied
voltage by a phase angle of . Also draw (a) phasor diagram (b) graphs of and versus for the circuit.
[ Ans. We have the applied a.c. voltage CBSE (AI)-2015,2011,(D)-2015,2003,(F)-2014
-------(1)
By Kirchhoff’s loop rule,

⇨
⇨ = =

⇨ = = ------(2)

Where, ------(3)

Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit

known as capacitive reactance ( ) given by

Phasor diagram V-I graph

From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit Leads the voltage in phase by
===============================================================================
482. When an a.c. source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power supplied by the source over a
complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage, current, power and flux in one cycle.
[ Ans. We have, CBSE (F)-2017,(D)-2016,(AI)-2015
&
Average power per cycle

⇨
⇨ ]

==============================================================================
483. When an a.c. source is connected to a pure capacitor show that the average power supplied by the source over a
complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage, current, power and flux in one cycle.
[ Ans. We have, CBSE (AIC)-2017,(D)-2016,(AI)-2015
&
Average power per cycle

⇨
⇨ ]

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484. An alternating voltage = is applied to a series combination of a resistor and an inductor. Using phasor
diagram, derive expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Also draw graphs of and versus for the circuit. CBSE (AIC)-2014
[ Ans. AC through LR circuit :
We have the applied voltage
-------(1)
From phasor diagram

⇨
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known
as impedance is given by

Obviously, ----(2)

Where,

⇨
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit
lags behind the voltage in phase by .

===============================================================================
485. An alternating voltage = is applied to a series combination of a resistor and a capacitor. Using phasor
diagram, derive expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Also draw graphs of and versus for the circuit. CBSE (AIC)-2014
[ Ans. AC through CR circuit :
We have the applied voltage
-------(1)
From phasor diagram

⇨
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known
as impedance is given by

Obviously, ----(2)

Where,

⇨
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit
lags behind the voltage in phase by

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486. A series circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage = . Using phasor diagram, derive
expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw
graphs of and versus for the circuit CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. AC through LCR circuit :
We have the applied a.c. voltage
-------(1)
From phasor diagram

Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as

impedance is given by

Obviously, ----(2)

Where,

⇨
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit
leads the voltage in phase by .
===============================================================================
487. A voltage = is applied to a series circuit. Derive the expression for average power dissipated over
a cycle. Under what condition is -
(i) no power is dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit,
(ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2014,(D)-2016
[ Ans. We have the applied voltage

& Where,

⇨
⇨
⇨
Average power per cycle

⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨ Where, is called power factor

(i) For a pure inductive or capacitive circuit,

⇨ which shows that, no power is dissipated even current flows through the circuit

(ii) at resonance when

⇨ maximum Which shows that at resonance m ax power is dissipated
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488. Draw a schematic diagram of a step up/step down transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the
expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils.
In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils ?
CBSE (F)-2017,2012,2009,(AI)-2015,2010,(D)-2016
[ Ans. Transformer : It is an electrical device which, which is used to increase or decrease the voltage in a.c. circuits.
Principle : It is based on the principle of mutual induction, i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux
linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil

Working :
When an alternating voltage is
applied to the primary, magnetic flux linked with
it changes which links to the secondary and
induces an emf in it due to mutual induction.

Back emf induced in Primary

Similarly, emf induced in the secondary

⇨ ---------(1)

As the primary has negligible resistance, and if secondary is in an

open circuit then , Then from (1) we have

= = = --------(2)

Where, , is called transformation ratio

Now, if the transformer is ideal, then
power input power output

⇨ X X

⇨ = = =
It shows that when voltage is stepped-up, the current is correspondingly reduced in the same ratio, and vice-versa
489.(ii) Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reason of their occurrence in actual transformer. How are these
reduced ? CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015, 2010, (F)-2012, 2009
[ Ans. Energy losses in a transformer :
(i) Copper loss : Energy loss as heat due to resistance of primary and secondary is called copper loss and can be
minimized by using thick copper wires
(ii) Iron loss : Energy loss as heat due to eddy currents in the iron core is called Iron loss and can be reduced by
using a laminated iron core
(iii) Hysteresis loss: Magnetisation of iron core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field and
energy is lost in the form of heat in the core. This is called hysteresis loss and can be
minimized by using a core of a material having low hysteresis loop.
(iv) Flux leakage : There is always some flux leakage; i,e, all of the flux due to primary does not passes through
the secondary. It can be minimized by winding primary and secondary coils one over the other
490.(iii) How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances ?
CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,2008,(AIC)-2014,(F)-2009
[ Ans. (a) output voltage of the power generator is stepped-up so that current is reduced and as a result, line loss I2R is
also reduced
(b) It is then transmitted over long distances to an area sub-station, where voltage is stepped down.

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491. (i) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of an ac generator and obtain expression
for the emf generated in the coil.
(ii) Draw a schematic diagram showing the nature of the alternating emf generated by the rotating coil in the
magnetic field during one cycle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2011,(F)-2012,2009,(D)-2010,2007
[ Ans. AC generator : It is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
Principle : It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux
linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the coil
Working :
When the armature coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field,
effective area of coil changes continuously due to which
magnetic flux linked with it changes. Hence an emf is induced in the
circuit and a current flows through the coil
At any instant the magnetic flux linked with the coil
BA BA
⇨ Induced emf in the coil
= = ( )

⇨ = ( )=
Obviously, when =1
= = =
⇨ =
& = = =

==============================================================================
492. In a series circuit connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency and voltage , draw a plot
showing the variation of amplitude of circuit current with angular frequency of applied voltage for two different
values of resistance and . Write the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs.
Answer the following using this graph: CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2015,(DC)-2014,(D)-2013
(a) In which case the resonance is sharper and why ?
(b) In which case the power dissipation is more and why ?
(c) Which one would be better suited for fine tuning in a receiver set ?
[Ans. Resonance condition : or
(a) Sharper for Reason : Sharpness of resonance
(b) More power dissipation for
Reason : At resonance, power dissipation

(c) for larger value of Q (= , resonance will be sharper hence

circuit with resistance would be better suited for tuning the ]
receiver set

493. In a series circuit and power factor of the circuit is . When capacitor with capacitance such that
is put in series, the power factor becomes . Calculate . CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015
[ Ans. For LR circuit power factor

When is put in series, for LCR circuit power factor

⇨ ]
==================================================================================

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801. Define the distance of closest approach. CBSE (D)-2017

[Ans. Distance of closest approach : The minimum distance up to which an -particle can approach the nucleus just
before retracing its path, is known as distance of closest approach

= 2.5 X 10-14 m

802. The K. E. of particle incident on gold foil is doubled. How does the distance of closest approach change?
[Ans. ⇨ CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012
hence, distance of closest approach will be halved when K.E. is doubled
803. In the Rutherford’s scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for an particle is . If particle is
replaced by a proton, how much kinetic energy in comparison to particle will it require to have the same distance
of closest approach ? CBSE (F)-2009
[Ans. = & = ⇨ =

804. Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy strikes a nucleus of
stops and reverses its direction. CBSE (AI)-2015, 2012, (AIC)-2015

[Ans. = X = 5.12 x m

805. (i) What is Impact parameter ? CBSE (AIC)-2015

(ii) What is the significance of impact parameter ?
[Ans. (i) Impact parameter (b) :
It is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity
vector of the -particle from the

(ii) Significance : It gives an estimate of size of nucleus

806. The trajectories, traced by different particles, in Geiger-Marsden experiment were observed as shown in
figure. (a) What names are given to the symbols and shown here ? CBSE (DC)-2008
(b) What can we say about values of for (i) =00 (ii) = radians ?
[Ans. (a) symbol ‘b’ represents impact parameter
& represents scattering angle

(b) b=

(i) when =00, b is maximum & represent the atomic size

(ii) When = radians, b is minimum & represent nuclear size
807. State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. CBSE (D)-2016,(D)-2012,(F)-2010
[Ans. Bohr’s quantization condition : electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their angular momentum is an
integral multiple of

i, e, where
These orbits are called stationary orbits and electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in these orbits
908. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted photon in a
transition. OR CBSE (F)-2016
State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
[Ans. Bohr’s postulate of transition : CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2013
When an electron makes a transition from higher to lower energy level ,
a photon is emitted which have the energy equal to the energy difference of two levels.
i, e, = This equation is called Bohr’s frequency condition

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809. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of electron in
this state ? CBSE (AI)-2014, 2011,(AIC)-2002
[Ans. &
810. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is . What is the kinetic and
potential energy of the electron in this state ? CBSE (DC)-2010,(D)-2001
[Ans.
811. Given the value of the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV. Find out its kinetic and potential
energy in the ground and second excited states. CBSE (AI)-2015,2008
[Ans.

For ground state , ⇨ ⇨ &

For II excited state , ⇨ ⇨ &
812. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. CBSE (AI)-2008, 2001, (F)-2009
(i) what does the negative sign signify ?
(ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to the first excited state ?
[Ans. (i) Negative sign shows that electron is bound with the nucleus by electrostatic force
(ii) & For ground state n =1 and for first excited state n =2

⇨ 3.4 13.6 10.2

813. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 X . The atom is excited such that the
radius becomes 21.2X . Find - CBSE (AI)-2016
(i) the value of principal quantum number and
(ii) the total energy of the atom in this excited state.
[Ans. (i) ⇨ ⇨ 4 ⇨ 2

(ii) ⇨ 3.4
814. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the state of hydrogen atom.
[Ans. 3.4 eV 3.4 X J CBSE (AI)-2016

de-Broglie wavelength, = = = 0.6 X

815. What is the longest wavelength of photon that can ionize a hydrogen atom in its ground state ? Specify the type of
radiation. CBSE (D)-2007
[Ans. ⇨ , Ultraviolet region
816. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom. CBSE (D)-2010
[ Ans. =
817. In hydrogen atom, if the electron is replaced by a particle which is 200 times heavier but have the same charge,
How would its radius change ? CBSE (F)-2008
[Ans. radius will be 1/200 times, Reason : = ⇨
818. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state in a hydrogen atom ?
[Ans. 4:1 as CBSE (D)-2010
819.The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 X 10-11 m. What is the radius of orbit in the second
excited state ? CBSE (D)-2010
[Ans. For II excited state X 5.3 X 47.7 X
820. Find out the wavelength of the electron orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen atom. CBSE (D)-2017
[Ans. & For ground state
By the de-Broglie relation,
⇨ ⇨
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821. Use Bohr model of hydrogen atom to calculate the speed of the electron in the first excited state.
[Ans. For first excited state, n = 2 CBSE (AI)-2016
= ⇨ X 1.09 X m/s

822. Use Rydberg formula to determine the wavelength of line. (Given : Rydberg’s constant =1.03 X 107 m-1 )
[Ans. For line, =2 and =3 CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2012
⇨ = = = ⇨ = = = 6990

823. When line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained ? Calculate the frequency of photon emitted
during this transition. CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. for line/first line in Balmer series transition is from to

⇨ 4.7 X Hz
824. Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series. (Rydberg constant, = )
[Ans. ⇨ m 4000 A 0
CBSE (AI)-2016
825. Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted when electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from to .
[Ans. = = = CBSE (AI)-2016

⇨ = 912

=================================================================================
826. (i) Write the relation between mass number and radius of a nucleus. CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011
(ii) Show that nuclear density in a given nucleus is independent of mass number . CBSE (D)-2015,2013,2012
[Ans. (i) where is constant

(ii) nuclear density = = = =

827. Compare the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively. CBSE (AI)-2012,2010,(D)-2011

[Ans. ⇨ = = =
125 27
828. What is the nuclear radius of , if that of is 3.6 Fermi ? CBSE (AI)-2008

[Ans. ⇨ = = =

⇨ 3.6 X 6 Fermi
829. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1:2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities ? CBSE (D)-2009
[Ans. 1:1 as nuclear density does not depend on mass number

830. What are nuclear forces ? State any two characteristic properties of nuclear forces.
CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2011,2008,2007
[Ans. Nuclear Forces ; Very short range strongest attractive forces, which firmly hold the nucleons together inside a
nucleus, are called nuclear forces.
Properties: (i) very short range, strongest attractive forces.
(ii) charge independent.
(iii) non-central forces
(iv) do not obey inverse square law
831. Define the term mass defect. CBSE (AIC)-2014,2001
[Ans. Mass defect : The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents, is called the mass defect.
=[Z (A – Z) ]

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832. Define binding energy of a nucleus. CBSE (AIC)-2002

[Ans. Binding Energy : It is defined as the minimum energy required to separate its nucleons and place them at rest
at infinite distance apart
It is the equivalent energy of mass defect, i,e, =
833. What is meant by the term binding energy per nucleon CBSE (DC)-2010
[Ans. Binding Energy per nucleon ( : It is the average energy per nucleon needed to separate a nucleus in to its
individual nucleons

834. The binding energies of deuteron ( and are 1.25 and 7.2 / nucleon respectively. Which
nucleus is more stable ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. is more stable as BE per nucleon of is more than that of
835. Which out of two nuclei & is more stable ? CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. Nucleus is more stable because n/p ratio for is more than that for
Reason : A nucleus is more stable if, it has -(a) high value of B.E./A (b) greater n/p ratio, or (c) even-even nucleus.
836. Why is mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of its constituent, neutrons & protons ? CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans. When nucleons approach each other to form a nucleus, they strongly attract each other. Hence their potential
energy decreases and becomes negative. This decrease in P.E. results in the decrease in the mass of the nucleons
837. If the nucleons of a nucleus are separated far apart from each other, the sum of the masses of all these nucleons
is larger than the mass of the nucleus. Why ? CBSE (AIC)-2003
[Ans. For the separation of nucleons to a distance far apart from each other, an energy equal to B.E. of the nucleus is
given to these nucleons. From E = c2, thus mass difference comes
838. If the total number of neutrons & protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, how is then the energy is absorbed
or evolved in the reaction ? CBSE (AI)-2015
OR
In a nuclear reaction,
, 12.86 MeV CBSE (D)-2013
though the number of nucleons is conserved on both sides of the reaction, yet the energy is released. How ? Explain.
[Ans. Since certain mass disappears in the formation of a nucleus (mass defect), it appears in the form of energy E = c2.
Thus the difference of B.E. of the two sides appear as energy released or absorbed in a nuclear reaction
839. A nucleus with mass number = 240 and 7.6 MeV breaks in to two fragments each of = 120 with
8.5 MeV. Calculate the energy released. CBSE (D)-2016
[ Ans. Energy released = of two fragments of nucleus
= 2 X 120 X 8.5 – 240 X 7.6 = 240 (8.5 – 7.6 ) = 240 X 0.9 = 216 MeV
840. Calculate the energy released in the fusion reaction : CBSE (D)-2016
, where of and of
[ Ans. Energy released of of MeV
841. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown below. Which of the shown transitions will result in the
emission of photon of wavelength ? [Ans. B] CBSE (F)-2013,(D)-2011,2009
[Ans. 275 nm 275 X

4.5

For transition B
0 4.5
842. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of nucleus. CBSE (AI)-2007,2004,2002,(D)-2002
(Given, Mass of = 39.962589 u, Mass of proton= 1.007825 u, Mass of neutron =1.008665 u & 1u= 931 MeV/c 2)
[ Ans. mass defect, =[Z (A – Z) ] = [ 20(1.007825) 20(1.008665)] 39.962589 =0.367211
⇨ B.E. = 0.367211 X 931 = 341.87 MeV ⇨ B.E. per nucleon = = 8.547 MeV

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843. What is radioactivity ? CBSE (AIC)-2001

[ Ans. Radioactivity : The phenomenon of spontaneous and continuous emission of radiations such as or and rays
from the nucleus of heavy elements is called radioactivity
844. When a radioactive radiation is placed in an electric or magnetic field it divides in to three parts. Why ? CBSE (AIC)-2014
[Ans. Radioactive decay occurs in series where daughter product give rise to grand daughter product and so on. Some
of them emit particles while others emit particles. If after - emission or - emission, nucleus is left in
the excited state it may emit rays. Therefore radioactive sample give out particle, particles and rays
together
845. Why do particles have high ionising power ? CBSE (F)-2010
[ Ans. Because of their large mass & large nuclear cross section particles have highest ionizing power
846. Which of the following radiations -rays, -rays, -rays CBSE (AI)-2001
(i) are similar to X-rays
(ii) are easily absorbed by the matter
(iii) travel with greatest speed
(iv) are similar in nature to cathode rays.
[ Ans. (i) (ii) -rays (iii) -rays (iv) -rays
847. What is the difference between an electron and a ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
[ Ans. Both are essentially the same. In fact an electron of nuclear origin is called
848. A nucleus contains no electrons, yet it ejects them. How ? CBSE (AIC)-2003
[ Ans. A neutron in a nucleus decays in to a proton and an antineutrino. It is this electron which is emitted as
+ +
849. A nucleus undergoes . How does its (i) mass number (ii) atomic number change ? CBSE (D)-2011
[Ans. During (i) mass number remains same (ii) atomic number increases by one
850. What is -decay ? CBSE (F)-2002
[Ans. : The process of spontaneous emission of particle from a radioactive nucleus is called decay
851. (i) Write the nuclear decay process of -decay CBSE (AI)-2010,2004,(D)-2004
(ii) Write the decay of tritium in symbolic form. CBSE (F) -2015,(AI)-2013
[Ans. (i)

(ii) +
852. Write the basic nuclear process involved in the emission of (a) decay and (b) decay in a symbolic form, by a
radioactive nucleus. CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2016,2013,(F)-2015,(AIC)-2015
[Ans. (a) decay, + +
(b) decay,
853. Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2013,(F)-2015,(AIC)-2015
[Ans. Because neutrinos have no charge, almost no mass and their interaction with matter is very weak

854. Why the mass number of a nuclide undergoing -decay does not change? CBSE (DC)-2003
OR
In both -decay process, the mass number of the nucleus remains same, whereas the atomic number Z increases by
one in decay and decreases by one in decay. Explain giving reason. CBSE (F)-2014
[Ans. In both -decay process, the conversion of neutron to proton or proton to neutron inside the nuleus. These nucleons
have nearly equal masses. Hence mass number does not change and
In decay + +

or + +

In decay

or

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855. Write the nuclear reactions for the following- CBSE (DC)-2005
(i) -decay of (ii) -decay of (iii) decay of (iv) -decay of
[Ans. (i)

(ii) +

(iii)

(iv)
856. In the reactions given below, find the values of . CBSE (AI)-2016
(a) [ Ans. (a) x = , y =5, z =11 (b) a=10, b=2, c= 4 ]

(b)
857. In the following nuclear reaction assign the value of Z and A. [Ans. (a) Z = 56, A = 89 ] CBSE (AI)-2015

858. Identify the nature of the radioactive radiations emitted in each step of the decay process given below:
CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans.
859. Give the mass number and atomic number of elements on the right hand side of the decay process.CBSE (D)-2004
+
[ Ans.
==================================================================================
860. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes series of decays shown in the following scheme : CBSE (AI)-2015

If mass number and atomiv number of are 176 and 69 respectively, find the mass number and atomic number of A

[ Ans.
861. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme-
CBSE (D)-2017,(D)-2009,(AIC)-2002

If the mass number and atomic number of are 180 & 72 respectively, What are these numbers for ?

[ Ans.
862. A radioactive isotope decays according to the sequence - CBSE (AI)-2002

If the mass number & atomic number for are 176 & 71 respectively, find the mass number and atomic number of

[ Ans. ]
863. The sequence of stepwise decays of a radioactive nucleus is - CBSE (D)-2010

If the atomic number and mass number of are 71 & 176 respectively, What are their corresponding values for D ?

[ Ans.

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864. (a) Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom. CBSE (D)-2017,(AIC)-2015
(b) How these were explained in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom ? CBSE (AIC)-2015
[Ans. (a) Limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom :
(i) Electron moving in a circular orbit around the nucleus would get accelerated. Therefore it looses its energy
and hence it would spiral into the nucleus
(ii) Due to continuously changing radii of orbits, electron will emit em waves of all frequencies. Hence atom
should emit continuous spectrum
(b) Explanation according to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom :
(i) Electron in an atom can revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant energy, in which
Where n = 1,2,3,--------
(ii) Energy is released/ absorbed only, when an electron jumps from one stable orbit to another stable orbit. This
results in a discrete spectrum
865. How does de-Broglie explain the stationary orbits for revolution of electrons using Bohr’s quantization condition ?
[Ans. de-Broglie’s explanation of Stationary orbits CBSE (D)-2016,(D)-2012,(F)-2010
According to de- Broglie hypothesis,
⇨
But for circular orbits,
where is the radius of quantized orbits
⇨ [ = ]

⇨
⇨ Circumference of permitted orbits are integer multiples of wavelength
866. Derive the Bohr’s quantization condition for angular momentum of the orbiting of electron in hydrogen atom,
Using de-Broglie’s hypothesis. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2016,2015,2011
[Ans. de-Broglie wavelength

For electron moving in orbit,

2
⇨ 2
⇨
This is Bohr’s postulate of quantization of angular momentum
867. Use de-Broglie’s hypothesis to write the relation for the radius of Bohr orbit interms of Bohr’s quantization
condition of orbital angular momentum. CBSE (F)-2016
[Ans. de Broglie Wavelength associated with electron in its orbit

=
Only those waves survive which form standing waves. For electron moving in circular orbit of radius
= where n = 1,2,3,-------------
⇨ =

⇨ =
868. (i) Define Ionization energy. What is its value for hydrogen atom ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2010
(ii) How would the ionization energy change when electron in hydrogen atom is replaced by a particle of mass 200
times that of the electron but having the same charge ?
[Ans. (i) Ionization Energy : It is the minimum energy required to just remove an electron from the atom
for H- atom ionization energy is 13.6 eV

(ii) As , hence ionization energy becomes 200 times

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869. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger – Marsden experiment for studying particle scattering by a thin
foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the scattered particles, how this study can be used to
estimate the size of the nucleus ? Draw a plot showing the number of particles scattered versus scattering angle .
CBSE (F)-2013,2010,2008,2003 (AI)-2009,(D)-2005
[Ans. Geiger-Marsden experiment (Rutherford’s –Particle scattering experiment) :

High energetic collimated beam of –Particles is allowed to fall on a very thin gold foil as shown. The scattered -
particles are observed through a rotating detector consisting of ZnS screen and microscope.
Observations and Conclusions :
(i) most of the –Particles passed un deflected through the foil.
It indicates that most of the space in an atom is empty.
(ii) some –Particles were deflected through small angles and only a few
(1 in 8000) were deflected through large angles ( 900) to return back
It concludes that whole of the positive charge and almost whole mass
is concentrated in a tiny central core known as nucleus.
(iii)The number of –Particles at a scattering angle is
N( )
It is due to the fact that, scattering of -particles
is in accordance with Coulomb’s force.

Size of nucleus : It can be estimated by distance of closest approach

m =

⇨ = 2.5 X 10-14 m ]

===============================================================================
870. In Geiger- Marsden experiment, why is the most of the –Particles go straight through the foil and only a small
fraction gets scattered at large angles ? CBSE (AIC)-2015
[Ans. for most of the –Particles, impact parameter is large, hence they suffer very small repulsion due to nucleus and go
straight (right) through the foil
871. In Geiger-Marsden experiment, draw the trajectories traced by –Particles in the Coulomb’s field of target.
[Ans. Trajectories traced by –Particles CBSE (AIC)-2015

==================================================================================

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872. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the stationary states of the
hydrogen atom. Hence, derive the expression for the orbital velocity and orbital period of the electron moving in the orbit of
hydrogen atom. CBSE (F)-2017,2014,2012,2011,(AI)-2015,2014,2013,(D)-2013
[Ans. Bohr’s theory of H-atom :
As the electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus
provides the necessary centripetal force

i,e,

⇨ ------------(1)

According to Bohr’s quantum condition

-----------(2)
on squaring eqn (2) and dividing by eqn (1) we get

⇨ = ⇨
For -atom & for innermost orbit ,

⇨ = = 0.53 . This is called Bohr’s orbit

Energy of electron in stationary orbits
K.E. of electron, ( ) [ ]

& P.E.

⇨ total energy of electron ( )

⇨ = ( )

⇨ = ( )x = ( )=
For H- atom

⇨
Where, = 1.097 X 107 m-1 and is called Rydberg’s constant.

Orbital velocity & time period of electron in stationary orbits

dividing by eqn (1) by (2)

⇨ ⇨
where and is called fine structure constant

Orbital period of electron in H-atom :

⇨
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873. (a) Explain the origin of spectral series/ lines of hydrogen atom using Bohr’s atomic model.
(b) Draw the energy level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding to Lyman/Balmer series occur due to
transition between energy levels in a hydrogen atom. CBSE (AI)-2015,(D)-2013
[Ans. (a) Spectral series of hydrogen atom :
According to Bohr’s frequency condition, if an electron makes a transition from higher energy level to lower energy
level , then
= = =
⇨ = where is called wave number
Where is called wave number (number of waves per unit distance), & R is the Rydberg’s constant ( 1.097 X 107 m-1)
(i) Lyman Series
When an electron jumps from any higher energy level to the first level, we get Lyman series.
This series lies in ultraviolet region and hence not visible. It is given by
= where = 2,3,4,5,---------
(ii) Balmer Series
When an electron jumps from any higher energy level to the second level, we get Balmer series.
This series lies in visible region and is given by
= where = 3,4,5,6,---------
(iii) Paschen Series
When an electron jumps from any higher energy level to the third level, we get Paschen series.
This series lies in infrared region, hence not visible and is given by
= where = 4,5,6,7,---------
(iv) Brackett Series
When an electron jumps from any higher energy level to the fourth level, we get Brackett series.
This series lies in infrared region, hence not visible & is given by
= where = 5,6,7,8,--------

(v) Pfund Series

When an electron jumps from any higher energy level to the fifth level, we get Pfund series.
This series also lies in infrared region, hence not visible & is given by
= where = 6,7,8,9,--------
(b) Hydrogen spectrum :

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874. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations.
(i) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
(ii) What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn ?
[Ans. Graph : CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2010,2007,(D)-2013,2007
(i) Conclusions :
(a) For r r0, P.E. increases rapidly with the decrease in .
This indicates strong repulsion between the nucleons
(b) For r r0, P.E. is negative which falls to zero for a separation more
than a few Fermi. It indicates attractive force between the nucleons
(ii) Significance :
Negative potential energy shows that binding force between the
nucleons is strong.
875. Draw a plot of binding energy per nucleon (B.E/A) as a function of mass number A.
(a) Write salient features of this curve.
(b) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(c) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2013,2011,2009,2004,2001 (AIC)-2006,2004,(F)-2008,2005,(D)-2006,2004
[Ans. Binding energy curve :
(a) Salient features :
(i) BE per nucleon ( ) is practically constant
(independent of ) for the nuclei of middle
mass number (30 A 170).
Maximum is about 8.75 MeV for
thus is most stable.
For A = 238 drops to 7.6 MeV.

(ii) Average B.E. per nucleon is very small for both

light nuclei and heavy nuclei ,
so these nuclei are less stable.
(b) Conclusions/Importance of BE curve :
(i) Nuclear force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce BE of a few MeV per nucleon
(ii) Constancy of BE curve in the range 30 A 170 is a due to the fact that nuclear force is short – ranged.
(c) Release of energy in fission & fusion :
(i) When a heavy nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, the BE per nucleon of product nuclei is more than that of the
original nucleus. This means that the nucleons get more tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
(ii) When two very light nuclei (A 10) undergoes nuclear fusion, the BE per nucleon of product nucleus becomes
more than that of the original lighter nuclei. This means that the nucleons in the final nucleus get more
tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
876. What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the consistency of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) in the
range of mass number ‘A’ lying 30< A< 170 ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Nuclear force is short ranged or saturated
877. Give the reason for the decrease of binding energy per nucleon for nuclei with high numbers.
[Ans. This is due to increase in Coulomb repulsive force between protons CBSE (DC)-2006,(D)-2004
878. The figure shows the plot of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number . Point out, giving
reasons, the two processes (in terms of , , , and ) , one of which can occur due to nuclear fission and the
other due to nuclear fusion. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. (i) Nuclear fission of in to and ,
as there is increase in binding energy per nucleon
(ii) Nuclear fusion of and in to ,
as there is an increase in binding energy per nucleon

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879. State the law of radioactive decay.

(i) Derive the mathematical expression for law of radioactive decay for a sample of radioactive nucleus.
(ii) Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given radioactive sample
having half-life T. CBSE (AI) -2016, 2015, 2006, 2004, (D)-2014, 2011,2005, CBSE (F)-2013,2007
[ Ans. Law of radioactive decay : The rate of decay of a given radioactive sample is directly proportional to the total
number of undecayed nuclei present in the sample
i,e,

⇨
⇨ -----------(1)
Where is constant of proportionality & is called decay constant
Let, when , , Integrating (1) on both sides

⇨
⇨ N = N0
===============================================================================
880. Define the terms half-life period & decay constant of a radioactive substance. Write their S.I. units. Establish the
relation between them. CBSE (AI)-2015,2006,2004,(F)-2007,(D)-2005,2001
[Ans. Half-life ( ) : It is defined as the time taken to decay one-half of the initial number of nuclei present in a
radioactive sample
Its S.I. unit is second (s)
Decay constant ( ) : It is defined as the reciprocal of the time in which the number of nuclei left undecayed
reduces to times of its initial value
Its S.I. unit is second ( )
Relation : We have,
But when ,
⇨

⇨ 2

================================================================================
881. Define the term mean life of a radioactive nuclide. How is the mean life of a given radioactive nucleus related to
the decay constant and Half-life ? CBSE (AI) -2016, 2015, (F)-2014
[Ans. Average or Mean life ( ) : mean life of a radioactive substance is defined as the sum of life time of all the nuclei
divided by the number of all nuclei

i,e, Mean life ( ) = =

Relation :

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882. Define activity of a radioactive substance and write its S.I. unit. Plot a graph showing variation of activity of a
given radioactive sample with time CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2015,2009,(D)-2010,2005,(F)-2008
[Ans. Activity : It is defined as the number of radioactive nuclei decaying per second at any time
i,e,

S.I. unit of Activity is Becquerel (Bq)

883. Show that the decay rate ‘ ’ of a sample of a radioactive nuclide is related to the number of radioactive nuclei ‘ ’
at the same instant by the expression = & CBSE (AIC)-2010

[Ans. ⇨
Now,

⇨ = ( )= = ( ) = ( N) = N = N
⇨
884. A radioactive sample having nuclei has activity . Write down an expression for its half-life in terms of and
[Ans. Activity ⇨ CBSE (AIC)-2011

Half-life, = =
==============================================================================
885. What is nuclear fission and fusion ? Give one representative equation of each. CBSE (AIC)-2005
[Ans. Nuclear fission : When a heavy nucleus is bombarded with slow neutrons it splits in to two or more light nuclei and
a very large amount of energy is released. This phenomenon is called nuclear fission

3
Nuclear reactor and atom bomb are based on nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion : When two light nuclei are combined to form a heavy nucleus, a tremendous amount of energy is
released. This phenomenon is called nuclear fission

Source of energy in Sun is nuclear fusion. Hydrogen bomb is based on nuclear fusion
===============================================================================
886. What is nuclear reactor ? Draw a labelled diagram of a nuclear reactor. Write its principle and explain its working.
[Ans. Nuclear Reactor : It is device used to convert nuclear energy it to electric energy.
Principle : It is based on the principle of controlled chain reaction in nuclear fission.

Working : In a nuclear reactor, is used as a fuel, cadmium rods are used as control rods and graphite or heavy
water as moderator. The entire set up is shielded with a heavy thick lead sheets and then with a thick
concrete walls. The energy obtained from fission is used to heat up the water to produce steam. This steam
is then used to rotate the turbines to produce electricity

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR [email protected]

PHYSICS CLASS-XII –ATOMS & NUCLEI REVISIONFAQ's
AISSCE-2020

887. Find the relation between the three wavelengths , and from the energy level diagram shown below.
[Ans. ------(1) CBSE (D)-2016

------(2)

------(3)
Adding (1) and (2)

⇨ ⇨
===============================================================================
888 . The figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom. CBSE (AIC)-2015
(i) Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength
(ii) Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength ? Justify your answer.
[Ans. 496 nm 496 X

2.5

For hydrogen atom,

⇨ 13.6, 3.4, 1.51, eV

2.5 hence transition n= 4 to n=1 will give radiation of
wavelength 496 nm
(ii) ⇨ for transition n= 4 to n=3 is minimum hence will be maximum
889. A hydrogen atom initially in its ground state absorbs a photon and is in the excited state with energy 12.5 eV.
Calculate the longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the series to which it belongs .
(Rydberg constant, = ) CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. = 13.6 12.5 = 1.1 eV
⇨ 1.1 ⇨ n=3

⇨ = =R = ⇨ = = = 6563 A0 It belong s to Balmer series

890 . Using Rydberg’s formula, calculate the longest wavelengths belonging to Lyman and Balmer series. In which
region f hydrogen spectrum do these transmission lie ? (Given, = ) CBSE (F)-2015
[Ans. =

For Lyman series, = = =

⇨ = = = 1210 A0. It lies in Ultraviolet region

For Balmer series = =R =

⇨ = = = 6563 A0. It lies in visible region

891. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. CBSE (AI)-2008
(i) what is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state ?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 2nd excited state, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted.
[Ans. (i) &
For ground state n =1 and for second excited state n = 3,
1.51 eV & 3.02 eV
(ii) 1.51 13.6 12.09 12.09 X1.6 X J

⇨ ⇨ 1.02 X m
SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR [email protected]
PHYSICS CLASS-XII –ATOMS & NUCLEI REVISIONFAQ's
AISSCE-2020

892. Two different radioactive elements with half lives and have and undecayed atoms respectively
present at a given instant. Derive an expression for the ratio of their activities at this instant in terms of &
[Ans. CBSE (DC)-2012

⇨ ⇨ = & =

⇨ X
893. Half life of against – is 4.5 X years. Calculate the activity of 1 g sample of .
(Given Avogadro’s number 6 X atoms/ Kmol ) CBSE (AI) E-2016,(F)-2006, (D)-2005
[ Ans. Half-life T 4.5 X years s = 1.42 X s

Number of atoms present in 1 g sample of , =

Activity, X X = 1.23 X

894. A radioactive sample contains 2.2 mg of pure which has half-life period of 1224 seconds. Calculate :
(i) the number of atoms present initially. CBSE (AI)-2005
(ii) the activity when 5 of the sample will be left.
[Ans. Given 1224 s
(i) Number of atoms present initially in 2.2 mg of

= 1.2 X
(ii) Number of atoms present in 5 of

= 2.74 X

X X 2.74 X = 1.55 X Bq
===============================================================================
895. The half life of a certain radioactive material against decay is 100 days. After how much time, will the
Undecayed fraction of the material be 6.25 % ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Given : 100 days & 6.25 %

⇨ ⇨ 4

⇨ 4 X 100 400 days

896. The half life of radioactive substance is 20s. calculate- CBSE (F)-2009
(i) The decay constant, and
(ii) time taken for the sample to decay 7/8 th of the initial value.
[Ans. Given 20 s & 1

(i) 0.0346

(ii) ⇨ ⇨ 3

⇨ 3 X 20 60 s

897. The activity of a radioactive element drops to th of its initial value in 32 Years. Find the mean life of the sample.
[Ans. Given, & 32 years CBSE (AIC)-2010

⇨ ⇨ 4 & 8 years

⇨ = 1.44 T = 1.44 x 8 = 11.52 yrs

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR [email protected]
PHYSICS CLASS-XII –ATOMS & NUCLEI REVISIONFAQ's
AISSCE-2020

898. Calculate the energy release in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction
CBSE (D)-2015,2010, (AI)-2009,(DC)-2008,2003

Given ( = 2.014102 , ( = 3.016049 , ( = 4.002603 , = 1.008665 &1 = 931.5 MeV/c2

[ Ans. [ ( ( –{ ( }] [2.014102 3.016049 –{ 4.002603 1.008665 } ]
⇨ 0.018883 ⇨ Q 0.018883 X 931.5 = 17.59 MeV
899. Calculate the energy released if, , emits an -particle. CBSE (AI)-2007
OR
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction. CBSE (AI)-2008,(D)-2007
[Ans. 4.25
[ Given, mass of = 238.05079 u, mass of = 234.043630 u, mass of =4.002600 u & 1u = 931.5 MeV/c2 ]
[ Ans. [ ( { ( }] [238.05079 –{234.043630 4.002600}]
⇨ 0.0456 ⇨ Q 0.0456 X 931.5 = 4.25 MeV
899a. A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus with the subsequent emission of an alpha particle. Write the
corresponding nuclear reaction. Calculate the energy released in this nuclear reaction. CBSE (AI)-2006,(D)-2005
OR
Calculate the energy released in the following nuclear reaction CBSE (AI)-2006,2002,(D)-2005,2003
[Ans. 4.78 MeV]
[ mass of = 1.008665 u, mass of = 6.015126 u, mass of = 4.002603 u, mass of = 3.016049 u ]
[Ans. [ ( ( –{ ( ( )] [6.015126 1.008665 – {4.002603 3.016049}]

⇨ 0.005138
⇨ Q 0.005138 X 931 = 4.78 MeV
899b. (i) Write symbolically the nuclear decay process of . Is the decayed product X an isotope or isobar of ?
(ii) Given tha mass value of = 11.011434 and = 11.00935 . Estimate the Q value in this process.
[ Ans. (i) , X is an isobar CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) [ ] = [11.011434 11.00935 ] = 0.002129
⇨ Q = 0.002129 X 931.5 = 1.98 MeV
899c. A nucleus , -decays to give the nucleus of . Write down the -decay equation. Calculate the kinetic
energy of electron emitted. (Rest mass of electron may be ignored.) CBSE (D)-2008,(AI)-2004
(Given, & )
[Ans.
⇨ [ ( { ( ] [ – 0.004696 u
⇨ Energy released or the K.E. of emitted electron Q X 0.004696 X 931.5 = 4.374 MeV
899d. When a deuteron of mass and negligible kinetic energy is absorbed by a Lithium nucleus of mass
, the compound nucleus disintegrates spontaneously in to two alpha particles each of mass .
Calculate the energy in Joules carried by each alpha particle. CBSE (AI)-2004
[Ans.
⇨ [ ( ( – ( ] [6.0155 2.0141 – 4.0026 ] = 8.0296 8.0052
⇨ 0.0244 0.0244 X Kg
⇨ Q X 0.0244 X = 3.645 X X
J
Hence energy carried by each alpha particle = 3.645 X /2 = 1.8225 X J
==================================================================================

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR [email protected]