1.

Switch:-
A. Types Switch according to construction:

i. Surface switch or Tumbler Switch: The surface switches are those which
are mounted on the mounting block directly fixed over the surface of the
wall, I. such types of switches project out of the surface of the wall.

ii. Flush switch: The flush switches are fixed in flush with the wall and do
Not project out. Such types of switches are used where
High quality performance and appearance are desired.
Sometimes these switches are called Piano type switches.

iii. Pull switch or Ceiling switch: The pull switches are fixed on the ceiling and all
the alive parts are out of reach of the operator. The switch has a strong mechanical
action and is usuallyoperated with a single pull on the cord for the on andoff
position. These switched are used in bath rooms where water heaters are used, bed
rooms and restaurants.

iv. Rotary switch: The rotary switches are much different from that of Ordinary
tumbler switch. It consists of an insulated Handle to which are fixed the blades.
These blades Move in steps by the movement of the handle and Make contact with
the terminals to which are Connected the wires in the electric circuits.The handle
motion is controlled by acam or a spring asThe handle is moved through a quarter
turn, the bladeIs released and moves over quickly (with the help of Spring) to
make or break the circuit.

v. Knife switch: The knife switch consists of blades hinged at one end andAre
arranged to
go into forked terminals or jaws at the other end. These are available as single
throw
Switches or double throw switches.

vi. Pendent switch: Pendant switches are remote hand-held push button switches
that are used to control machinery or devices.
vii. Main-Switch: As the name indicates that this switch is used to switch “on or off”
the main supply. In other words these switches are used to control the whole supply
fora house, office and machine. In single-phase circuit I.C.D.P. main switches are
used, whereas in three-phase circuits I.C.T.P. main switches are used to
control the supply. The main switches are of the following type:

(ICDP): Iron Clad Double Pole main switch is used in

single-phase supply circuits. These are available in 15 Amp,
30 Amp, 60 Amps and 100 amperes current rating. In these
switches, either two numbers of fuse links are provided or a
fuse link and a neutral link is provided. The neutral wire is
directly connected with the neutral link and phase wire is
connected with the fuse link. Normally 15 Amp current
rating main switches are made of plastic molding instead of
iron.

(ICTP): Iron Clad Triple Pole main switches are used to

control the Three phase supply circuit. These are available
in 15 Amp, 30 Amp, 60Amp,100 Amp,150 Amp and 250
Amps current rating. Generally, these switches are also
known as 3 phase 4 wires main switches. In these
switches, three fuses and a neutral link is available. The
neutral wire is directlyconnected with the neutral link and
phase wires are connected with these fuselinks.

B. Their types according to working such as:

i. Single pole switch: A single pole switch has one input and one
output, it has two states; “on” Or “off”. They can be wired either
normally open or normally closed and can be
either latching or momentary.

ii. Double pole switch: Double pole switches are connected to two
separate electric circuits.
They Essentially contain 2 switches which are linked together
and can complete the
Circuit either simultaneously or staggered.
 iii. Two-way switch: The two-way switch is used to ON and OFF the
light from two different locations and the switch is mostly used in
the case of stairs, in rooms that have two entries. This type of switch
is generally used in some home wiring
systems and industrial applications.

iv. Two-way center off switch: The two-way centre-off switch, often
referred to as a two-way changeover switch, is a flexible component
used in a variety of electrical applications. Its use spans essential
infrastructure and several sectors, from monitoring power supplies
during outages to facilitating effective load sharing.

v. Intermediate switch: This switch has

four terminals and four different
connection position. The main Function
of this switch is to control a lamp from
three or more different places,
Along with ordinary two-way switch.
Generally this switch is used in double
Stair case wiring or corridor wiring. This
switch is also known as four-way
Switch.

vi. Series parallel switch: A series-parallel switch is a mechanical

switch that connects two battery packs temporarily, creating a
single pack. The switch electrically activates to make a physical
connection between the packs.

2.Lamp Holder: -
a) Bayonet cap lamp holder: Bayonet bulbs are typically all the
same size at the base. These lamp holders are named after the
bayonets that are used in rifles since they have the same
connection method. The bulbs paired with bayonet lamp holders
are pushed in then slightly turned to lock into place. Bayonet bulb
bases have a pin on either side, while a bayonet lamp holder
comes with two corresponding L-shape holes and a small spring
to have the two locked together. The locking mechanism of this
lamp holder makes it an excellent choice for applications where
vibrations may unscrew the Edison bulb. Bayonet lamp holders
have one or two contact points at the bottom, depending on the
bayonet bulb base that you'll use.
b) Pendant Lamp Holder: This lamp holder is used to hang the
lamp from ceiling rose, with flexible wire. Some time these
holders are provided with lampshades, to divert the upward light
to down ward. These may be of brass or Bakelite ,with brass
plunger.

c) Batten Lamp Holder: These lamp holders may be of brass or

Bakelite with brass plunger. The holders are fixed on either on
round block or wooden board with the help of wooden screws.

d) Angle Lamp Holder: The angle holder is used to focus the light
at an angle and is fixed directly on wall or round block with the
help of gutties and wooden screws. These may be of brass or
Bakelite with brass plunger.

e) Bracket Lamp Holder: These lamp holders are used to focus

the light on the floor or at some angle, slightly away from the
walls. Light shades can also be used for diverting all light on
floor. Such lamps are provided with such fittings which make
them water tight so that these can be used outside the houses or
for street lighting. The bracket may be of wood, aluminum and
brass. The lamp holder is simply a pendant holder made of
brass or Bakelite.
f) Fluorescent Lamp (Tube) Holder: - These are used to hold
the fluorescent tube and pin type holders are generally used.

g) Edison screw lamp holder: - Edison screw lamp holder is the

most common and easily recognized lamp holder type. It’s used
in the majority of homes, commercial spaces and lighting
fixtures. Named after the genius inventor Thomas Edison, these
lamp holders have the designation code "E" with a number than
signifies the diameter (millimeter) of the light bulb base that it
accommodates.

h) Goliath Edison lamp holder: - Also known as GES bulbs, or

Goliath Edison
Screws, these high-powered bulbs and the corresponding lamp
holders are used
in demanding commercial and industrial settings.

i) Swivel Lamp Holder: These lamp holders are used for

lighting of shop windows, show case etc. It consists of ball
and socket joint fitted between back plate and lamp
holder, for the purpose to move the light to a wide angle.
3.Socket outlets and plugs: -
1. Two pin sockets: -A 2-pin socket is an electrical outlet
that has two slots or holes for inserting the prongs of a plug.
It typically consists of:

Live (or Hot) Pin: This pin connects to the

live wire, which carries the electrical current.

Neutral Pin: This pin connects to the neutral wire,

which completes the electrical circuit.

2-pin sockets are used for devices that do not

require grounding.

2. Three-pin sockets: - A 3-pin socket, also known as a 3-pin

plug, is an electrical socket with three pins that supply
power to appliances safely:
Earth pin
Protects the user from electrical shock by connecting
the appliance's metal body to the ground. This pin is usually
green in color.
Live pin
Supplies electric current to the device.
This pin is usually brown in color.
Neutral pin
Connects the device's return paths to the
outlet's return path. This pin is usually blue in color.

3. Multi pin sockets: -A multi-pin socket, also known as

a multi-socket, power strip, or power board, is an
electrical device that allows multiple plugs to connect
to a single socket. It's a block of electrical sockets
that's attached to a flexible cable, which usually has a
main plug on the other end. This allows multiple
electrical devices to be powered from a single
electrical socket.
4. Two-pin plug: - A 2-pin plug is a type of electrical
plug with two metal pins that fit into corresponding
slots in a power outlet or socket.
The pins are usually flat or round, and one is called the
"hot" or "live" pin and the other is called the "neutral"
pin. When connected to an electric circuit, the current
flows from the live pin through the copper conductor
and into the device.

5. Three-pin plug: -A 3-pin plug is an electrical plug

with three metal pins that fit into a socket. The three
pins are a live wire, a neutral wire, and an earth wire.
The earth wire is connected to the metal case of the
appliance and has almost zero resistance. This means
that if the appliance's metal casing becomes charged
due to a fault, the charge is safely discharged to the
ground. The earth pin is also longer and thicker than
the other two pins.

4.Others-
1. Iron connector: -Iron connectors are used for electrical
connections in a variety of industries, including
construction, automotive, and electronics. They are
designed to be corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, and
able to withstand heavy loads. Iron connectors can be
used for both indoor and outdoor applications.

2. Adaptor: - An adapter or adaptor[1] is a device that

converts attributes of one electrical device or system
to those of an otherwise incompatible device or
system. Some modify power or signal attributes,
while others merely adapt the physical form of one
connector to another.
3. Ceiling rose: -A ceiling rose, also known as a rosette or
medallion, is a decorative electrical junction box that
connects a light fixture to the electrical wiring in a
ceiling. It can also support fans and other lighting
systems. Ceiling roses are available in a variety of
materials, including polymer, plaster, brass, metal, and
chrome. They can add style and character to a space,
and can also hide unsightly parts of the interior decor.

4. Distribution box: -bution panel, distribution board, or

circuit breaker panel, is a metal box that distributes
electrical power from the main power line to different
circuits throughout a building or home. It's a vital
component of most residential and commercial
electrical systems.

5. Neutral link: -Neutral links are the terminating point of

neutral wires in an electrical system. It is normally
obligatory for wiring systems to contain one live wire,
one neutral wire, and one grounding wire, so neutral
links form an essential part of proper wiring.

6. Bus-bar chamber: -A busbar chamber is a metallic bar

or strip that is housed inside switchgear, panel boards,
and busway enclosures to distribute high current
power and ensure a simple network configuration.
The main purpose of a busbar chamber is to conduct a
large amount of electricity.