Digital mae Processing Image Enhancement in the Spatial DomainPrinciple Objective of Enhancement Process an image so that the result will be more suitable than the original image for a specific application. o The suitableness is up to each application. o A method which is quite useful for enhancing an image may not necessarily be the best approach for enhancing another images2 domains o Spatial Domain : (image plane) Techniques are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image o Frequency Domain : Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image o There are some enhancement techniques based on various combinations of methods from these two categories.Good images o For human visual The visual evaluation of image quality is a highly subjective process, It is hard to standardize the definition of a good image. o For machine perception The evaluation task is easier. A good image is one which gives the best machine recognition results. o Acertain amount of trial and error usually is required before a particular image enhancement approach is selected.Spatial Domain o Procedures that ‘Onigia. operate directly on , pixels. be Gey) = Tifecy)] where fy) is the input image g(x,y) is the processed image Tis an operator on f Tcnage f(x, ¥) defined over some neighborhood of (x,y)Mask/Filter o Neighborhood of a point (x,y) can be defined by using a xy) square/rectangular (common used) or circular subimage area centered at (x,y) o The center of the subimage is moved from pixel to pixel starting at the top of the cornerPoint Processing o Neighborhood = 1x1 pixel © g depends on only the value of fat (x,y) 0 T = gray level (or intensity or mapping) transformation function s=T(r) o Where r = gray level of f(x,y) S = gray level of g(x,y)Contrast Stretching o Produce higher contrast than the original by darkening the levels below m in the original image Brightening the levels above m in the original imageThresholding o Produce a two- level (binary) imageMask Processing or Filter o Neighborhood is bigger than 1x1 pixel o Use a function of the values of f ina predefined neighborhood of (x,y) to determine the value of g at (x,y) o The value of the mask coefficients determine the nature of the process o Used in techniques Image Sharpening Image SmoothingOutput gray level, s 3 basic gray-level transformation functions o Linear function Negative and identity transformations o Logarithm function Log and inverse-log transformation o Power-law function nt” power and nth root transformations Input gray level, rOutput gray level, s Identity function o Output intensities are identical to input intensities. zt a o Is included in the graph only for 1 completeness. LA Inversé Log ° “18 a Sun baa Input gray level, rOutput gray level, s Image Negatives "ae a Sue Input gray level, r An image with gray level in the range /0, L-I] where L=2"; n= 1, 2... Negative transformation : s=L-I-r Reversing the intensity levels of an image. Suitable for enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark regions of an image, especially when the black area dominant in size.Example of Negative Image Original mammogram showing a small lesion of a breast Negative Image : gives a better vision to analyze the imageOutput gray level, s Log Transformations Input gray level, r ° ° s=c log (I+r) c is a constant andr2>0 Log curve maps a narrow range of low gray-level values in the input image into a wider range of output levels. Used to expand the values of dark pixels in an image while compressing the higher-level values.Log Transformations It compresses the dynamic range of images with large variations in pixel values Example of image with dynamic range: Fourier spectrum image It can have intensity range from 0 to 10° or higher. We can’t see the significant degree of detail as it will be lost in the display. O° ° fe} °Example of Logarithm Image Fourier Spectrum with Result after apply the log range = 0 to 1.5 x 10° transformation with c = 1, range = 0 to 6.2Inverse Logarithm Transformations o Do opposite to the Log Transformations o Used to expand the values of high pixels in an image while compressing the darker-level values.Output gray level, s Power-Law Transformations d ° Le 1p an Input gray level, r ° ° Plots of S = cr” for various values of Y (c = 1 in all cases) s=cr’ cand y are positive constants Power-law curves with fractional values of map a narrow range of dark input values into a wider range of output values, with the opposite being true for higher values of input levels. c=y=1> Identity functionGamma correction o Cathode ray tube (CRT) devices have an a intensity-to-voltage Pons) response that is a power function, with y varying from 1.8 to 2.5 Kl = YZ 5 o The picture will become darker. o Gamma correction is done by preprocessing oceoniter.) the image before inputting it to the \ \4 monitor with s = er” y 21/25 = 0.4 20Another example : MRI . cid (a) a magnetic resonance image of an upper thoracic human spine with a fracture dislocation and spinal cord impingement The picture is predominately dark An expansion of gray levels are desirable > needs y < 1 (b) result after power-law transformation with y = 0.6, c=1 (c) transformation with y = 0.4 (best result) (d) transformation with y = 0.3 (under acceptable level) 21Effect of decreasing gamma o When the y is reduced too much, the image begins to reduce contrast to the point where the image started to have very slight “wash- out” look, especially in the backgroundao a Another example cid (a) image has a washed-out appearance, it needs a compression of gray levels > needs y > 1 (b) result after power-law transformation with y = 3.0 (suitable) (c) transformation with y = 4.0 (suitable) (d) transformation with y = 5.0 (high contrast, the image has areas that are too dark, some detail is lost),,Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions o Advantage: The form of piecewise functions can be arbitrarily complex o Disadvantage: Their specification requires considerably more user inputContrast Stretching o increase the dynamic range of the gray levels in the image (b) a low-contrast image : result from poor illumination, lack of dynamic range in the imaging sensor, or even wrong setting of a lens aperture of image acquisition (c) result of contrast stretching: (1,81) = (mine) and (12,52) = (lmax/L-1) © (d) result of thresholding,Gray-level slicing re | o Highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image Display a high value of all gray levels in the range of interest and a low value for all other gray levels o (a) transformation highlights range [A,B] of gray level and reduces all others to a constant level o (b) transformation highlights range [A,B] but preserves all other levels 26