1

Title: Direct Current Generator Remembering that the voltage generated depends upon the rate at which
flux is cut and that 1 volt results from the cutting of 108 lines of force /
Title of the Lesson: Types of DC Generator seconds, the following analysis will lead to a very useful fundamental
Introduction equation

In the previous sections we have learnt about the principle of The derivation of EMF equation for DC generator has two parts:
operation of d.c. generators. Now that we understand the working principle 1. Induced EMF of one conductor
of a DC generator. You may also find it useful to learn about the types of 2. Induced EMF of the generator
DC generators.. Derivation for Induced EMF of One Armature Conductor

To fully understand this module, set aside other task that may For one revolution of the conductor,
disturb you while doing this module. Read and understand the lesson
carefully. Analyzed the sample problems and answer all the activities Let,
including the self-evaluation test to gauge how well you understand the Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb)
lesson. For problem solving, read the problem carefully, write down what and
are the given and the unknown, draw the circuit and analyze, formulate the P = number of poles in the DC generator.
equation that fits with the unknown so that you can check what is missing
based on the given, solve the problem step by step until you reach the final therefore
answer. Total flux produced by all the poles = ∅ × 𝑃

Objective: And,
60
Time taken to complete one revolution= 𝑁
After thoroughly studying this module the student should be able to:
Where,
1. Know the different types of dc generator and its applications. N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm.
2. Draw the circuit of different types of dc generator Now, according to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced emf of the
3. Solve problems with regards to the type of dc generator armature conductor is denoted by “e” which is equal to rate of cutting the
Pretest flux.

1. Write the general voltage equation of a dc generator.

2. What are the types of a dc generator? Therefore,
𝑑∅ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝑒= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 =
Lesson Proper 𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒

Induced emf of one conductor is

I. EMF Equation of DC Generator
In modern dc generator, with many poles, with large number of armature
conductor that may result in two or more paths in parallel, and with
comparatively high armature rotating speeds, the resulting voltage can be
calculating only by considering all those factors responsible for the
measured value.

2
Derivation for Induced EMF for DC Generator in the machine when driven at 1500 rpm assuming flux per pole to be
8 mWb.
Let us suppose there are Z total numbers of conductor in a generator,
and arranged in such a manner that all parallel paths are always in
series.
Here, Exercises No. 2.1

1. A six pole, wave wound armature has 640 conductors. If the

Z = total numbers of conductor flux per pole is 16 mWb, at what speed must be driven in order
A = number of parallel paths to generate 256 volts.
Then,
Z/A = number of conductors connected in series

We know that induced emf in each path is same across the line
Therefore,
Induced emf of DC generator
E = emf of one conductor × number of conductor connected in series.

induced emf of DC generator is

𝑁 𝑍
𝑒 = ∅𝑃 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
60 𝐴
∅ × 𝑃 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀 × 𝑍
𝐸𝑔 =
𝑎 × 60
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 2. A six pole wave wound armature has 250 conductors when
driven at 400 rpm, the emf generated is 260 volt . What is the
useful flux per pole.
where: Eg = total generated voltage
Ǿ = flux / pole in weber
P = number of poles, an even number
Rpm = speed of armature, rev/min
Z = total number of armature conductor effectively used
to add to resulting voltage
a = number of armature paths connected in parallel
(determined by the type of armature winding) 3. A 4 pole, lap wound armature when driven at 600 rpm
generates 120V. If the flux per pole is 25 mWb, find the number
Lap winding ; 𝑎 = 𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 × 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Wave winding; 𝑎 = 2 × 𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 of armature conductors.

Problem]

A four pole generator having wave wound armature winding has 62

slots, each having 20 conductors. What will be the voltage generated

3
 II. Types of Generators
4. The induced voltage of a wave connected generator is 200 volts
and the flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. The number of conductors of D.C. generators can be classified as:
the generator is 500. The generator is driven at a speed of 600
rpm. Determine the number of poles of generator. 1. Permanent magnet type
2. Electromagnet type
Permanent Magnet Type
In this type of generator the poles are made of permanent magnet.
The poles do not require any windings. Such type of D.C. generators are of
small size. These are employed mainly in dynamo in cycles and bikes. It is
not used for industrial purpose because:
a. It would require large magnet which is economically not
feasible.
b. Magnetic strength decreases with time so magnetic flux will
not remain constant.
Electromagnet Type
5. The armature of a 4 pole dc generator is required to generate
an emf of 520 V on open circuit when revolving at a speed off The poles of D.C. generator is magnetized using windings.
660 rpm. Calculate the magnetic flux per pole required if the Electromagnetic type generators can further classifies based on the
armature has 144 slots with 2 coil sides per slot, each coil excitation of their field.
consisting of three turns. The armature is wave. (a) separately-excited and

(b) self-excited dc generators.

4
 a) Separately-Excited Generators b) Self-Excited Generators
In separately excited generator the field winding is energized from In self-excited generator the field winding is energized by the
another dc source which is connected separately from the current produced by the generator itself. There are three types of
commutator self-excited generator offered depending upon their connection of
field winding to the armature.

Three Types of Self-Excited Generators

b.1 Series Wound Generator

The field windings (series field) are connected in series with the
armature conductors. They are made up of comparatively few turns of thick
wire or strips. This generator are seldom used but for special purposes like
Fig. 1.18 Separately excited dc generator booster etc.

The armature current and load current are the same and it becomes,

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿

The expression for generated voltage is,

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

Electric power developed by the armature is,

𝑃𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

The output or load power is, Fig. 1.19 Series Generator

𝑃𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿 The armature current is the same as the load current, hence,
Where: 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 The expression for generated voltage is,

𝐼𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

𝐼𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 Electric power developed by the armature is,

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

𝑉𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 The output or load power is,

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿

5
Problem ]

A series generator is rated 10 Kw, 125 V DC, 1500 rpm with an armature The load current can be determined as,
circuit resistance of 0.13 Ω and a series field resistance of 0.02 Ω.
𝑃𝑜
Determine the generated voltage and power if a brush drop is 2 volts. 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉𝑡

The expression for generated voltage is,

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

Electric power developed by the armature is,

𝑃𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

The output or load power is,

𝑃𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿

Problem ]

A shunt generator delivers 450A at 230 volts and the resistance of

b.2 Shunt Wound Generator the shunt field and armature are 50 ohms and 0.03 ohms respectively.
Calculate the generated emf.
The field windings (shunt field) are connected in parallel with the
armature conductor and have full voltage of the generator applied across
them.

Fig. 1.20 Shunt Generator

The armature current is, b.3 Compound Wound Generator

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑙 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ There are two types of compound wound generator. Few series
field and shunt field windings are combined in this generator and
The shunt field current can be determined as,
connected either short shunt or long shunt compound generator. This
𝑉𝑡 generator was developed to avoid the decrease in terminal voltage due to
𝐼𝑠ℎ = increasing load.
𝑅𝑠ℎ
6
b.3.1 Short Shunt Compound Generator Problem ]

The series field is connected in series with the load and the shunt field A short shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30A
winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding. at 220 volts and has armature, series field and shunt field resistance of
0.05 ohm, 0.03 ohm and 200 ohms respectively. Calculate the induced emf
and the armature current. Allow 1 volt per brush for contact drop.

Fig. 1.21 Short shunt compound generator

The armature current is, b.3.2 Long Shunt Compound Generator

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ The series field is connected in series with the armature and the shunt
field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.
The shunt field current can be determined as,

𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ = =
𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ

The load current can be determined as,

𝑃𝑜
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉𝑡

The expression for generated voltage is,

𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝑠𝑒 Fig. 1.22 Long shunt compound generator

Electric power developed by the armature is,

The armature current is,
𝑃𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑙 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
The output or load power is,
The shunt field current can be determined as,
𝑃𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿
𝑉𝑡
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ
7
 The load current can be determined as, Brush Contact Drop
𝑃𝑜 It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when the current
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉𝑡 passes from commutator segments to brushes and finally to the external
load. Its value depends on the amount of current and the value of contact
The expression for generated voltage is,
resistance. This drop is usually small and includes brushes of both
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 ) polarities. However in practice, the brush contact drop is assumed to have
the following constant value for all loads, 0.5V for metal graphite brushes
Electric power developed by the armature is, and 2.0V for carbon brushes. ( Siskind)
𝑃𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 Problem. ]
The output or load power is, The following information is given for a 300 KW, 600 V long shunt
compound DC generator;

𝑃𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿 Shunt field resistance = 75Ω

Problem ] Commutating field winding resistance = 0.011Ω

A 4 pole long shunt lap wound generator supplies 25 KW at a Armature Resistance including Brush = 0.03Ω
terminal voltage of 500 V. The armature resistance is 0.03 Ω, series field
Diverter Resistance = 0.036Ω
resistance is 0.04 Ω and shunt field resistance is 200 Ω. The brush drop
maybe taken as 1 volt / brush. Determine the emf generated. Calculate Series Field Resistance = 0.012Ω
also the number of conductors, if the speed is 1200 rpm and flux per pole
is 0.02 Wb. Neglect armature reaction. When machine is delivering full load, calculate the induced emf.

Diverter – is a very low resistance connected in parallel with the series

field. It diverts or avoids part of the load current through the section of wire
that creates no flux.

8
Exercises 2.2 3. A short shunt compound generator delivers 100 amperes at a
terminal voltage of 200 V. Armature resistance 0.2 ohm, series
1. The output of a shunt generator is 500 ampere at terminal voltage
field resistance 0.04 ohm, shunt field resistance 51 ohms. Find the
of 225 volts. Armature resistance is 0.02 ohm, shunt field
total output of the generator and the emf generated.
resistance 50 ohms. What is the emf generated.

4. A 4 pole shunt generator with lap connected armature supplies a

load of 200 A at 100 V. Shunt field resistance = 50 Ω, armature
2. A terminal voltage of a 150 kW shunt generator is 600 volts. resistance = 0.05Ω. Calculate the:
Calculate the generated emf when delivering its full load current. (a) total armature current
Armature resistance is 0.08 ohm, shunt field resistance 80 ohms. b. current per path
c. emf generated

9
5. (a) In a 120 V compound generator, the resistances of the
References:
armature, shunt and series winding are 0.06, 25, and 0.04 ohms
respectively. The load current is 100 A at 120 V. Find the induced
1. Fundamentals of Electrical Machines, (2012, January 30) M.A.
emf and the armature current when the machine is connected as Salam, Alpha Science International Ltd. Oxford U.K.,
(a) a long shunt and as (b) short shunt. (c) If a diverter of 0.1Ω is Salam/dp/1842657046
connected in parallel with the series field winding of (a) determine 2. Electrical Machines and Automatic Controller . , Technical
the current through the series field and in the diverter. Neglect Publications., 2014
brush drop and ignore armature reaction. 3. Electrical Machines., S.K. Bhattacharya, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited
4. Electric Machinery., P. F. Ryff., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey 07632
5. Electric Machinery; S.D. Umans., McGraw-Hill Inc., 2014
6. Electrical Technology ;BL Theraja : Vol.
7. Introduction to Electrical Engineering; M.S. Naidu S.
Kamakshaiah
8. Electrical Machines, Siskind. McGrawhill, 1979
9. https://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Electrical-Machines-
Second-
10. https://circuitglobe.com/applications-of-dc-machines.html
11. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=33
03
12. https://www.electrical4u.com/emf-equation-of-dc-generator/

10