President and CEO

EJS Multivector Solutions, Inc.

Technical Consultant, IIEE – Cebu Chapter
 Lesson objectives:
1. Identify major electrical hazards
2. Describe types of electrical hazards
3. Basic Personal Protective Equipment on
Industrial Facilities
4. Maintenance Requirements on Industrial Facilities

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Hazard means:
• any potential or actual threat to the
wellbeing of people, machinery or
environment

Electrical hazard safety means:

• taking precautions to identify and control
electrical hazards
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Why know about it?
Because failing to take the necessary precautions can
lead to:
• INJURY or DEATH
• FIRE or PROPERTY DAMAGE

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lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Basic Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE) on
Industrial Facilities

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PPE
 LABOR CODE PROVISIONS
DOLE D.O. No. 13, Section 13

Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers

“
with protective equipment for eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline,
safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers and whenever
necessary by reason of hazardous work process or environment,
chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants of hazards
capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any
part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical agent.
All PPE and devices shall be in accordance with the requirement of
the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and should
pass the test conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health
Center (OSHC).
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Basic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on
Industrial Facilities

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Basic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on
Industrial Facilities

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How to protect yourself from
Electrocution?
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 A toolbox or safety orientation
meeting is an informal way to educate your
workers overall about safety. Toolbox talks are
focused on a particular safety issue and are meant
to raise awareness for workers to keep safety top
of mind especially in handling Electrical-related
works. They also help stay compliant with OSHA
for keeping your workers informed - Toolbox Talks
are the easiest way to ensure that your employees
are taught to recognize and avoid unsafe
conditions in their work environment.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Conducting Safety Toolbox
Meeting during one of our
Preventive Maintenance
Projects before actual works

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lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a
process of identifying, analyzing,
and controlling workplace
hazards to prevent accidents and
injuries. It involves breaking
down a job into its component
tasks and examining each step
for potential hazards. JSA is a
widely used method for
identifying and controlling
hazards, and is an important
component of workplace safety
programs.
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Job Safety Analysis is a systematic
procedure that breaks each job/task into
key training sequences, identifies safety
elements of each job/task step, and
coaches the employee on how to avoid
potential safety hazards. Therefore
placing this document within the
area of works informs working
personnel as well as other spectators
the job or task and its hazards
present on that area.
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lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 The use of warning or caution tape and
barricade is essential in creating a safe
environment and preventing accidents,
injuries, and property damage. The primary
use of warning tape is to mark off
dangerous or restricted areas, such as
construction zones, excavation sites, or
areas with potential electrical hazards.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Testing and Maintenance of
EJSMSI for PTA project of PASAR
Corp. with warning tapes and JSA
during maintenance activity.
Unauthorized personnel or
spectator was not allowed to enter
during the execution of works.
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lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 NFPA 70E 120.4 (B)(7)

“ Temporary Protective Grounding.

Grounding requirements for the circuit
shall be established, including whether
the temporary protective grounding
equipment shall be installed for the
duration of the task or is temporarily
established by the procedure.
Grounding needs or requirements shall
be permitted to be covered in other
work rules and might not be part of the
lockout/tagout procedure.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 LOTO

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 "Lockout/tagout" refers to specific
practices and procedures to safeguard
employees from the unexpected
energization or startup of machinery and
equipment, or the release of hazardous
energy during service or maintenance
activities.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Complete PPE for Personnel

Warning Tapes & Signs JSA Document near

work area

LOTO BOX

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 Maintenance Requirements on
Industrial Facilities

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Why Maintain and Test
?
A well-organized and implemented program minimizes accidents, reduces
unplanned shutdowns, and lengthens the mean time between failures
(MTBF) of electrical equipment.
Equipment are tested to ensure the reliability and safety, optimize
performance, comply with standards, and prevent costly downtime.

Direct Benefits: Indirect Benefits:

q Improved morale of employees
q Reduced cost of repairs
q Better workmanship
q Improved safety of personnel and
q Increased productivity
property
q Discovery of deficiencies in
the system
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 The deterioration, weakening and aging of
electrical equipment are normal, and this process
begins as soon as the equipment is installed. If
events are not checked, it can cause electrical
failures, malfunctions and even accidents.

To carry out the successful operation of electrical

equipment and apparatus, it is essential to set up
an effective maintenance and testing program.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 The Electrical Preventive Maintenance
(EPM) program should consist of conducting
routine inspections, tests, repairs, and service
of electrical power system apparatus such as
transformers, cables, circuit breakers,
switchgear assemblies, and the like, along with
associated equipment comprised of control
wiring, protective devices and relays,
supervisory equipment, and indicating and
metering instruments.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Transformer Maintenance And Testing

Maintenance of 10-MVA Power Transformer of Oil Type Distribution Transformer Cast Resin Type Distribution Transformer
General Milling Corp (GMC), Cebu City Filinvest Tower 1, IT Park, Cebu City at Sky Rise, IT Park, Cebu City

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Transformer Maintenance And Testing

Dry Type Transformer – MEPZ client Body cleaning Distribution Transformers – Metro Gaisano

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Electrical Maintenance
and Testing Strategies
Much of the essence of effective electrical
equipment preventive maintenance (PM) can
be summarized by four rules:

Keep it DRY , CLEAN, COOL, TIGHT

Maintenance Strategies
1. Reactive Maintenance
2. Preventive Maintenance
3. Predictive Maintenance
4. Proactive Maintenance
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 § is another name of breakdown maintenance. It
focuses on restoring the equipment to its
normal operating condition by replacing and
(or) repairing faulty parts and components.

§ is basically the “run it till it breaks”

maintenance mode

§ is a maintenance that is scheduled and

regularly performed on a piece of equipment to
lessen the likelihood of it failing.
§ It is performed while the equipment is still
working so that it does not break down
unexpectedly.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 are techniques designed to help determine the
condition of in-service equipment in order to
estimate when maintenance should be
performed.
Predictive Maintenance

§ is a preventive maintenance strategy that works

to correct the root causes of failure and avoid
breakdowns caused by underlying equipment
conditions.
§ Its purpose is to see machine failures as
something that can be anticipated and
eliminated before they develop. Proactive Maintenance

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

Medium Voltage Switchgears Maintenance And Testing
Medium Voltage Switchgears Maintenance And Testing
Low Voltage Switchgears Maintenance And Testing
Low Voltage Switchgears Maintenance And Testing
Electromechanical Relays Maintenance Testing

Testing of Electromagnetic Protection Relays at Toledo Power Corp, Cebu

Numerical Relays Maintenance Testing

Testing of Electromagnetic Numerical Relays at DITO Data Centers

Low Voltage Compartment Maintenance Cleaning
Instrument Transformers Maintenance Testing and Cleaning
Cable Compartment Cleaning
 IR Thermographic Testing Typical Faults
Prevented

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Infrared Inspection of Electrical Equipment

Infrared Thermographic Scanning is commonly used as

a part of the electrical preventive maintenance
program. Thermographic scanning can be used easily
and safely on energized electrical equipment and
apparatus to diagnose electrical problems in their early
stages, which then can be corrected before they
become major problems. Thermographic scanning is
most useful when equipment is under heavy
load because certain types of hot spots cannot be
detected while the equipment is at partial load or light
load.

FPT Software Philippines Corp., Ayala Ave.

Makati, Metro Manila
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Sample
Thermographic
Scanning Report
of Three-Phase
Dry-Type
Transformer
Project:
Ayala Center Cebu
Cardinal Rosales Ave, Cebu
City

Sample Report from EJS Multivector Solutions Inc.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

ESSENTIAL TOOLS FOR NON-Destructive
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
 TYPES OF CABLE TESTING
q Withstand Test
ü DC Withstand Test
ü AC Power Frequency Withstand Test
ü AC VLF Withstand Test
q Tan Delta Diagnostics Test
q Partial Discharge Diagnostics Test

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 DC Testing Methods
I. Insulation Resistance Testing
This test may be conducted at applied voltages of 100–
15,000 V. The instrument used is a Megohmmeter,
either hand cranked, motor driven, or electronic, which
indicates the insulation resistance in Megohms.

The insulation resistance values by themselves neither

indicate the weakness of the insulation nor its total
dielectric strength. However, they can indicate the
contamination of the insulation and trouble ahead within
the insulation system if a downward trend continued in
the insulation resistance values. Insulation Tester
MEGGER
Property of EJS Multivector Solutions Inc.
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Leakage Current Test
DC Hi-pot Voltage Test-is a voltage
applied across the insulation at or
above the DC equivalent of the 60
Hz operating crest voltage (i.e., DC
value = 1.41 times RMS value). This
test can be applied as a step-voltage
test. Leakage current is monitored in
60 sec duration and it should be in
allowable limit.
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Standard Limit: IEC 950 Safety Standards:
Equipment Type Max. Leakage Current Double I
Insulated All 0.25 mA/250µA
Grounded Hand Held 0.75 mA/750µA
Movable (other than hand-held) 3.5 mA

See ANSI-NETA-MTS 2011

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.
 AC VLF Withstand Test
n VLF means Very Low Frequency
n Fundamentally an AC overvoltage test
• Also called AC Hi-Pot
• Performed at 0.1 Hz
n Like a pressure test
• Apply a voltage above operating
– Prescribed by IEEE400.2
• Look for breakdown
n Pass/Fail
• Limited diagnostic information
– Can use diagnostics tests for more information(PD, Tan Delta)
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 AC VLF Withstand Test
Capabilities and Limitations…
q VLF can Detect
ü Water and Electrical Tress
o Grow to failure
ü Workmanship issue
o Splices & Termination
q VLF cannot Detect
ü Overall remaining quality of the insulation
ü Leakage current

q Ultimately a basic go/no-go test

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Tan Delta Testing
When to use Tan Delta…
n Typically used on aged cables
• ≥5 years
• Detect ageing conditions
n As part of cable maintenance strategy
• Alert to critically aged cables
• Before in-service fault
• Up to 1-2 years notice
n As part of cable replacement project
• Help target “worst” cables first
• Wise use of available money

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Tan Delta Testing
Tan Delta Can Detect…
n Provides an overall condition assessment
• Estimate life left in the cable
n Can detect
• Presence of water trees
• Contaminates in insulation
• Insulation moisture
• Degraded accessories
• Oil leakage in PILC cables
n Can assess effectiveness of repairs
• Before and after measurements
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
Typical Test Requirements of Transformers
The following tests are routinely conducted in the field on the
transformer:
IR Test
Polarization Index (P.I. Test)
Polarity test
AC or DC hi-pot test (optional)
TTR test
DC winding resistance
Insulation PF test
Excitation current test
Induced potential test (optional)
Dielectric Voltage Breakdown (DVB) tests
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) tests
Transformer core ground test
Frequency response analyzer (FRA)/sweep FRA (SFRA)
 From NETA Maintenance Testing Specification Manual (2001)

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

Sample Insulation Testing Projects

Vacuum Circuit Breaker Single-phase Banked Transformers XLPE Cables

Insulation Testing Insulation Testing Insulation Testing
Mactan, Newtown, Cebu One Montage Building, Cebu City Gaisano Capital South, Cebu City
 Types of Circuit Breakers

Types of LV circuit breakers

National Electrical Code® defines a circuit
breaker as “a device designed to open and
close a circuit by non-automatic means and
to open the circuit automatically on a
predetermined overcurrent without damage
to itself when properly applied within its
rating.” Low-voltage circuit breakers are
further classified by IEEE Std C37.100-1992 as

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Low-Voltage Switchgear
Low-voltage switchgear is a commonly used name for
metal-enclosed or metal-clad low-voltage power circuit
breaker switchgear rated for 600V alternating current
(AC) and below.

Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers

(1) molded-case circuit breakers (MCCBs);
(2) insulated-case circuit breakers; and
(3) fixed or draw-out power circuit breakers.
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Typical Test Requirements of
Circuit Breakers
Electrical Switchgear Testing
The electrical switchgear may be tested with AC or DC
voltage to check the condition of the insulation of
switchgear and circuit breakers. Before conducting any
other tests, an insulation resistance test should always
be conducted first to determine if it is safe to conduct
other HV tests. Also when testing circuit breakers, it is
important to check the condition of the circuit breaker
contacts and circuit breaker operating mechanism to
assure that the circuit breaker is opening and closing as
designed.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 T y p e s o f E l e c t r i c a l Te s t s
q Insulation resistance test
q DC or AC hi-pot test
q Power factor or dielectric loss test
q Circuit breaker contact resistance test
q Circuit breaker time–travel analysis test

Medium Voltage Switchgear (MVSG) Low Voltage Switchgear (LVSG)

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
 Maintenance on Circuit Breakers
Power circuit breakers, like other electrical equipment, require preventive
maintenance to avoid equipment problems. The schedule for preventive
maintenance can vary for each facility depending upon operating and environmental
conditions. Frequent inspection and maintenance should be performed if the
following factors are present:
ü Corrosive atmosphere
ü Excessive dust or dirt
ü High ambient temperature and high humidity
ü Older equipment
ü Excessive repetitive duty
ü Frequent fault interruption

Generally, the frequency of inspection should be based upon service and operating conditions. As a guide,
inspect equipment about 6 months after it is installed and the follow up with scheduled maintenance every 1–3
years. In the performance of maintenance routines, all safety precautions should be followed.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Control Power for Switchgear
The most important requirement of a control
power source is that it must provide tripping
power to circuit breakers. In addition to tripping
power, it should also provide closing power.

Two main types of control voltages

are used for MV switchgear:

(1) DC control
(2) AC control

The source of DC control is storage batteries,

whereas transformers are used for AC control.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 DC (Battery) Control Power Equipment

A battery is a primary component of a

substation or switchyard DC control system. The
function of the control system is to supply
control power to operate critical devices such as
protective relays, alarms and status indicators,
supervisory and communication equipment, and
switchgear operating circuits.

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 Battery Maintenance Tests
The following tests are performed to…

Determine whether the battery meets its specifications or the

manufacturer’s rating or both

Periodically determine whether the performance of the battery, as found, is

within acceptable limits

Determine whether the battery, as found, meets the design requirements of

the system to which it is connected, i.e., whether it has the capacity and
capability to power the loads connected to it.

lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE

 Fluke 435 Series II Power Quality and
Energy Analyze

Locate and predict, prevent and troubleshoot power

quality problems in three-phase and single-phase power
distribution systems.
Applications: Can diagnose Volts, Amps, Herts, Voltage
Dip/Sag, Voltage Swell/Surge, Threshold Harmonic
Distortion, Power and Energy, Power Factor, Flickering,
Unbalance Voltage/Currents, Voltage/Current
Sequence, Transient characteristics, Inrush/Starting
Current and Data Logging.
lities by Engr. Erwin J. Salvador, PEE
1. Electrical Power Equipment, Maintenance and Testing
2nd Edition By: Paul Hill
2. Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems
International Electrical Testing Association (NETA)
3. STANDARD FOR MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS
for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems
ANSI/NETA MTS-2011
4. STANDARD FOR MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS
for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems
ANSI/NETA ATS-2009
5. IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
IEEE Std C57.12.91-2001 (Revision of IEEE Std C57.12.91-1995)
6. MEGGER educational materials
Thank you !