DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTI-PURPOSE

AGRICULTURE MACHINE
MEB4441 – PROJECT & VIVA- VOCE REPORT
Submitted by
VISHAL DHARMARAJAN S (18127030)
GAUTHAM K K (18127038)

KEVIN RAJU A R (18127042)

GOVIND CHARAN S (18127043)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

PADUR, CHENNAI - 603 103

APRIL 2022
 HJNDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

PADUR. CIIENNAI- 603103

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project report titled "DESIGN AND FABRICATION

OF MUL Tl-PURPOSE AGRlCUL TURAl MACHINE" is the bonafide
work of Mr. VISIIAL DIIARMARAJAN S (18127030). Mr. GAUTlIAM
K K (18127038). Mr. KEVIN RAJU A R (18127042). Mr. GOVINO
CHARAN S (18127043) who carried our the project work under my
supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work
reponed here does not form pan of any other project researc:hwork on
the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion
on this or any other candidate.

HEADO/r?~~NT PROJECT SUPERVISOR

Dr. P. VlJAYABALAN Mr. R. SATR1SHBABU
Professor & Head Assistant Professor (SG)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of ~1echanicalEngineering
Hindustan Instituteof Techno109) lIindustan lnstirute of Technology
and Science. Padur - 603103 and Science. PadUT - 6031OJ

The Project Viva-Voce examination. conductedon J;,L}7';.z.o..:zQ,

1N1
•• ,R.$~ EXT£~'ER

iii
 HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

PADUR, CHENNAI - 603 103

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project report titled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION

OF MULTI-PURPOSE AGRICULTURAL MACHINE” is the bonafide
work of Mr. VISHAL DHARMARAJAN S (18127030), Mr. GAUTHAM
K K (18127038), Mr. KEVIN RAJU A R (18127042), Mr. GOVIND
CHARAN S (18127043) who carried out the project work under my
supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported here does not form part of any other project / research work on
the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion
on this or any other candidate.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT SUPERVISOR

Dr. P. VIJAYABALAN Mr. R. SATHISHBABU
Professor & Head Assistant Professor (SG)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Hindustan Institute of Technology Hindustan Institute of Technology
and Science, Padur - 603103 and Science, Padur - 603103

The Project Viva-Voce examination, conducted on _______

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

iii
 ABSTRACT
Agriculture is the major sector in the world that plays a vital role in developing
the economy of a nation. Agrotechnology is the process of implementing the
recent technologies to develop the crops that are being produced. The use of
Agrotechnology not only helps in improving the efficiency of the crop that are
being produced but also helps in developing devices that are suitable for doing
mechanical works in the fields. This results in minimization of the total cost of
production, saving of time and reduction in the effort involved in the process.
The new technology should also be economically feasible and hence the
behaviour of the technology and its role in the society is an important
consideration before developing a new product or process. In this work a
Multipurpose Agricultural machine has been developed that helps the farmers
in harvesting the best crop with least efforts. A mechanical device that helps in
ploughing, sowing, fertilizer spreading, water sprinkling, forward and backword
operations and controlled using IoT (Internet of Things) has been developed.

Key words: Agriculture, Agrotechnology, Internet of Things, Efficiency, Seed

Sowing Machine

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank the Lord Almighty for His presence
and immense blessings throughout the project work.
I would like to thank my internal guide Mr. R. Sathishbabu, Assistant Professor
(SG), Department of Mechanical Engineering for continually guiding and
actively participating in my project, giving valuable suggestions to complete the
project work.
I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Vijayabalan P, Head Department
of Mechanical Engineering for much of his valuable support encouragement in
carrying out this work.
It’s a matter of pride and privilege for me to express my deep gratitude to the
management of HITS for providing me the necessary facilities and support.
I am highly elated in expressing my sincere and abundant respect to the Vice
Chancellor Prof. Dr. S. N. Sridhara for giving me this opportunity to bring out
and implement my ideas in this project.
I would like to thank all the technical and teaching staff of the Mechanical
Engineering Department, who extended directly or indirectly all support.
Last, but not the least, I am deeply indebted to my parents who have been the
greatest support while I worked day and night for the project to make it a
success.
VISHAL DHARAMARAJAN S
GAUTHAM K K
KEVIN RAJU A R
GOVIND CHARAN S

v
DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PARENTS

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT 1
AGRICULTURE
1.2 COMMON TECHNOLOGIES USED 1
IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE
1.3 INTRODUCTION ABOUT AGRI-BOT 2
1.3.1 Reasons for Selection of the 3
Problem Statement
1.3.2 Scope 3
1.3.3 Objectives of the Agri-Bot 3
1.4 STAGES INVOLVED IN MAKING 4
AGRI- BOT
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 5
3 MODELLING OF MULTIPURPOSE 8
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING 8
SOFTWARE (CATIA V5)
3.1.1 Applications of CATIA V5 9
3.1.2 Importance of CATIA 10

vii
 3.2 MODELLING OF MULTIPURPOSE 10
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE
3.2.1 Modelling of Frame 10
3.2.2 Modelling of Fertilizer Hopper 11
3.2.3 Modelling of Ploughing Tool 12
3.2.4 Modelling of Storage Tank 13
3.2.5 Modelling of Gear Drive 13
3.3 ASSEMBLY OF MULTIPURPOSE 14
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE
4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 18
4.1 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR 18
FAILURE OF SHAFT
4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR 18
PLOUGHING TOOL
4.3 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR SEED 19
SOWER
4.4 DESIGN OF BOLT 19
4.5 DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR DRIVE 20
4.6 VOLUME CALCULATIONS FOR 21
EACH SYSTEM
4.6.1 Volume of Water Storage Tank 21
and Water Sprinkling pipe
4.6.2 Volume of Seed Storage pipe 21
4.6.3 Volume of Fertilizer Hopper 21
5 AUTOMATION OF MULTIPURPOSE 23
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE USING
IoT

viii
 5.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT IoT 23
5.2 APPLICATIONS OF USING IoT 23
5.3 COMPONENTS USED IN 24
AUTOMATION OF MULTIPURPOSE
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE
5.3.1 4- way Relay 24
5.3.2 Node MCU 25
5.3.3 7805 IC 26
5.4 BLYNK APP 27
5.5 SETUP OF BLUETOOTH 28
CONNECTION USING BLYNK APP
5.5.1 Creating Project and Uploading 28
Firmware
5.5.2 Blynk App Coding 29
5.6 WORKING OF THE AUTOMATION 30
PROCESS
6 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF 32
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
6.1 COMPONENTS OF MULTIPURPOSE 32
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE
6.2 DIMENSIONS OF THE PARTS 33
6.3 FABRICATION OF METALLIC 34
FRAME
6.4 FABRICATION OF PLOUGH TOOL 35

ix
 6.5 FABRICATION OF SEED SOWER 36
AND WATER SPRINKLING
SYSTEM
6.6 FABRICATION OF GEAR DRIVE 38
6.7 FABRICATION OF FERTILIZER 38
SYSTEM
6.8 FINAL ASSEMBLY OF 39
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
7 CONCLUSION 41
8 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 42
REFERENCES 43

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE

NO.
3.1 DESIGN OF METALLIC FRAME 11
3.2 2-D DIAGRAM FOR CROSS SECTION OF 11
SQUARE TUBE
3.3 DESIGN OF HOPPER 12
3.4 DESIGN OF PLOUGHING TOOL 12
3.5 DESIGN OF WATER TANK 13
3.6 DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR DRIVE 14
3.7 TOP VIEW OF AGRI-BOT 15
3.8 FRONT VIEW OF AGRI-BOT 16
3.9 REAR VIEW OF AGRI-BOT 16
3.10 SIDE VIEW OF AGRI-BOT 17
3.11 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF AGRI-BOT 17
5.1 4- WAY RELAY 25
5.2 NODE MCU 26
5.3 7805 IC 27
5.4 BLYNK APP ARCHITECTURE 27
5.5 CREATING A PROJECT 28
5.6 UPLOADING FIRMWARE 28
5.7 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT DESIGN 31
6.1 FABRICATION OF THE METALLIC FRAME 35
6.2 FABRICATION OF PLOUGH TOOL 36
6.3 WATER SPRINKLER SYSTEM 37
6.4 SEED SOWER 37

xi
6.5 GEAR DRIVE 38
6.6 FERTILIZER SYSTEM 39
6.7 FINAL FABRICATED MODEL 40

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1.1 LEVEL OF MECHANIZATION 2
6.1 COMPONENTS USED 32
6.2 DIMENSIONS REQUIRED FOR 33
FABRICATION

xiii
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEB4441 – Project & Viva -voce

Project Batch No :9
Title of the Project :DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
No of students in the Batch :4
Students’ Individual contribution

Name of the student : VISHAL DHARAMARAJAN S

Register No : 18127030
Myself, Vishal Dharmarajan contributed to my utmost
level for the present project by selecting literature papers and took all the
necessary information about the modelling of Multi-purpose Agricultural
machine. Then I contributed by doing the design calculations for this project
and also did some parts of the machine using CATIA v5. Then my role in this
project is to collect the chapters related to Modelling and completed the same
MS Word. I extended my support in the final alignment and all other necessary
were done as per the UG Project Guidelines in our report work.

Name and Signature of Student

xiv
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEB4441 – Project & Viva-voce

Project Batch No :9
Title of the Project :DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
No of students in the Batch :4
Students’ Individual contribution

Name of the student : GAUTHAM KK

Register No : 18127038
Myself, Gautham contributed to my utmost level for the
present project by selecting literature papers and took all the necessary
information about the modelling of Multi-purpose Agricultural machine. Then
I contributed by doing the fabrication works as well as assembling the parts.
Then my role in this project is to create a code for the Arduino which helps to
perform the required process. I extended my support in the final alignment and
all other necessary were done as per the UG Project Guidelines in our report
work.

Name and Signature of Student

xv
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEB4441 – Project &Viva -voce

Project Batch No :9
Title of the Project :DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
No of students in the Batch :4
Students’ Individual contribution

Name of the student : KEVIN RAJU A R

Register No : 18127042
Myself, Kevin Raju contributed to my utmost level
for the present project by selecting literature papers and took all the necessary
information about the modelling of Multi-purpose Agricultural machine. Then
I contributed by doing the design calculations for this project and also did some
parts of the machine using CATIA v5. Then my role in this project is to collect
the chapters related to Modelling and completed the same in MS Word. I
extended my support in the final alignment and all other necessary were done
as per the UG Project Guidelines in our report work.

Name and Signature of Student

xvi
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

MEB4441 – Project & Viva-voce

Project Batch No :9
Title of the Project :DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL
MACHINE
No of students in the Batch :4
Students’ Individual contribution

Name of the student : GOVIND CHARAN S

Register No : 18127043
Myself, Govind Charan contributed to my utmost
level for the present project by selecting literature papers and took all the
necessary information about the modelling of Multi-purpose Agricultural
machine. Then I contributed by designing the circuit for the motion of the
Agri-Bot using IOT. Then my role in this project is to collect the chapters related
to Fabrication of the project, circuit designing and completed the same in MS
Word. I extended my support in the final alignment and all other necessary were
done as per the UG Project Guidelines in our report work.

Name and Signature of Student

xvii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction About Agriculture

Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue
to remain so for a long time. Agriculture is the science and art of farming
including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It is the
most important enterprise in the world. Over the years, agricultural practices
have been carried out by small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3 hectares, using
human labour and traditional tools such as wooden plough, yoke, leveller,
harrow, mallet, spade, big sickle, etc. These tools are used in land preparation,
for sowing of seeds, weeding and harvesting. Modem agricultural techniques
and equipment’s are not used by small land holders because these equipment’s
are too expensive and difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific farming
methods, we can get maximum yield and good quality crops which can save a
farmer from going bankrupt but majority of farmers still uses primitive method
of farming techniques due to lack of knowledge or lack of investment for
utilizing modern equipment.

1.2 Common Technologies used in Indian Agriculture

There are lot traditional techniques used by Indian farmers to produce crops.
Each techniques differs based on the types of crops cultivated, area of the land
and as well as the cost invested for farming. However, the main aim of these
techniques is aimed to achieve the yield at the end of harvesting depending upon
the techniques used.

Despite the traditional farming, there has been a lot of mechanization

implemented in for of machines or operated with the power of tractors like seed
sowing, ploughing, etc. The given table describes the amount of mechanization
used for each process.

1
Table.1.1: -Level of Mechanization

Operation Technique used Percentage

Tillage Tractor 15.6%
Domestic Cattles 24.7%
Sowing Tractor 10.7%
Domestic Cattles 20.7%
Threshing Thresher 44.7%

1.3 Introduction about AGRI-BOT

AGRI-BOT is a multipurpose agriculture machine. It is automatic machine

which would be driven with the help of motor and with minimal human efforts.
The AGRI-BOT would be performing the five major operations on the
agricultural land.

It is having a Seed Sower with a definite number of holes which would be

controlled using the Arduino hardware as well as the software and also a drip
irrigation chamber where the water from the storage tank is passed into the pipe
which gets absorbed by the sponge present inside the pipe which is drilled with
definite number of holes.

The fertilizer hopper is operated with help of a switch and the flow of the
fertilizer is controlled by used a reciprocating mechanism which is connected to
a wiper motor, and then, the fertilizer is spread with a help of rotating blade
which is rotated with the help of a motor.

The whole machine is powered with help of motors which is connected to an

Arduino circuit, and with series of coding the machine is operated with a help
of an application in mobile.

2
1.3.1 Reason for Selection of the Problem Statement

• Lack of mechanization in the farming methods.

• Excess time is consumed to perform each process and also lot of
efforts needed to perform all the operations.
• Cost of individual equipment’s is increasing and also the maintenance
required for the machine is expensive.
• As fuel price is increasing day by day, the operating costs for
the machines and agricultural vehicles are becoming expensive.
• To promote the small-scale agriculture.

1.3.2 Scope

Multifunctional agricultural vehicle mainly focuses on the basic problems faced

by fellow farmers i.e., seed sowing, fertilizers spraying, ploughing and water
irrigation. We are looking this project as prototype for the future machines
which can implement these operations to support and make the agricultural
processes very efficient. The Multipurpose agriculture machine is a device
which helps in the sowing of seeds in the desired position, ploughing, hence
assisting the farmers in saving time and money.

1.3.3 Objectives of the AGRI-BOT

The main aim is to develop multipurpose agricultural vehicle, using Iot systems.
The AGRI-BOT is about a machine design which makes cultivation much
simpler. The design of the chassis of the vehicle is made in such a way that it is
suitable for the operations. The purpose of the AGRI-BOT is to provide farmer
with multipurpose equipment which implements all the scientific farming
specifications and technology to get maximum yield and good quality crops by
reducing investment and number of labors. Our purpose is to combine all the
individual tools to form a multipurpose equipment which reduces the overall

3
equipment cost and labor cost and also increases the yield of the crop by
implementing advanced farming methods.

1.4 Stages involved in making AGRI-BOT

(i) Designing: -

The Designing of AGRI-BOT is done in both 2-D as well as in 3-D modelling.

The 2-D designing is done in order to create a blueprint and also to define a
component’s specifications to use it as a solo reference in creation of the
machine and finally the design is 3-D modelled in CATIA 5.0.

(ii) Fabrication: -

The Fabrication is done by using different fabrication techniques like welding

which was used to join all the components to create a structure for the machine
and also gas cutting is used to cut the teethes to create the ploughing tool.

(iii) Circuit Designing and Coding: -The circuit designing is done by creating
a relative connection between the battery, 4-way relay, microcontroller and the
coding is entered in form of C-Language to perform the required operations.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Automated Soil Testing Device

Vol. 01, Issue -5, March 2013.

Jyothi Prakash K V, et al., studies the use of IOT systems which helped them
to find the cultivation of crop for their respective soils. On the basis of different
processes different circuit designing and as well simulation of the circuits was
studied. And then the Arduino coding was studied for various operations.

Design and Operation of Wi-Fi AGRI-BOT Integrated System

Vol.03, Issue 8, August-2012

M.A Malik, et al., aimed to propose an ideal circuit design for the Wi-Fi
integrated system using “Proteus Simulator” and a Wi-Fi integrated system
using Arduino coding which is controlled with the help of coding written in C-
language. And then the design for various process like weeding, fertilizing and
seed sowing was studied.

Designing an Autonomous Soil Monitoring Robot

Vol.06, Issue20, June-2017

Daram Manjula, et al., provided this thesis to design an Autonomous Soil

Monitoring Robot with a custom welded steel frame. The robot reads the value
and stores it as data and saves them in its memory. It uses GPS and LPC214x
series controllers which helps us to select the microcontrollers for our circuit
design. The rover will be able to autonomously navigate through a field several
acres in size and avoid obstacles. It will gather data on soil moisture and
temperature at a set of given waypoints and relay the information back to the
farm manager.

5
Agri-bot: An Agriculture Robot

Vol. 04, Issue 1, January 2015

Abhishek Gupta, et al., visions to develop an Agri-bot with camera integrated

system as well with GPS connection which is created using ARM7TDMI
processor core that implements ARM architecture v4T.The dc motor driver
called L293D was studied in order to function different DC motors at same time.
And then the circuit designing between solenoids, power transistors and the
relays was studied.

A Research paper on Multipurpose Agriculture Cultivator

Vol. 06, Issue 4, May 2021

Sarfaraz R, et al., aimed to design the Multipurpose Agriculture machine using

mild steel half inch square tube. Mild steel tubes are welded together to create
the frame of the model. Studied the mechanism and the design of the fertilizer
hopper used to spread the fertilizers and also the mechanical functioning of seed
sowing, speed and design calculations were studied.

Design and Manufacturing of Seed Sowing Machine

Vol. 03, Issue, 2017

Nagesh B. Adalinge, et al., provided this thesis to design a seed sowing

machine which sows the seeds in the desired position and hence assisting the
farmers in saving the labour as well as time. The combination of rotary motion
and reciprocating motion was studied which helped in sowing the seeds at a
definite interval space. And also, the improved seed drilling and seed metering
mechanism was studied for sowing seeds of different sizes. And then the
construction of the seed sowing hopper as well as the Scotch Yoke mechanism
which was used are studied.

6
Universal Multipurpose Cultivator

Vol. 06 Issue03 Mar 2019

Akash L. Kundu, et al., aimed to propose a designing of Universal Agriculture

Machine. From this, the design calculations for Ploughing tool, Seed sowing
and size of the weld was studied. And also, the different fabrication techniques
like spot welding and gas cutting were inferred.

Survey paper on Agro- Bot Autonomous Robot

Punam K. Jadhav, et al., has proposed an agricultural robot using IoT

technology. The general and fundamental structure of the design as well as the
coding was studied. And then the type of relaying, functioning of
microcontrollers and the methods to reduce the heating of Node MCU’s was
studied and analysed.

7
 CHAPTER 3

MODELLING OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL

MACHINE

3.1 Introduction to modelling software (CATIA V5)

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer software to design a

product or an object. Computer Aided Manufacturing

(CAM) is a manufacturing process that uses computer software and hardware

to create, manage and control the operations of a manufacturing.

Computer Aided Engineering is the use of computer software to solve

engineering problems and analysis products created using CAD.

CATIA is an abbreviation for Computer Aided Three-layered Interactive

Application. It is one of the main 3D programming involved by associations in
numerous businesses going from aviation, car to customer items.

CATIA is a multi-stage 3D programming suite created by Dassault Systems,

enveloping CAD, CAM as well as CAE. Dassault is a French designing goliath
dynamic in the field of flight, 3D plans, 3D computerized models, and item
lifecycle the board (PLM) programming.

CATIA is a strong displaying device that joins the 3D parametric elements with
2D devices and furthermore addresses each plan to-assembling process. As well
as making strong models and gatherings, CATIA likewise gives creating
orthographic, segment, helper, isometric or itemized 2D drawing visualisation.

It is likewise conceivable to produce model aspects and make reference aspects

in the drawing sees. The bi-directionally acquainted property of CATIA
guarantees that the adjustments made in the model are reflected in the drawing
perspectives as well as the other way around. CATIA can be utilized at various

8
phases of the plan - ideate, draw, test and emphasize. CATIA can likewise be
utilized for CNC.

3.1.1 Application of Catia V5

• Mechanical Engineering:

The utilization of CATIA empowers the formation of 3D

parts, gives innovation to mechanical surfacing and give devices to finishing the
item definition, which incorporates practical resistance and kinematics
definition.

• Design:

Permits creation and alteration of complicated and

imaginative shapes and supports various phases of product design.

• Systems engineering:

CATIA gives an open framework designing advancement

stage that empowers recreation, displaying, confirmation and business process
support.

• Electrical systems:

CATIA gives answer for designing and assembling of

electrical frameworks. It incorporates the total cycle that starts right from the
calculated designing up to finish producing abilities.

• Fluid systems:

CATIA offers solution for planning and assembling tubing,

funnelling and Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC)systems.

The most recent form (CATIA V5 version 2016) is portrayed by further

developed client usefulness and usability. It likewise offers high similarity with
different forms and a smoother progress to 3DExperience. This variant will give

9
a predominant coordinated effort experience where groups can participate
utilizing attachment and play computer generated reality screen to connect with
the item.

3.1.2 Importance of CATIA

CATIA has wide scope of utilization in the business and due to this the interest
for the item is likewise expanding.

CATIA was at first utilized in Automotive and Aerospace designing for

planning of the different parts and plans of the general construction. With the
development in innovation and CATIA's jumpers use, it tends to be utilized for
some a greater number of things than simply aspects and construction planning.

This has expanded the areas of uses for CATIA. With large scale manufacturing
and ease of use, CATIA has likewise become reasonable to the business.

Many large brands use CATIA as the essential designing plan stage. These
brands incorporate Airbus, BMW, Ford, McLaren Racing, Nokia, Nikon,
Sanyo, and so on.

3.2 Modelling of Multipurpose agricultural Machine

3.2.1 Modelling of Frame

Frame might be characterized as a construction, comprised of a few bars, bolted

or welded together. These are comprised of point irons or channel segment and
are called individuals from the frame or framed structure. The frame might be
characterized into the accompanying two gatherings:

• Perfect frame
• Imperfect frame

n = 2j-3

n= Number of members, j= Number of joints.

10
 Fig. 3.1 Design of Metallic Frame

Fig.3.2 2-D diagram for cross section of square tube

3.2.2 Modelling of Fertilizer Hopper

Hopper is a storage device which is used to store the fertilizers which are in
powder form of substances. It is basically a funnel shaped design which has the
storage capacity up to 3.5kg. An additional mechanism is added called Scotch
Yoke mechanism which is actually a reciprocating closing block which is
operated with the help of motor.

11
 Fig. 3.3 Design of Hopper

3.2.3 Modelling of Ploughing Tool

The ploughing tool is designed in such a way that it could resist the bending
forces due to sudden encounter of rocks and also due to the hardness of the soil.
The teethes are being 5cm long with points of the teethes 4cm between them.
And a bolt of 8cm long is being welded to the ploughing tool to adjust the depth
of cut and the speed of the vehicle.

Fig. 3.4 Design of Ploughing Tool

12
3.2.4 Modelling of storage tank

Storage tanks are used to store water and disperse them through water sprinkler
during the running of the Agri-Bot. The flow of water is controlled by a valve
with is connected in between the water sprinkler and the tank. And then the tank
is clamped in the metallic frame by using semi-circular clamps. A separate
outlet is given from the tank to give water supply to the tank.

Fig. 3.5 Design of Water Tank

3.2.5 Modelling of Gear Drive

The Gear drive modelling is done by modelling two spur gears which are at gear
ratio of 1:1 is meshed together. One of the spur gear is attached the motor output
while the other gear is attached to the axle.

The shaft is modelled and then connected to the both sides of the wheels with
the help of bearing attached to it. Using the weldments option one of the spur
gear is attached to the motor output shaft and the other spur gear is attaches to
the machine shaft.

In the end the motor drive is supported with help of mild steel rods which is
connected to back end of the vehicle and to front supporting frame.

13
 Fig. 3.6 Design of Spur Gear drive

3.3 Assembly of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine

• Click on Component > Assemble > Assemble with an assembly open.

• Select CATIAV5 and type CAT Part file (*. CAT Part) in the Type box.
The CATIA V5 files in the working directory are listed.

• Select the part file you want to assemble in the existing assembly as a
part component or browse to find the file.

• Select Import to import the CATIA V5 part and assemble it as an

imported component in the existing assembly. The Import
Newmodel dialog box opens.

• Retain the import profile in use or select an existing *.dip_cat5 import

profile in the Profile list to replace the import profile in use.
Click Details to open the import profile editor, CATIAV5 — Import
Profile, and modify the import profile if required. Enable option is
selected by default in the import profile and the Import Newmodel dialog
box.

14
• Click OK in the Import Newmodel dialog box. The Layer Import
Options dialog box opens if you clicked Customize layers in the Import
New Model dialog box.

• Select layers for import and set their import status in the Layer Import
Options dialog box.

• Click OK in the Layer Import Options dialog box. The Component

Placement tab opens.

• Add placement constraints to position the part or subassembly

component.

• Click on the Component Placement tab. The CATIA V5 part component

is imported and assembled in the assembly model

Fig. 3.7 Top View of Agri-Bot

15
Fig. 3.8 Front View of Agri-Bot

Fig.3.9 Rear view of Agri-Bot

16
 Fig.3.10 Side view of Agri-Bot

Fig.3.11 Isometric view of Agri-Bot

17
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN CALCULATONS

4.1 Design Calculation for Failure of Shaft

Motor Torque(T)

T = 2.55 Nm or 2.55x103Nmm
N= 65 rpm.

P =14 W.
By using Strength equation,
Tmax =τ
J r

Tmax = 2.55x103Nmm
𝜋 𝐷
J= x D4 , r =
32 2

Maximum permissible shear stress

τ = 135MPa.
Substituting these values we get,
D = 5.6871mm = 6mm,
Therefore 6mm is the minimum diameter of the shaft required for this design.
We have used half inch diameter rod for our design.

4.2 Design Calculation for Ploughing Tool

Depth of cut = 5 cm
Speed of the tool = 20 m/s = speed of the vehicle
No. of tooth = 15.
Feed rate = Rpm x N x Depth of cut,
FR = 20 x4x0.05.
Feed rate, FR = 4 m2 /min.

18
4.3 Design Calculation for Seed Sower

Speed of the motor = 65 rpm

Row spacing = 2 cm
Seed sowing time = 2 sec/per seed.
No. of openings = 9 per row = 3x9= 27 openings.
65×27
Seed dropping per minute = = 32 seeds.
54

4.4 Design of Bolt

Bolt is to be fastened tightly also it will take load due to rotation. Stress for
C-25 steel is given by,

σmax=420 kg/cm2

Nominal Diameter of bolt is 10mm.

From table in design data book,

Diameter corresponding to M12 bolt

D= 8.160mm

To check the maximum stress for our design, the initial tension in the bolt when
bolt is fully tightened.

P =30 kg = 300 N, is the value of force applied by hand

Also,
𝜋
P = x dc2 x σmax
4

𝑃×4
σmax =
𝜋 × (10 × 0.84)2

σmax= 5.6437 N/mm2.

The calculated σmax is less than the actual maximum stress of the bolt hence our
design is safe.

19
4.5 Design of Spur Gear Drive

The Spur gear drive is designed by selecting the Spur gears which are made
from Mild Steel.

Minimum centre distance for Spur gear is given by,

(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
a=m
2

z1= Number of teeth in Wheel.

z2 = Number of teeth in Pinion.

m = Gear module.

The number teeth in wheel and pinion are 20 and the gear module (m) = 2.
Hence the given Spur gear drive has gear ratio of (i)= 1.

Substituting all the values,

a = 40mm.

Similarly, the Tip diameter and the Root diameter is given by,

Tip diameter (Wheel) = da1= (z1 + 2 fo) m, where fo= 1

da1 = 44mm.

Tip diameter (Pinion) = da2 = (z2 + 2 fo) m

da2 = 44mm

Root diameter (Wheel) = df1= (z1 – 2fo) m – 2c, where c= 0.25 and fo= 1.

df1 =35.5mm.

Root diameter (Pinion) = df2 = (z2 – 2fo) m – 2c

df2 = 35.5mm

20
4.6 Volume Calculations for each system

4.6.1 Volume of Water Storage Tank and Water Sprinkling pipe

𝜋
Volume of water storage tank= x Dt2 x Length of Tank
4

Dt= Tank diameter= 110mm.

𝜋
Volume of water storage tank = x (110)2 x 370
4

Vst = 3516227.578mm3.
𝜋
Volume of water sprinkling pipe = x Df2 x Length of sprinkler pipe
4

Df = Sprinkling pipe diameter = 22mm

𝜋
Volume of water sprinkling pipe = x (22)2 x 370
4

Vws = 140649.1031mm3.

4.6.2 Volume of Seed Storage pipe

𝜋
Volume of Seed Storage pipe = x Ds2 x Length of Seed Sower pipe
4

Ds = Seed storage pipe diameter = 75mm.

𝜋
Volume of Seed Storage pipe = x (75)2 x 370
4

Vss = 1634602.928mm3.

Amount of seeds that can be stored = 1.6346 kg.

4.6.3 Volume of Fertilizer Hopper

𝜋×ℎ
Volume of Hopper = (Rh2 + RhRs + Rs2) x Depth of the Hopper
3

Here, Rh = Hopper Radius.

Rs = Stem Radius.

21
 𝜋×ℎ
Volume of Hopper = ((140)2 + 140 x 15 + (15)2) x 12
3

Vh = 2755165.1275mm3.

Amount of Fertilizer that can be stored = 2.3477kg.

22
 CHAPTER 5

AUTOMATION OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL

MACHINE USING IoT

5.1 Introduction about IoT

The Internet of things is a collection of sensors, handling capacity,

programming, and different advancements that interface and trade information
with different gadgets and frameworks over the Internet or different
correspondences organizations.

This field has become advanced because of the combination of different

advances, including omnipresent processing, item sensors, progressively strong
implanted frameworks, and AI. Conventional fields of installed frameworks,
remote sensor, control frameworks, mechanization, autonomously and
altogether empower the Internet of things. IoT innovation is generally
inseparable from items relating to the idea of using gadgets and apparatuses
(like lighting installations, indoor regulators, home security frameworks and
cameras, and other home machines) that help one or more normal biological
systems, and can be controlled by means of gadgets related with that
environment, for example, cell phones and shrewd speakers. The IoT can
likewise be utilized in medical services frameworks.

5.2 Applications of using IoT

• Iot technology is used in helping the patients by using sensors and

applications which alerts the doctors by sending vital signs of their body
which alerts them about their condition.
• The applications of IoT enables the users to track their geolocation which
is like tracking different location and also about the fleet management
system.

23
 • With use of IoT we track the usage, average consumption of water supply
consumed by the users and the data is stored to record it for in case if
there is any leakage, it could be detected.
• It is also used to check the amount of traffic where the mobile phones are
used as sensors and the apps such as google maps use this technology to
find the best route for smooth travelling.
• With the use of IoT, it helps to measure the soil moisture, humidity and
also the fertility of soil which can be stored as data to record and grow
and maintain according to it.

5.3 Components used in Automation of Multipurpose Agriculture

Machine

5.3.1 4- way Relay

A relay is an electrically worked switch. It comprises of a bunch of information

terminals for a solitary or numerous control signals, and a bunch of working
contact terminals. The switch might have quite a few contacts in various contact
structures, for example, make contacts, break contacts.

Relays are utilized where it is important to control a circuit by an autonomous

low-power sign, or where a few circuits should be constrained by one sign.

Relays were first utilized in significant distance broadcast circuits as sign

repeaters: they revive the sign rolling in from one circuit by communicating it
on another circuit. Relays were utilized broadly in phone trades and early PCs
to perform sensible activities.

From the picture below it denotes that when the signal port is low level the light
glows up which denotes that the relay is on in all 4 ports. Every port has a
common port, normally common port and normally closed ports with 4 input
ports.

24
 Fig.5.1 4-Way Relay

5.3.2 Node MCU

Node MCU is an open-source firmware which allows open-source prototyping

by utilizing the Lua prearranging language. The firmware completely based on
the ELua project which uses Lua programming to implement in the embedded
systems.

The Node MCU includes a firmware which runs on ESP8266 from Espressif
Systems and the hardware is ESP-12 module with an external support of
ESP32 which is a 32- bit MCU.

In general Node MCU is used in this automation in order to reduce the current
consumption which is two times efficient than an Arduino. Since Arduino
compiles and uploads or writes complete, it takes more time to process than
Node MCU.

25
 Fig.5.2 Node MCU

5.3.3 7805 IC

7805 IC is one of the most popular voltage regulator which is used to regulate
voltage fluctuations and also to reduce the output voltage which ultimately
decreases the heat produced due to heating effect of current. It is one of the
member of 78xx series.

It consists of 3 pins such as input pin, ground pin, output pin. The input pin
accepts input voltage between 7 Volts to 35 Volts, ground pin is used for neutral
where the ground is given and the output voltage gets regulated up to 5 Volts.

As there is significant fluctuation between the input and the output voltage, the
difference between the input and output voltage is released as heat.

Hence more the difference in voltage more the heat is generated. Due to that a
heat sink is used to dissipate the heat which could resist the regulator to get
destroyed and malfunctioned.

26
 Fig. 5.3 7805 IC

5.4 Blynk App

Blynk is an application software where control or remotely oversee a electronic

device at any scale by using IoT technology. With the help of Blynk App, it
helps to create an interface between the cloud and the coded machine which
examines, verifies and control them from a distance at any location. Blynk App
offers white name arrangement in which we add our application
transformations, colors and distribute to App stores.

Fig.5.4 Blynk App architecture

27
5.5 Setup of Bluetooth Connection using Blynk App

The Blynk App can be downloaded from Google and also from Apple IOS.
After downloading the application these are the following steps which are
followed to setup a wireless connection between the application and the circuit.

5.5.1 Creating project and Uploading Firmware

Click the “Create New Project” in the app to create a new Blynk app. Give it
any name. Blynk works with hundreds of hardware models and connection
types. Select the Hardware type. After this, select connection type. In this
project we have select Wi-Fi connectivity.

Now after creating the Blynk project set-up, open Arduino and navigate to the
ESP8266_Standalone example in the File > Examples > Blynk > Boards Wi-
Fi> ESP8266_Standalone menu.

Fig.5.5 Creating a Project Fig.5.6 Uploading Firmware

28
5.5.2 Blynk App coding

In this coding process the codes written in order to access the Wi-Fi password,
create an authorization token and also for the setup to control through mobile
phone. These codes are directly passed to the Node MCU which is supported by
ESP8266 module.

#Define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

// To get the Auth Token in the Blynk App.

// Go to the Project Settings (nut icon).

char auth [] = "b_60ug_2-_28j6Wg1xCBSlZqCcKV9_J8";

// For Wi-Fi credentials.

// Set password to "" for open networks.

char ssid [] = "Oneplus 7";

char pass [] = "1234567890";

void setup ()

// Debug console

Serial.begin(9600);

Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);

void loop ()

29
{

Blynk. Run ()

5.6 Working of the Automation process

The block diagram of the circuit for automation is presented in figure 5.7. The
battery positive is connected to stepper positive input terminal and negative
terminal of battery to negative input terminal of stepper. The stepper steps down
the voltage from 12 V to 5 V.

This 5V is received at the output terminal of stepper. Using jumper wires this
output voltage is supplied to input terminals of ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The
positive of stepper is connected to 3.3V pin while the negative output terminal
of stepper is connected to Ground pin of the Wi-Fi module. As the
microprocessor works on 5V, step down module is used to lower the 12V supply
to 5V.

Ground pins of microprocessor provides input to relay through Vcc and Ground
pins of relay respectively. GP01 pin of ESP8266 is connected to IP pin of relay
and provides input as on or off. The negative of the battery is connected to
motor's negative and positive of battery is connected to com port of relay. The
positive of motor is connected to NO (normally open) port of the relay. The
circuit is now complete and is online.

The codes are uploaded to the microprocessor ESP8266 and then it is connected
to mobile hotspot which is going to act as the controller of the machine. The
microprocessor connects to specific hotspot which is specified in the code. As
the on command is given through controller, the motor switches on and the
motion is transmitted to front wheel.

30
Battery Node MCU 4- way relay
Motor 1
D1
Forward
7805 IC

D2 Motor 2
Reverse

D3
Seed sowing
Anti- clockwise

D4
Seed sowing &
reverse motion
clockwise

Fig.5.7 Block diagram of the circuit design

31
 CHAPTER 6

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF MULTIPURPOSE

AGRICULTURE MACHINE

6.1 Components of Multipurpose Agriculture Machine

Table 6.1: Components Used

S.no Components Quantity Specifications

1 Battery 3 12-V

2 Square Tube (Mild Steel) 3-feet 1-inch, 1mm

Thickness

3 Wheels 4 20cm(Ф)

4 Bearings 4 6202

5 Wiper Motor 3 14Watts

6 Sheet Metal 2 Meter 1.5mm(t)

7 Node MCU 1 ESP8266

8 4-Way Relay Board 1 5V

9 7805 (Voltage Regulator) 1 12V

10 Crown weld (Welding Rod) 1 3.15x350mm

11 Plastic pipe 2 1- inch

12 Spur Gear 2 50mm(Ф)

32
6.2 Dimensions of the Parts

Table 6.2 Dimensions Required for Fabrication

S.no Components Dimensions(mm)

1 Horizontal frame Length= 911mm, Breadth= 460mm

Length of Channel 1 = 911mm
Length of Channel 2 = 911mm
Length of Channel 3 = 460mm
Length of Channel 4 = 460mm
Length of Channel 5 = 400mm
Square tube thickness = 1mm
Tube Cross-section = 10mm x 10mm
2 Vertical frame Length= 430mm, Breadth= 460mm
Length of Channel 1= 380mm
Length of Channel 2 = 460mm
Length of Channel 3 = 380mm
Length of Channel 4 = 700mm
Length of Channel 5 = 290mm
Square tube thickness = 1mm
Tube Cross-section = 10mm x 10mm
3 Fertilizer Hopper Hopper diameter= 280mm
Stem diameter= 30mm
Length= 250mm

Volume= 2755165.1275mm3

4 Wheel Wheel diameter= 200mm

5 Plough tool Length= 950mm, Breadth= 850mm

Length of the teeth= 50mm

33
 Thickness= 0.5mm

6 Seed Sower Seed storage pipe diameter= 75mm

Length of the seed pipe= 370mm
Hole diameter= 6mm
Volume= 1634602.928mm3
7 Water Sprinkler pipe Water sprinkler pipe diameter= 22mm
Length of the pipe= 370mm
Hole diameter= 6mm
Volume= 140649.1031mm3
8 Water storage tank Tank diameter= 110mm
Length of the tank= 370mm
Volume= 3516227.578mm3
8 Soil closer Length= 400mm, Breadth= 90mm

9 Spur gear (both wheel No of Teeth=20

and pinion) Outer Diameter = 50mm
Inner diameter=25mm

6.3 Fabrication of Metallic Frame

The Chassis of the Agri-Bot is made using square tube of 46 x 91cm of

dimension, cut and welded according to model design. Above the main frame
an inverted C shaped clamp is welded to support the water tank. An inclined rod
is welded to place the hopper. These are welded using welding rods of 3.15mm
diameter and length of 350mm.

After welding each part of the frame, the square tube is left open at all the
corners, so this leads to rusting as well there might be a chance of water which
could enter inside the tubes. To avoid all the open corners are closed with a help
mild steel plate of 0.5mm thickness with the help of Tig welding.

34
 Fig.6.1 Fabrication of Metallic Frame

6.4 Fabrication of Plough tool

The fabrication of plough tool is made using metal sheet of thickness 0.5mm
which is further welded to the main frame. The teeth are cut with the help of gas
cutting which is done by adjusting the flame to carburizing flame.

To adjust the height of the plough (Depth in mm) a nut and bolt provision is
given. Using this the Ploughing tool can be lowered to our requirement.

Similarly, the soil closer is fabricated in same way as the ploughing tool is
fabricated but without using any gas cutting methods as it is only used for to
close or to spread the soil. The soil closer is supported with the help of bolt
which is connected to the nut and can be adjusted. The thickness of metal sheet
used to create the soil closer is 0.5mm.

35
 Fig.6.2. Fabrication of Plough Tool

6.5 Fabrication of Seed Sower and Water Sprinkler

For sowing seeds a cylindrical apparatus is placed in the front of the machine
behind the ploughing tool. A PVC pipe is used to make this seed sowing
apparatus.

This pipe contains multiple holes and is directly attached to a metal rod which
is further welded to a motor which rotates this pipe as the machine moves
forward.

The holes on this pipe allows the seed to fall out evenly into the soil. A small
opening is provided the seeds can be loaded and manually lock it.

Further behind in the rear a big sized water tank using a PVC pipe is placed with
an inlet hose to attach a water pipe to fill in the tank with water and an outlet
pipe that flows down the water to another pipe attached below. This below
attached pipe is also a PVC pipe that contains a sponge inside it and beneath the
pipe there are multiple holes in line for the water to drip out evenly.

The idea behind this setup is that the water stored in the tank placed above
flows down after opening the valve into the below pipe which has the sponge

36
and holes. The sponge gets drenched by the water and the water flows out
through the holes evenly. The knob must be kept opened for the water to flow
down. Below are the attached pictures of the seed sowing apparatus and the
water collecting tank and the sprinkling pipe.

Fig.6.3 Water Sprinkler system

Fig.6.4 Seed Sower

37
6.6 Fabrication of Gear Drive

The Fabrication of Gear Drive is done in order to improve the torque as well as
improves the load bearing capacity. The spur gears of calculated diameters are
welded to the rear axle and to the output motor shaft. With the help of the motor
the gear meshing is adjusted and the rotation is controlled.

Fig.6.5 Gear Drive

6.7 Fabrication of Fertilizer system

The Fertilizer system is a combination of three parts which is the motor with the
reciprocating wiper system, angle iron supporting the Hopper, the main Hopper
and a rotating blade to spread the Fertilizer.

The blade which is present below the hopper is operated with the help of a
battery and rotation is done with the help of motor which is fixed to the blade
and the hopper is fixed with the help of the support created by welding the angle
irons at 40oeach at either side.

The motor is fixed at the top in which the output shaft is connected to the
reciprocating wiper system which controls the flow of the fertilizer.

38
 Fig.6.6 Fertilizer System

6.8 Final Assembly of Multipurpose Agriculture Machine

After fabrication of each component, the components are welded to the frame
and then the motors are attaches to each system. The circuit connection is placed
at the front end of the vehicle which is fixed on a fibre glass sheet with all the
necessary connections given to the battery which is given a pipe casing to the
wires to avoid any damage to the connections.

The batteries are placed on a wooden board which is fixed at the either side of
the horizontal frame.

At finally all the parts and the motors are painted and the sharp edges are grinded
for safety precautions.

39
Fig.6.7 Final Fabricated Model

40
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

This IoT based project entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURE MACHINE” has been designed using the
design tool CATIA V5 and fabricated successfully. This Agricultural machine
is designed and built in such a way that it can perform ploughing, cloud
breaking, levelling, sowing, and applying fertilizers in agricultural fields. The
IoT Module is designed and coded successfully in Blynk app using Arduino
Coding Tool. This Machine is useful for small scale farmers as it includes all
the farming tools which are essential for Agriculture. The implementation of
agricultural robot has significant saving in terms of time, efficiency and saving
the wastage of resources and reduced utilization of man power should pay cost
once the system is activated. The team has successfully studied and combined
ideas from various fields of mechanical engineering and agricultural knowledge
in completing this project. Based on all this it can be concluded that this project
is a new concept which is patentable and can be applied for real time situations.

41
 CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The future scope of the project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURE MACHINE” is to design the very same
model in a bigger scale with some upgrades so that the agricultural machine we
fabricate covers a lot more ground which in turn saves time. Currently, once the
machine reaches the end of the field it has to be manually moved to the next
row in the field to continue its operation. In order to overcome this issue, we
can use Bevel Gears that would turn the wheels 90ϴ towards the right or left.
The fabricated model weights around 35 kgs which sometimes makes it difficult
for the Agri-Bot to move forward in the loose soil. This is due to the uneven
distribution of load applied on the machine. To correct this a slight modification
can be made in the existing design in such a way that the components such as
the water tanks, and water sprinkler can be separately attached to the rear of the
machine. That is the main body of the machine will tow these components
(water tank, water sprinkler) which reduces the applied load on the machine and
is evenly distributed. To make it more efficient solar panels can be added to the
Agri-Bot which could replace the weight of the battery and is also a green
renewable source of energy. This will save a lot of money and also promote our
project and other related projects to use clean renewable source of energy. The
current idea of this project is to operate this agricultural vehicle wirelessly using
Bluetooth connectivity. Here, the operation is still manually carried out by a
user using a mobile phone for forward, backward and other agricultural
operations. This can be further upgraded by applying an even complex code for
the IoT using camera and proximity sensors. This will eliminate the manual
wireless operation of a user and the operations will be carried out automatically
as per our applied code. This will completely eliminate the human interference
in operating this machine.

42
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44