Unit – 2

Input – Output devices

Computer : The word

computer is derive from word compute which means to
calculate in the past. The normally computer is considered to
be calculating device use to perform arithmetic operation but
today computer is use in every field of daily life to solve
problem of different kinds.
“Computer” is a electric machine that is used to solve different
kinds of problems. According to
set of instruction given to it. It is a programmable machine that
receive input, stores and automaticallyHi manuplate data and
provide output in a useful format.
 Characteristics of computer system

1. Speed : The computer is a very high speed electronic

device. The obtation on data inside the computer are
performed throw electronic circuits. According to the
given instructions. Computer can perform million of
billon optation on a data in 1 second.
2. Arithmetical and logical operation : A computer can
perform arithmetic and logical operation. In arithmetic
operation. It perform addition, subtracting, multiplication,
division on the numerical data. In logical operation. It
compares numerical data as well as alphabetical data.

3. Accuracy : In addition to being very fast computer is also

very accurate device. It gives accurate output result
provided that the correct input an set of instruction are
given to the computer. In computer terminology it is
known as garbage in – garbage out.

4. Reliability : The electronic component in modern

computer have very low failure grade. The modern
computer compare from very complicated calculation
without creating any problem in produces reliable result.

5. Storage : A computer has internal storage (Memory) as

well as external or secondary storage.

Limitation of computer system

1. Programmed by humans.
2. Lack of intelligence and thinking.
 3. Unable in self care.
4. Retrieval of memory.

Functional units of computer system

A computer can be broadly divided into several functions unit

which work together to perform computing task.

1. Central processing unit (CPU) : (a) Arithmatic and logical

unit (b) Control unit (CU) (c)Registers.
2. Memory : primary memory, (RAM) Random Access Memory,
Cache memory.
3. Secondary memory : ROM, Hard disk, Hard driver, HDD,
SSD.
4. Input devices : Keyboard, Mouse, scanner etc.
5. Output devices : Printers, Monitor, Speaker, Projector.

(1) Hardware : Hardware refers to a physical components

of a computer system that you can touch and see. It include
all the electrical and mechanical parts that made up the
computer.
Example : 1. CPU : The brain of the computer that performs
instruction and process data.
(2) Memory : Temporary storage they hold data and instruction
currently in dules.
(3) Storage devices : Hard drives, Solid state.
(4) Input devices : Keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.
(5) Output devices : Printer, monitor, speaker etc.
(6) Motherboard : The main circuit board that houses the CPU,
memory and other critical components.

Function of hardware
Hardware perform physical task necessary to execute software
instruction and manage data.

Software
Software refers to a program and application that run on a
computer and perform various task. Unlike hardware, Software is
intangible and consist of code return to instruction the hardware on
code return to instruction the hardware on what to do. Example :
Operating system, application utilities.

Function of software
Software provide the instruction and interface that allow users to
interact with the hardware and perform specific task for process.
They are two types if (a) System software and (b) Application
software.

Input device
(1) Keyboard : A keyboard is an input device that allows users
to type text, number and symbols into a computer
or other electric device. It known as standard input device.
It consist of a series of keys, typically arranged to different
characters, functions and commonds.

(a) Number keys : These keys are used for typing number
and symbols.
 Example are 0 to 9.
(b) Function keys : These keys are used for special
function like opening help menu’s or adjusting screen
brightness.
Example : F1 to F12 .
(c) Alphanumerical keys : These keys are used for typing
letters and numbers. Example are Q to M .
(d) Navigation keys : These keys are used for moving the
cursor or scrolling thought documents.
(e) Modifier keys : These keys are used in combination
with other keys to perform special actions. Example :
(Ctrl+C).
(f) Enter key : This key is used to submit to forms or
execute commands.
(g) Backspace key : This key is used to delete characters.

Diagram of keyboard

Mouse (Punk) : Mouse is a GUI (Graphical

User Interface) pointing device.It is a hand
controlled device. Use to control the pointer
(cursor) on the screen. A mouse is small
object we can roll along a hard, flat surface.
 Its name is derived from its connecting wifi
that one can imagine to be the mouse tail and
the fact that one must make it scurry along
the surface. As be move the mouse in the
same direction there are some bottoms on the
top of the mouse used for the selection. The
middle bottom a ruler used for scrolling the
window on the screen. This type of mouse is
classed scroll mouse.
(1) Mechanical mouse (2) Optical mouse (3) wireless or cordless
mouse.

Touch screen : It is an electronic visible display

(Computer display) that can defeat the presence &
location of a touch within the display area. The term
generally refers to touching the display of device with
the finger our hand, Touch screen can also Sense Other
passive object such a stylus. Touch screen common is
device such a all in on computer, Tablet computer &
Smart phone.

Trackball: A trackball is a pointing device which is

similar to a mouse. The ball which is placed in the base
of mouse is along to a button in case of trackball. To
moved the graphics cursor around trace the ball is rolled
with the fingers. Because the hold device not moved for
moving the graphics Cursor, a trackball require, place,
Space then a mouse more operation

Touchpad: It is a device
 pointing on a computer display screen. It is a alternative to a
mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computes. Touchpad
are also tab use with desktop computer. A touchpad work by
sensing the user finger movement & downward pressure by
moving a finger or other object along the pad we can move a
pointer on display screen & we click by tapping the pad.

Joystick: It is a positioning device. It is use to move a

cursor position on the Screen. It function to similar to
that of except that movement is limited. It is stick which
has & Spherical ball at its lower end some button end for
selection. The lower spherical ball move in the Shocked.
The Joystick can be moved right to left, forward &
backward. The electronic circuit inside the Joystick
detect & measure displacement of joystick from Central
position.

light Pen: Another paint & draw device is a light

pen. In a pen based be hold the pen in our hand in
directly point on the screen icons, or directly draw
graphics on the screen with it.

# Punched card or Card reader : A punched can

also Known as a punch card, is a Card with holes punched in
specific locations to represent data, which can be read by a card
reader. In the context of business, punched cards were once
Used to record data, like customer info or inventory levels.
#Graphics tablet: A graphics tablet is a computer input device
that to lets you create digital" artwork by hand.

#Data scanning devices: Data scanning devices are tools that

capture & read data from various sources, Such as documents,
barcodes or IDs. Examples include barcode scanners, QR Code
Scanner RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification)
Scanners, Document Scanners
(e.g., flatbed, Sheet-fed, or portable Scanners), CCR (Optical
character Recognition) Scanners for text recognition.

# Image Scanner: An image

Scanner is a device that captures & Converts physical images or
documents into digital format. Types include Flatbed Scanner
Sheet-fed scanners, Portable Scanners, Photo Scanners and film
scanners.

# Optical Scanner : An optical Scanner is a device that Uses

light to scan & capture images or text from Physical document or
objects. It's also known as optical reader. Types include OCR
(optical Character Recognition)
Scanners for text recognition,
Barcode Scanners, QR Code Scanners and Document Scanners.

(a) OCR (optical character Recognition): An OCR

(Optical Character Recognition) Scanners is a device that
converts printed or handwritten text into editable digital
text. It uses optical technology to recognise Characters,
allowing you to scan documents extract text and edit or
store it digitally.

(b) OBR (Optical Braille Recognition): It's a technology

that converts printed Braille into digital text Making Braille
materials more accessible to sighted People & those with
visual impairments.

(c) • Electronic Card Reader: An electronic card reader is a

device that reads & interprets data, Stored on cards, such
as credit card, debit card, ID Card’s,
 Access Control card & Smart card. These readers use.
technologies like magnetic Stripes, chip readers on
Contactless Sensors to extract data from the card.

(d) Digital Camera: A digital Camera is an electronic device

that captures & stores images & videos in digital format. It
uses a sensor to convert light into electrical Signals,
which are then processed & stored as digital data
Example: DSLR (Digital Single-lens Reflex), mirror less
Cameras, point-andshoot cameras, action cameras & 360-
degree Cameras.

(e) Output device: In a output device is an electronic

mechanical device which except to the computer &
translate them into a form, which is suitable by the outside
world (users). Several output devices are available today
then can broadly classify into a following catagories.

# Softcopy output devices: Softcopy output devices in a

output device which does produce Output on a paper or some
material which can we touch & carried for being shown to others.
The outp produces is temprature in nature & vanished after use.
For example monitor, Image projector & Speakers etc. #Monitor: A
monitor is a visual display is a television like device used to display
input data or information allowing users to the due to result on the
Screen. The quality of monitor is open juged in term of revolution
which term of measure number of picture, elements or pixels a
screen contents.

#types of monitar: Two basic type of monitors Used today are

analog & digital traditional type of colour display screen that used
for year in television is CRT Screens. All monitors based or CRT
techndogy are analog. On the other hand flat panel display are
digital monitor because they expect digital signal from the video
adaptor. The term digital rappers only the type to input. A digital
monitor are translated a digital signal into analog signal form
before displaying images.some monitor can expect both digital and
analog signal.

#Characteristic of monitor

(1) Resolution: The most important factor display device is

resolution. which can be understood as the measurement
of the clarity of the Visual Screen, or sharpness of screen
in almost all display devices. Images are formed because of
various electric field dots on the screen this dots are called
pixel.

(2) Display Size: On two dimensional display devices such as

computer monitor & television sets the display size or
visual image size is the actually screen Space

that is available to display video or working space without

obstruction. The VIS open is inches & millimetre.

(3) Refresh rate: It is the number of time a display image is

depended, redrawn, refreshed per second The refresh rate
expressed hertz (Hz) So a refresh rate of 75 means the
image is refresh 75 time in refresh typically CRT monitor for
60, 75, 85 HZ.

(4) Progressive display (Interlaced of Non-Interlaced display)

Interlace & non interlace are CRT display technic in a CRT
display they are several horizontal line are full screen
(frame) this line are Scan from left to right & bottom to top.
In a interlace display the lines are display alternating into
interiors horizontal line.

(5) Dot Pitch : Dot Pitch also called line, Pitch, Script pitch,
Street pitch, phosphor pitch) is a measurement they define
the Sharpness of monitor. It measure the diagonal display
like - Colour dots (Pixels) that display the image on the
screen. This distance. is Very Small & typically measure in
factor of millimetre. The. Smaller dot pitch picture is sharp
The dot pitch the colour monitor of personal Computer
range from about 0.5 mm to 0.30mm.

# CRT (Cathode ray tube): The first monitor, developed in

1973, was a CRT monitor. These monitors are older,
heavier, & take up more space than other types of
monitors. They are also cheaper than LCD monitors, but
generate more heat.

(1) Monochrome CRT Cathode Ray tube) screen is an oldest

type of display that shows images in shades of a single
Colour, typically geen of amber. It uses a CRT to display
text & graphics but lacks colour capabilities.

(2) Colour CRT Screen is an older type of display

technology that shows images in multiple Colors. It uses a
combination of red, green & blue phosphors to create a
wide range of colours.

# Non CRT display: A display technology that doesn't Use

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology. Examples include
LCD, LED, OLED & plasma display's. Non-CRT displays are
generally thinner, lighter & more energy-efficient than
CRTS.

(1) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): A type of flat Plane

display that uses liquid crystals to block or allow
light to pass through a matrix of pixels. LCDs
are commonly used in TVs, monitors,
Smartphones & tablets.

(2) GPD (not a standard term) : I am assuming you

meant to ask about "TFT" or " "GPD" is not a
standard term in display technology. However,
I found that GPD can refer to "Graphics processing device"
or "General Purpose Display”, but it's not a widely used
term.
#Screen page projector: A screen page projector also known as an
overhead projector, is a device that projects images from
transparent Sheets or slides Onto a screen or wall, using a light
Source, lenses, & mirrors to magnify & display the image.

#speaker or Voice, response System: A Speaker or Voice, response

system is a technology that uses audio signals to convey
information or respond to voice commands. It typically consists of
a speaker microphone & processing Unit that interprets &
generates audio outputs. Example voice assistants, automated
phone Systems, public address systems & Voicecontrolled
interfaces.

#Hardcopy output device : It is an output device which is produce

output on a paper on some material which can be touched & carrie
for being shown to others. They are permanent in nature & can be
kept in the paper file on the looked letter when the person is not
Using the computer. for example printer, plotter.
(1) Printer: It is an electronic mechanical device including both
electronic circuit & mechanical assembly. This assemblies
Control by the electronic circuits & due to this electronic circuit this
are called printers electronic.
It performance following works (1) Decode the Command (2) gene
the control signals
(3)Activate the print mechanism to print data. (4) recieved from the
computes.

Mechanical Assemblies:

(1) Print Head Assembly.

(e) Print Carriage motor.

(3) Ribbon Assembly.

(4) Paper movement Assembly

(6) Sensor Assemblies.

#Character impact printer

(1) Dot matrix Printer: In this printer their head which held a
matrix of pieces in it. A Character is printing by selected
number of det's from a dot matrix. For printing of any
character one dot coloumb of dot matrix is selected at a
time and shown on,does printing goes on in manners.
(2) Daisy wheel printer or letter Quality printer: Daisy wheel
printer are solid font type of character printer & give good
quality prints similar to typewriter. This printer is always
used where the quality of printing is most important. The
daisy wheel is a disk made of plastic & metal all which
character stands out in relief around the outer edge. To
print a character the printer rotates until the desired letter
washes the paper. Then a hammer strikes the disk forcing
the Character to heat
on ink ribbon, leaving an impression of character on the
paper.

# Character non impact printer.

(1) Thermal printer: A thermal printer is use Special heat

sensitive paper called heating Coated thermal chroming
paper. This printer produces a printed image when the
paper passes over the thermal print head. The calling
trance black in the area it is heated & produces an
image.
(2) Electrostatic printer: It is a type of non-impact printer in
which high intensively lems project images of character
on to a centralised drum to form electrostatic platter
 that attract Ink powder (toner); the image are the
transparent to paper then fused

(3) Ink-Jet-Printer: It forms a character of paper by plain ink

form tinning nozzle throw & electric field they arrange
the charged in particle into sequence at the rate of
approximately 250 character per second. The ink which
can be of various colour is absorbed into the paper &
dry instantly printing on ink-Jet paper are expensive.

(4)Laser printer: It is a common type of printer that rapidly

produces high quality text & graphics on plane paper. It is very
similar to a Xerox machine. It also uses dot matrix Character but
dot are so close that it looks a shaped Character.

# line impact printer

(1) Drum printer: It Consists a Solid cylindrical that has

there character in bends on his surface. The number of
bend depends on the
printing position and which bend all the possible. For each
bend of drawn opposite location hammer its providing for
the print and that bend position. The drawn rotate
constant speed. The hammer streak the paper along with
the ink Ribbon against the proper character on the drawn
it passes after on revolution of the drawn one line is
printed.

(2) Chain printer: It is also called the trained printer in this

printer a chain containing character which is use in the
chain known as print
Chain. This Chain moved continuously in rapid rate by two geared
pulleys.
 (3) Band printer: It is very similar to chain printer in which
fast rotating speed belt street print with rest character
said in place of chain hammering process is also done
for printing the character.

# Plotter : Plotter's are output device. They are used to produce

precise at good quality graphics & drawing Under computer
controls. They use ink pen & ink jet to draw graphics & drawing &
either Single allow or multicolour pen can be employee this pen can
motor drawing can be prepare on paper, vellum or miler.

drum plotter: A graphics printer that used a rotating drum to move

paper through the printing process, typically for vector graphics,
technical drawing & large formats. It's done rotating drum, inkjet or
pen-based printing, high accuracy or precision, vector graphics
capability Lange, format printing Cup to Several feel wide).

(2) Micro grip plotter: A Computer controlled plotter that vies a

Vacuum -driven grip system to hold & move paper, allowing for
precise plotting & cutting of Various materials. It's vacuumdriven
grip system, precise plotting & cutting, ComputerControlled,
Compatible with various materials (paper, vinyl, film)

(3) Flat bed plotter: A Computer - Controlled printing device that

uses a stationary bed to hold material, while a moving head plots,
prints or cuts with precision. It's stationary flat bed, moving print or
cut head, precise plotting, printing & cutting, supports various
materials (paper, vinyl, fabric, wood)
(4) Ink-Jet Plotter: A Computercontrolled printing device that
uses inkjet technology to create high-quality images & text on
various materials. It's inkjet print head, high-resolution printing (up
to 1440 dpi), colour and monochrome printing, supports paper,
vinyl, film and other material, variable droplet side for precise
control.
#Computer memory
The memory unit is component in any digital computer since if is
needed for storing programs and data a very small computer with a
limited application may be able to fulfil intended task without the
need of additional storage capacity. Most general purpose
computer would run more
efficiently if they are equivalent with additional storage beyond the
capacity of main memory.

#Characteristic of memory

While selecting a memory system for a computer Characteristic are

to be seen.

(1) Volatility : A memory is called Volatile if it retain the

information when Current is Switch of an the other hand if
memory retain data &
instruction even when switch of it is not Volatilise memory.

(2) Destructive memory memory system : A memory system is

& information Called distractive & it washed out during the
process in this memory system. The information in this
memory in order to retain in this type of in which result in
the Washed of previous computers time.

(3) Access time: one of the important factor determined choice

of the memory system is. the areas time the time required

to data ferrous the memory to ALA is called access time.

(4) Bit memory or word memory: A memory may be

(a) Bit retrial memory are those,
One at a time of course in a Sequential panel in bit parallel memory
is read serial at a time. Naturally bit parallel memory is faster
(b) Word serial & Word parallel memory in word Serial memory
also word Serial memory on at a time in word parallel
memory a group of word. It's read at a time. # Unit of memory

The Capacity of memory is measured by Some Units Bit, Byte, KB,

MB etc. This called of Unit of memory.

1 Bit - 1 digit (0,1)

2 Nibble - 4 bit

1 byte - 8 bits 2 Nibbles

1 kg (Kilobyte) - 1024 Byte

1 MB - 1024 KB

1 GB = 1024 mb.

1 TB = 1024 168

1FB = 1024 TB

#Primary / Internal : The memory unit that Communicate to CPU is

called primary or internal memory. It is Used to hold pieces of
program instructions & the jab. Which the computer system is
currently working on the CPU can access in directly at a very fort
speed. Half hour primary storage can hold information only while
the computer. System is on as soon as the speed of or resale
the information reset information held in primary Storage this
appear they are two types of memory end semiconductor.

#Core memory: A memory is made of us large with is storing in one

week. This Cell may be organization a set of addressable each
word. Sequence of one of the component commonly in memory
unit is magnetic core.

#Semiconductor memory : Semiconductor memory is a replacing

the ferried memory. But the basic Storage material remain same in
which semiconductor is capable of representing of bit.
The affords of Computer.
Designer to reduce size of Computer have lead to semiconductor
memory.

#Main memory:

(1) ROM (Read only memory): It is permanently in build in computer

to the time of production ROM is otherwise far ware also. It store a
set of permanently which intersect the Computer hour to work in
program in are also stored. This memory performed read only it
does not have a write it does not have capability. This means that
the binary information stored in the ROM. It is made permanent
during the hardware production & Cannot be unturned by Writing
words in run.

#ROM is a following type:

(a) Masked RoM

(b) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

(C) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only memory)

(d) EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only

memory)

(f) Flash

#RAM : This is dead part of where data manipulated on executed. It

is called Random Access Memory because any location on achieve.
randomly selected & use to directly stored relative data &
instruction. RAM is volatile that is depend on the supply of
electricity & When a power of shut of everything stored is loss.
#RAM chip may be classified density & type.

(1) State RAM'S : Does in which ones a bit store in a memory

store it will be remain, long as there is power available to the chip.

(2) Dynamic RAM'S : Does in reach the bit losses in very short
period of the even throw power supply is on.

#VRAM (Video Random Access memory): It Convensial RAM there

is only one data path for accessing of data but in VRAM there are
two data part for accessing so due to data path it is able to do any
two work any time at a time like refreshing the displacement
Communicable with processor. It is faster whole Video System
there ordinary ROM because in memory they are not need to
Computer to the perform because starting the second.
 #Cache memory : Generally micro processor operate to very
high Speed so due to many memory should be fast but the
microprocessor operate rate Conventional way memory (which
is very slower in Speed) but cheaper in cast) that why there 13
mismatch of speed between them & for solving this problem
cache memory is used between the CPU & main memory.

CPU

Cache
memory
Main Memory

Computer architecture with a cache memory

Generally cache into instruction & data which are to be implicate

execute & does it increase the operating speed Computer.
#Magnetic memory: Magnetic memory are the permanent Storage
devices they have. Some moveable parts like read, write) expect of
of semiconductor memory they have much storage Capacity &
Cheaper than semiconductor memory. So they are So popular they
are also know as surface device.

(a) Sequential Access Memory (SAM): Sequential Access.

Memory is a type of memory
Storage, where data is stored & retrieved in a sequential
manner, One Item at a time. It's also known as Sequential.
Storage or sequential access storage.
 (b) Direct Access Magnetic Memory: It is a type of Computer
memory which permit access to individual Information in a
direct immediate memory. It is also Called Random access
devices because the information is literally available in
order hence. A Random access storage device this one in
which any location. in the device may be selected at
random, Access the information stored is direct &
approximately equal access time is for required.

(1) Floppy disk : The magnetic disk are thin & flexible therefore
this are called floppy disk & diskettes. Floppy disk a made
of plastic sheet Called miflour. The surface is coated with
magnetic material. (Iron Oxide) on one & both side floppy
disk is a execute of sequential access memory as well as
random access memory because of room event of read
write had from track to track is random. While movement of
read write of the particular track for reading & Writing data
is serial so it is called semi random memory.

# Hard Disk: A hard disk drive commonly refer to as a hard drive

storage, Hard disk or fixed disk drive. It is a non volatile device
which store digitally data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic
surface derive refers to a device districted from this medium such
as the take derive & its safe or a floppy disk drive & it's floppy disk.

# Flash memory: Flash memory is a non-volatile computer chip can

be electrically erased & Program. Its consist of small printed circuit
board Caring the circuit element. Insulated electrically le protected
inside the plating, metal rubberized, gas. Example, Use flash drive,
thumb drive, Pen drive, Jump drive, key drive.

# Memory Card: A memory card is a removable Storage device used

to store digital data, typically in portable electronic devices.

Examples: Secure Digital (SD) cards., Compact Flash (CF) Cards,

Memory Stick (MS) Cards, Micro SD Cards, USB flash drives.
#Optical Memory: The latest & more portability for high Capacity
Secondary Storage is known as laser disk or optical disk
technology information is written to or treat from in optical disk
using laser being this are most popular faster higher capacity
cheaper & durable memories. Only one surface on optical disk is
used to Store data. The readwrite had is note direct physical
contract of Surface changes of damage of low. The single
disadvantage of disk higher seek time.

View of an optical disk

# Types of Optical disk

CD-ROM (Compact disk - Read only Memory) It is an Optical Rom in

which we recorded data can be read out the manufacture write data
on CD-ROM. The disk is made up of Resign such as polycarbonate.
It is coated with a natural which changes when a high intensity
laser beam focus on it. The. Coating material is highly reflective
usually aluminium. It is also called a leaver Disk. The advantage of
CD-
ROM are its high Storing Capacity, Mask copy of information
stored, Removable from the Computer etc. It's main Disadvantage
are larger longer access time to that of a magnetic hard disk, it
cannot be uploaded because it is a read only memorable & Suitable
for storing information which not to be Changed.

2) WORM (Write Once Read many) It is a right once CD-R (Compact

disk Recordable)

It is a write once read many type optical disk. The WORM Comes
blank from the factors. The user can write data only once & read the
Written data on the many time desire. To reduce the access time the
disk is rotate at a constant Speed. It's tracks are concentric Circles.
Each track is divided into number of sectors it is suitable for data &
file which are not to be change. The user Cannot store permanent
data. Information & files for maintaining records.

(3) ERWOD (Erasable Read write Optical disk): It is a read write

optical disk memory. The information Written in the disk can be
erase & the disk Can be reprogramed. This disk uses magneto
optical technology. The plastic disk is coated with the Special
materials. The properties of disk material are changed with
temperature at low temperature. the molecules are aligned with the
field. No holes are formed & this type of disk.

(4) DVD (Digital Versatile disk) A DVD Store much more data then
CD-ROMs. It's capacities are 4.7
GB, 8.5 GB, 20 GB etc. The Capacity depends on weather it is single
layer, double layer; Single Sided & double sided disk. DVD ROM
uses as same as CD-ROM for reading & Writing but a Smaller
Wavelength being is used. The total Capacity of DVDROM is 8.5 GB
& the double Sided DVD ROM Capacity is 17GB.
(5) BD (Blue-Ray-Disk) It is an optical disk Storage medium
design to super fact the DVD format. It's main Users are high & data
storage. When 50 GB per disk. The name blue ray disk derived form
blue laser used to read & write to this type of disk... Disk can store
50 GB or SOTB. almost 6 times of Capacity of a ducal layer of dud
102 single layer dvd.