a) What is the command to initialize node package manager?

Write its
syntax.

The command to initialize Node Package Manager (NPM) is npm init. It sets up a new or
existing project with a package.json file, which contains metadata about the project.
Syntax:

npm init
For a quicker setup without prompts, you can use npm init -y to generate a package.json
file with default values.

b) For which task is the file system module used?

The file system (fs) module in Node.js is used to handle file operations such as reading, writing,
appending, deleting, and renaming files.
It also facilitates directory creation, deletion, and reading.
Example tasks include creating a file with fs.writeFile(), reading file content using
fs.readFile(), and checking if a file exists with fs.existsSync().

c) What is REPL?

REPL stands for Read-Eval-Print Loop, a simple, interactive shell in Node.js.

It allows developers to execute JavaScript code directly and see the results immediately.
It reads user input, evaluates it, prints the result, and loops back for the next input.
To start REPL, run the node command in your terminal.
It is helpful for testing snippets of code, debugging, and exploring Node.js features.

d) What is Express.js?

Express.js is a lightweight and flexible web application framework for Node.js.

It simplifies the process of building web applications and APIs.
Express provides tools for handling routing, middleware, and HTTP requests/responses.
It supports integration with databases and allows template engines for rendering dynamic web
pages.
Express is widely used for creating RESTful APIs and server-side applications.

e) What is the use of the prompt-sync module?

The prompt-sync module is used to take input from the user synchronously in a Node.js
environment.
It simplifies reading input directly from the console in real-time applications.
It is especially useful in CLI-based programs where user interaction is required.
Example:

const prompt = require('prompt-sync')();

const name = prompt('What is your name? ');
console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);

f) List any four core modules in Node.js.

1. fs: File system module for handling file and directory operations.
2. http: Used to create HTTP servers and handle requests and responses.
3. path: Provides utilities for handling and transforming file paths.
4. os: Provides information about the operating system, such as CPU, memory, and
uptime.

g) Which command is used for deleting a file?

The command used for deleting a file in Node.js is fs.unlink() or fs.unlinkSync() for
synchronous operation.
Example:

const fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink('file.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('File deleted successfully!');
});

h) Write syntax to create a Buffer?

Buffers in Node.js are used to handle binary data. The syntax to create a Buffer is:

const buf = Buffer.alloc(size); // Creates a zero-filled buffer of

specified size.
const buf2 = Buffer.from(data); // Creates a buffer from a given data.
i) Write a command to install MySQL package by using NPM?

The command to install the MySQL package using NPM is:

npm install mysql

This command downloads and installs the MySQL client library for Node.js in the current project
directory. You can then use it to connect and interact with MySQL databases.

c) List any four core modules of Node.js

1. fs (File System): Provides functionalities to work with files and directories, such as
reading and writing files.
2. http: Enables creating HTTP servers and making HTTP requests.
3. path: Utilities to work with file and directory paths.
4. os: Provides information about the operating system, such as CPU and memory details.

d) Which directive is used to import Node.js modules?

The directive used to import modules in Node.js is the require statement.

1. It is a built-in function to include modules or files.

2. For example: const http = require('http'); imports the HTTP core module.
3. It works for both core modules and user-defined modules.
4. require resolves the module path and loads it synchronously.
5. It returns the exported content of the module.

e) List any 4 methods included under the path module of Node.js

1. path.join(): Joins multiple path segments into a single path.

2. path.resolve(): Resolves a sequence of paths into an absolute path.
3. path.basename(): Returns the last portion of a path (file name).
4. path.dirname(): Returns the directory portion of a path.

f) For which tasks is the file system module used?

1. Reading Files: Use methods like fs.readFile() or fs.readFileSync().

2. Writing Files: Write content to files using fs.writeFile() or fs.appendFile().
3. File Manipulation: Rename, delete, or move files and directories.
4. Directory Operations: Create and list directory contents.
5. Asynchronous and Synchronous Operations: It supports both async and sync
methods for file handling.
g) Write a command to add dependency “express” using NPM

The command to add Express as a dependency is:

npm install express

1. This installs the Express library in the node_modules directory.

2. The --save flag (optional) ensures it is added to dependencies in package.json.
3. Express is a popular web framework for building web applications in Node.js.
4. The command also fetches the latest compatible version from the npm registry.
5. The package will be used in your project with require('express').

h) Write a command to install MYSQL package by using NPM

The command to install the MySQL package is:

npm install mysql

1. This command fetches the MySQL library and adds it to your project.
2. The package allows you to connect and interact with a MySQL database.
3. It is added under dependencies in package.json.
4. After installation, you can use require('mysql') to access its functionalities.
5. Use npm install mysql@<version> to install a specific version if needed.

i) In which situation Node.js is not recommended to use?

1. CPU-intensive Tasks: Node.js is not ideal for heavy computational tasks like video
encoding.
2. Blocking Operations: Synchronous and blocking tasks slow down its event loop.
3. Monolithic Applications: Node.js excels with microservices, but monoliths can limit
scalability.
4. Real-time Graphics Rendering: Node.js is less suitable for rendering-intensive
applications.
5. Legacy Systems: Integration with systems requiring synchronous processes can be
complex.
j) Write steps to handle HTTP requests while creating a web server using
Node.js

1. Import HTTP Module: Use require('http') to load the HTTP core module.
2. Create a Server: Use http.createServer() to set up the server and define a
request handler.
3. Handle Requests: Write logic in the callback to handle req (request) and res
(response) objects.
4. Send a Response: Use methods like res.writeHead() and res.end() to send
responses.
5. Listen to a Port: Call server.listen(port, callback) to start the server on a
specific port.

Example Code:

const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {

res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello, World!');
});

server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server is running on port 3000');
});

a) How do we install a package globally in Node.js? Write its command with

an example.

In Node.js, packages can be installed globally using the npm (Node Package Manager)
command with the -g flag. A globally installed package is available system-wide and can be
accessed from any directory on your computer. This is particularly useful for command-line tools
and utilities.

Command to install a package globally:

npm install -g <package-name>

Example:
If we want to install the nodemon package globally, which is a tool for automatically restarting a
Node.js application when file changes are detected, we use the following command:

npm install -g nodemon

After installation, you can check if the package is available globally by running:

nodemon --version

Advantages of global installation:

● Makes the package accessible from any project directory.

● Useful for development tools like linters, testing frameworks, or build tools.

b) What are the advantages of Node.js?

Node.js is a popular JavaScript runtime environment known for its scalability, efficiency, and
non-blocking I/O features. Here are some advantages:

1. Asynchronous and Event-Driven: Node.js uses non-blocking I/O operations, allowing

multiple tasks to run simultaneously without waiting for others to finish.
2. High Performance: Powered by the V8 JavaScript engine, Node.js executes JavaScript
code at incredible speed.
3. Single Programming Language: Developers can use JavaScript for both front-end and
back-end development, reducing the need for learning multiple languages.
4. Scalability: Its lightweight architecture allows developers to build scalable applications,
handling large numbers of simultaneous connections.
5. Rich Ecosystem: With over a million packages in npm, Node.js provides a vast array of
tools and libraries for every need.
6. Real-time Applications: Ideal for developing real-time apps like chat applications,
online gaming, and live-streaming services.
7. Cross-Platform Development: Node.js can be used to create applications that run on
various platforms, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
8. Active Community Support: The Node.js community is vibrant, offering constant
updates, tutorials, and support.
9. Ease of Learning: Developers with JavaScript experience find it easy to pick up
Node.js.
10. Full-stack Development: Allows using JavaScript for the entire development stack.

c) Explain Node.js Process Model.

The Node.js process model is based on a single-threaded event loop architecture, which
makes it highly efficient for handling concurrent requests. Here's an explanation:
 1. Single-threaded Nature: Node.js uses a single thread to execute JavaScript code,
reducing the overhead of thread management.
2. Event Loop: The event loop handles all asynchronous operations, such as I/O tasks,
timers, and callbacks.
3. Non-blocking I/O: Instead of waiting for I/O operations to complete, Node.js delegates
these tasks to the system or worker threads, allowing the main thread to continue
executing other code.
4. Asynchronous Callbacks: When an asynchronous task completes, the callback
associated with the task is pushed to the event loop for execution.
5. Worker Threads: For CPU-intensive operations, Node.js uses worker threads from the
libuv thread pool to handle tasks without blocking the event loop.
6. Advantages:
○ High scalability
○ Efficient resource utilization
○ Ability to handle thousands of concurrent connections

This model is ideal for I/O-heavy applications like web servers, but less suited for CPU-intensive
applications.

d) How does Node.js handle a file request?

When Node.js receives a file request, it uses its non-blocking I/O and asynchronous features
to handle the request efficiently. Here's the step-by-step process:

1. Receive the Request: The server listens for incoming file requests using the http or
similar modules.
2. Process the Request: Node.js processes the request and determines the file to be
served.
3. Asynchronous File Handling:
○ The fs module is used to read the file from the file system.
○ File reading is done asynchronously using methods like fs.readFile().
4. Error Handling: If the file is not found or an error occurs, an appropriate error message
(e.g., 404 Not Found) is sent to the client.
5. Send the Response: Once the file is successfully read, it is sent to the client using the
response.write() or similar methods.

e) Write down the command to create a package.json file with an

example.

The package.json file is essential for managing a Node.js project, as it stores metadata about
the project and its dependencies.
Command to create a package.json file:
npm init
Example:

When you run npm init, it prompts you with a series of questions:

npm init

Questions:

1. Package name: my-project

2. Version: 1.0.0
3. Description: A sample Node.js project
4. Entry point: index.js
5. Test command: (leave blank)
6. Git repository: (leave blank)
7. Keywords: sample, nodejs
8. Author: Your Name
9. License: ISC

After completing the prompts, a package.json file is generated:

{
"name": "my-project",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "A sample Node.js project",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"author": "Your Name",
"license": "ISC",
"keywords": ["sample", "nodejs"]
}

Alternatively, use the --yes flag to skip prompts and generate a file with default values:

npm init --yes

This creates a basic package.json file.

b) Write a program to update table records using Node.js and MySQL.

Here is a sample program to update records in a MySQL table using Node.js:

// Import MySQL and create a connection

const mysql = require('mysql');

const connection = mysql.createConnection({

host: 'localhost',
user: 'root',
password: 'password',
database: 'my_database'
});

// Connect to the database

connection.connect((err) => {
if (err) {
console.error('Error connecting to the database:', err.stack);
return;
}
console.log('Connected to the database');
});

// Update a record in the table

const updateQuery = `UPDATE users SET name = 'John Doe' WHERE id = 1`;

connection.query(updateQuery, (err, result) => {

if (err) {
console.error('Error updating the record:', err.stack);
} else {
console.log('Record updated successfully. Affected rows:',
result.affectedRows);
}

// End the connection

connection.end();
});
c) Explain Node.js process model with the help of a diagram.

Node.js uses a Single Threaded Event Loop Model to handle requests efficiently. Here’s how
it works:

1. Single Thread: The Node.js process runs on a single thread to handle multiple client
requests.
2. Event Loop: The event loop continuously checks for tasks and processes them
asynchronously.
3. Non-Blocking I/O: Node.js delegates I/O operations to the system or thread pool,
freeing up the main thread.
4. Callback Queue: Once the I/O operation completes, the callback is pushed to the queue
for execution.
5. Concurrency: This approach enables Node.js to handle thousands of requests
concurrently without creating multiple threads.

Diagram:

Client Request
↓
Single Thread
↓
Event Loop --------→ Callback Queue
↓ ↑
Asynchronous Completed I/O
Task Delegation

d) How does Node.js handle a file request?

Node.js handles file requests using its asynchronous I/O model. Here is the step-by-step
process:

1. Receiving a Request: A client sends a request to the server for a specific file.
2. Processing the Request: The Node.js server receives the request and checks if the
requested file exists.
3. Asynchronous File Access: The fs (File System) module is used to read the file. This
operation is performed asynchronously to avoid blocking the event loop.
 4. Callback Execution: Once the file read operation completes, the callback function is
executed.
5. Sending the Response: The server sends the file data to the client as a response.
6. Error Handling: If the file does not exist or there is an error, the server sends an
appropriate error message.

e) What is the purpose of module.exports in Node.js?

The module.exports object is used to expose functions, objects, or variables from one file to
be used in another file. It facilitates the modularity and reusability of code in Node.js
applications. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Exporting Functions: Developers can create reusable functions in one file and use
them in other files by exporting them with module.exports.
2. Exporting Objects: Complex data structures like objects and arrays can be exported
and shared across different modules.
3. Default Export Mechanism: When a module is required, Node.js returns the
module.exports object of that module.
4. Code Modularity: It helps in organizing code into smaller, manageable pieces for better
maintainability.
5. Sharing Constants: Constant values or configurations can be exported for use across
the application.
6. Customizable Export: The module.exports object can be assigned custom
properties or functions to define what should be accessible from the module.

a) How to write asynchronous data to a file? Explain with a suitable

example.

In Node.js, asynchronous file operations are performed using the fs module. Writing data to a
file asynchronously involves using fs.writeFile(), which takes a file path, data to write, and
a callback function to handle errors or confirm success. Asynchronous operations are
non-blocking, meaning the program continues execution without waiting for the operation to
complete.

Example:

const fs = require('fs');

const filePath = 'example.txt';

const data = 'This is the content written asynchronously.';

fs.writeFile(filePath, data, (err) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error writing to file:', err);

return;

console.log('File written successfully.');

});

// This code continues to execute even as the file is being written.

console.log('Write operation initiated.');

Here, fs.writeFile() starts the writing process and moves to the next statement
immediately. The callback function is executed after the write operation completes.

b) Write a program that uses the addListener() method of the

EventEmitter class.

The addListener() method in the EventEmitter class is used to attach listeners to a

specific event. It is an alias for the on() method.

Example:

const EventEmitter = require('events');

class MyEmitter extends EventEmitter {}

const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();

// Add a listener for the 'greet' event

myEmitter.addListener('greet', (name) => {

console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);

});

// Emit the 'greet' event

myEmitter.emit('greet', 'Alice');

myEmitter.emit('greet', 'Bob');

// Verify that the listener is attached

console.log(myEmitter.listenerCount('greet'), 'listener(s) for the

"greet" event.');

Here, addListener() is used to register a listener for the greet event. When the greet
event is emitted, the listener executes, displaying a personalized greeting.

c) Write a short note on NPM.

NPM (Node Package Manager) is a powerful tool that comes with Node.js, used for managing
packages or modules in JavaScript applications. It simplifies the installation, updating, and
management of libraries and frameworks.

Key features:
 1. Package Management: NPM allows developers to install and manage third-party
libraries, tools, and dependencies.
2. Global and Local Installation: Packages can be installed globally for system-wide use
or locally for project-specific use.
3. Dependency Management: It automatically resolves and installs dependencies
specified in a package.json file.
4. Version Control: NPM allows developers to install specific versions of a package or
update them.
5. Publishing Packages: Developers can publish their own modules to the NPM registry,
making them available to the global community.

Usage Example:

● Install a package locally: npm install express.

● Install a package globally: npm install -g nodemon.
● View installed packages: npm list.

NPM's ecosystem is essential for modern JavaScript development, offering a vast repository of
modules.

This program establishes a connection to a MySQL database, fetches all records from the
Players table, and logs the results.

e) Explain module.exports in Node.js.

In Node.js, module.exports is used to export functionalities (like functions, objects, or

variables) from a module so they can be reused in other files. It defines the public interface of a
module.

Explanation:

1. By default, every Node.js file is a module, and the exports object is its public API.
2. Assigning properties to module.exports makes them available for import in other
modules.

module.exports plays a crucial role in enabling modular programming in Node.js, making

code reusable and maintainable.

a) What are different features of Node.js?

Node.js has several standout features that make it popular for server-side and full-stack
development:
 1. Asynchronous and Event-Driven: All APIs of Node.js are asynchronous, meaning the
server does not wait for API calls to return data. This makes it efficient for I/O operations.
2. Single-Threaded Model: It uses a single-threaded event loop architecture, which can
handle many requests simultaneously without creating multiple threads.
3. Fast Execution: Built on the V8 JavaScript engine, Node.js executes JavaScript code
extremely fast, making it suitable for real-time applications.
4. Non-blocking I/O: Node.js processes multiple requests without blocking the execution
of other tasks, ensuring high scalability.
5. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Applications built with Node.js can run on Windows,
macOS, and Linux.
6. Rich Ecosystem: The npm (Node Package Manager) provides access to over a million
libraries, simplifying development.
7. Real-Time Communication: Node.js is ideal for applications like chat servers and live
notifications, where low-latency and high-throughput are essential.
8. JSON Support: Seamless handling of JSON data makes it a preferred choice for APIs
and database communication.
9. Community Support: Node.js has a vast and active community, constantly contributing
tools, frameworks, and libraries.
10. Easy Scalability: Its event-driven architecture and clustering capabilities allow scaling
applications efficiently.

b) Compare Traditional Web Server Model and Node.js Process Model

c) Write a program to use SQL SELECT query to show data from a table
using Node.js and MySQL

// Import required modules

const mysql = require('mysql');

// Create a connection to the database

const connection = mysql.createConnection({

host: 'localhost',

user: 'root',

password: '',

database: 'exampleDB'

});

// Connect to the database

connection.connect((err) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error connecting to the database:', err);

return;

console.log('Connected to the database!');

});

// Execute an SQL SELECT query

const sql = 'SELECT * FROM users';

connection.query(sql, (err, results) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error executing query:', err);

return;

console.log('Data retrieved from the table:');

console.log(results);

});

// Close the connection

connection.end();

d) Explain steps to install Node.js on Windows

1. Download the Installer:

○ Visit the official Node.js website https://nodejs.org/.
○ Download the Windows installer (LTS version is recommended for stability).
2. Run the Installer:
○ Double-click the downloaded .msi file to start the installation process.
3. Accept the License Agreement:
○ Read and accept the license agreement to proceed.
4. Select Installation Path:
○ Choose the directory where you want Node.js to be installed or leave it as the
default.
5. Customize Installation:
○ Select the components you want to install (e.g., npm, Node.js runtime, and
additional tools).
6. Install Additional Tools (Optional):
○ If prompted, install additional tools for building native modules.
7. Complete the Installation:
○ Click the "Install" button and wait for the process to finish.
8. Verify Installation:
Open Command Prompt and type:
node -v
npm -v

○ These commands check the installed versions of Node.js and npm.

9. Set Environment Variables (if needed):
○ Ensure the Node.js path is added to the system's PATH variable for global
access.

e) Write a program to write to a file in Node.js

// Import the 'fs' module

const fs = require('fs');

// Define the data to be written

const data = 'Hello, this is a sample text written to a file using

Node.js!';

// Write data to a file named 'output.txt'

fs.writeFile('output.txt', data, (err) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error writing to the file:', err);

return;

console.log('Data successfully written to the file!');

});

// Optionally read the file to confirm content

fs.readFile('output.txt', 'utf8', (err, content) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error reading the file:', err);

return;

console.log('File content:', content);

});

b) Node.js Application to Create a User-defined Square

Module

Code Example:

// square.js - Module to calculate area of a square

exports.area = function(side) {

return side * side;

};

// app.js - Main application file

const square = require('./square');

let side = 5;

console.log(`Side of the square: ${side}`);

console.log(`Area of the square: ${square.area(side)}`);

Explanation:
 1. Module Creation: square.js is a custom module that exports an
area function.
2. Import Module: The require('./square') statement imports the
module in app.js.
3. Execution: The program calculates and displays the area of a
square with a given side.

c) What is a Web Server?

A web server is software or hardware that processes HTTP requests and

serves responses to clients, typically web browsers.

Functions of a Web Server:

1. Request Handling: Accepts requests from clients via the internet.

2. Response Delivery: Sends requested resources (HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, images, etc.) or error messages if resources are
unavailable.
3. Hosting: Hosts websites and applications.
4. Security: Implements HTTPS for secure communication.
5. Load Balancing: Distributes traffic across multiple servers to
ensure reliability.

Examples of popular web servers include Apache, Nginx, and Microsoft

IIS. Node.js can also act as a lightweight and high-performance web
server.

d) Write a Program to Create a File in Node.js

Code Example:

const fs = require('fs');

fs.writeFile('example.txt', 'Hello, this is a Node.js file!', (err) =>

{
 if (err) {

console.error('Error creating the file:', err);

} else {

console.log('File created successfully.');

});

Explanation:

1. File System Module: The fs module provides methods to work with

the file system.
2. writeFile Method: This creates a file or overwrites an existing
one.
3. Callback Function: Handles success or error scenarios.
4. Output: If successful, the console logs that the file has been
created.

e) Explain Parameters of createConnection

The createConnection method in Node.js (commonly used with the MySQL

module) establishes a connection to a database.

Parameters:

1. Host:
○ Specifies the hostname or IP address of the database server.
○ Example: host: 'localhost'.
2. User:
○ The username for database authentication.
○ Example: user: 'root'.
3. Password:
○ Password associated with the database user.
○ Example: password: 'yourpassword'.
4. Database:
○ The name of the specific database to connect to.
 ○ Example: database: 'mydatabase'.
5. Port (Optional):
○ Specifies the port number for the connection.
○ Example: port: 3306.

a) Write down the connection string of Node.js and MySQL

To establish a connection between Node.js and MySQL, the connection

string is a part of the code used to configure the database
parameters. Below is an example of a connection string:

const mysql = require('mysql');

// Create a connection object

const connection = mysql.createConnection({

host: 'localhost', // Database host, typically 'localhost'

for local servers

user: 'root', // Database username

password: 'password123', // Password for the database

database: 'test_db' // Name of the database

});

// Connect to the database

connection.connect((err) => {

if (err) {

console.error('Error connecting to the database:', err.stack);

return;

}
 console.log('Connected to the database with ID:',
connection.threadId);

});

// Close the connection when done

connection.end();

Explanation:

● host: Specifies the address of the database server. Use

'localhost' for local setups or an IP address for remote servers.
● user: The username required to authenticate with the database.
● password: The associated password for the database user.
● database: The specific database to connect to within the MySQL
server.
● Use the mysql module, which can be installed with npm install
mysql, to enable communication between Node.js and MySQL.

b) Explain Event-Driven Programming

Event-Driven Programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow

of the program is determined by events such as user actions, sensor
outputs, or messages from other programs. Node.js is inherently
event-driven due to its asynchronous nature and use of an event loop.

Key Features of Event-Driven Programming:

1. Event Emitter: A core module in Node.js that triggers and listens

to events.
2. Asynchronous: Allows non-blocking execution, where the system
waits for events and responds.
3. Listeners: Functions (callbacks) associated with specific events.
4. Event Loop: The mechanism that continuously checks for queued
events and executes corresponding listeners.

Explanation:
 1. The EventEmitter module is used to handle custom events.
2. The on method registers an event listener for a specific event.
3. The emit method triggers the event, executing all associated
listeners.
4. This programming model is ideal for building scalable
applications like chat apps and real-time analytics, where
multiple asynchronous operations occur simultaneously.

c) Explain Anonymous Function with an Example

An anonymous function is a function without a name. In JavaScript,

anonymous functions are often used as arguments to other functions,
for defining inline logic, or for encapsulation.

Characteristics of Anonymous Functions:

1. No Identifier: Unlike regular functions, anonymous functions lack

a name.
2. Can Be Assigned to Variables: They are typically assigned to a
variable or used directly in a function call.
3. Widely Used in Callbacks: Often used in asynchronous programming
or as event handlers.

Example:

// Anonymous function assigned to a variable

const greet = function(name) {

return `Hello, ${name}!`;

};

console.log(greet('Alice'));

// Anonymous function used as a callback

setTimeout(function() {

console.log('This message is displayed after 2 seconds');

}, 2000);

Explanation:

1. In the first example, an anonymous function is assigned to the

variable greet, making it reusable.
2. In the second example, an anonymous function is passed as a
callback to the setTimeout method. It runs after a specified
delay.
3. Anonymous functions improve code brevity and are a core feature
in JavaScript for event handling and asynchronous workflows.

c) Explain is module?

The is module in Node.js is a utility module that provides a

collection of type-checking functions. It simplifies the process of
validating data types and checking the characteristics of variables,
making code more readable and reducing boilerplate logic. It is not
part of the Node.js core but is available as a third-party package,
typically installed using npm.

Features of the is Module:

1. Type Checking: The module provides functions to check basic types

like is.string(), is.number(), is.boolean(), etc.
2. Complex Validations: It can validate more complex types such as
arrays, objects, and regular expressions (is.array(),
is.object(), etc.).
3. Environment Checks: The module includes methods to determine the
execution environment, such as is.browser() or is.node().
4. Custom Validations: Developers can also extend the module for
custom type-checking logic.
5. Ease of Use: It simplifies the validation logic compared to
manually writing typeof or instanceof checks.