NCERT SECTION 1. Which of the following are matter ? Chair, air, love, mell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold drink, smell of perfume Ans.: Chair, ait, almonds, cold drink and smell of perfume 2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get smell from cold food, you have to go close. Ans.: This happens because rate of diffusion of gas increases with increase in temperature. In case of hot food diffusion of smell is faster whereas in case of cold food, diffusion is slower. 3. Adiveris able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show? Ans.: The particles of water are held together by forces of aftraction, It is the reason that the diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. 4. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter. (b) Comment upon the following : rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density Ans. a = 7 ] | Property Solid | Liquid | Gas | 1. Shape and ‘They have a definite shape| They have a definite They have neither a | volume as well as definite volume.| volume but no definite | definite shape nor a | shape | definite volume Smeeeeeetaty | Sotids are completcly | Liquids are almost | aaseehce htenty | incompressible. incompressible. compressible. | 3. Rigidity/Fluidity| Solids possess rigidity. | Liquids can flow, Gases flow more therefore they possess _jeasily than liquids and fluidity which is lower | thus have the highest | than that of gases | fluidity. | A. Energy Their particles have Their particles have energy | Their particles have minimum energy. higher than those of solids. | highest energy | 5. Density They have high density. | Their density is lower than | They generally have | those of solids but much _| very low densities higher than those of gases. | They normally do not | They show the property of | They diffuse very rapidly! show the property of |_| diffusion. As a result, solids,| The rate of diffusion of diffusion although some | liquids and gases all can | a gas is, however, rare examples of diffusion | diffuse into liquids inversely proportional of one solid into another to the square root of a its density. Thus, lighter eee gas diffuses more rapidly, than the heavier one. |subs! retain its shape wh, whic HP uid aren fy (ig 1 te aes nd : ; gid while 8 A Be cise sped it Soa atone a ii) Compressibility: The| ; eo rec pe cic Gases are highly comPress = (ii) Fluidity : Its th vendency ofa substance 27 : ; (iii) Fluidity : Itis the inall directions and due t ( ea are et ene aietions and doh vtec rach the container. interparticle force of attraction can oe liquids take the shape of the container in, a definite shape W! pee pe a hhave any shape: they are placed and gases donot articles due to their motion. The py a 2 cy Gs) Kenesoene sy tee eee due to free motion of gas Particles in all ding, af tester ‘energy due to least movernent of particles. (vil) Density : Density ithe mass of a substance Per unit volume, Solids have highest iq ‘since their molecules are closely packed. aracteristics of the particles of matter? cof matter are following nn by an individual with nakeie at are the ché Fe ‘Ans:: The characteristics of the particles (a) Matter consists of tiny particles which cannot be see (b) The particles of matter have spaces between them. (©) The particles of matter attract each other with a force called intermolecular fs attraction, The forces of attraction are maximum in solids and minimum in gases Liz have intermolecular forces in between solids and gases. | (a) The particles of a matter are not stationary but are continuously moving, (e) The intermolecular forces decrease with the increase in intermolecular spaces ant versa. (f) Kinetic energy of the molecule increases with the rise in temperature. ee volume of a substance is called density. (density = mass/volume) Arrange the following in order of increasing density ~ air, exhaust from chimneys * water, chalk, cotton and iron. ‘Ans.: The increasing order of density is air < exhaust from chimney < cotton < water < haney < chalk < iron. Give reasons. = (a) A gas fills completely the vessel in. which it is kept () A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container, (0 A wooden table should be called a solid. ¥ we need a karate expert, Ans.: (a) : The particles of a gas are constant! CThaselote they do nothave a fed sin Moving inall the directions with different?" they are kept. ime and hence completely fill the vesse! i* wh —* a te , _ a, counsel Om cussarea on the walls of the container is called pressure, Thus, gases exert pressure. (© A wooden table is called solid because it has a definite mass, volume and shape. (d) In air, there is lot of empty space between the molecules and the forces between the particles are almost negligible. Hence, we can move our hand in air. However we cannot move our hand in a solid block because there are strong forces of attractions between particles ina solid and there is no empty space between them. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why? ‘Ans.: When water freezes to form ice, some empty spaces are created. Asa result, volume increases for the same mass of water. In other words, mass per unit volume or density of ice is lower than that of water and hence ice floats over water. % Convert the following temperatures to celsius scale : ~ () 300K (b) 573 K, ‘Ans.: (a) Temperature in °C = Temperature in kelvin ~ 273 300 - 273 = 27°C (b) Temperature in °C = 573 - 273 = 300°C 10. What is the physical state of water at : (a) 250°C (b) 100°C ? ‘Ans.: (a) : Physical state of water at 250°C is gaseous state because the boiling point of water is 100°C. Therefore at a temperature higher than its boiling point. It exists as gas, (b) : At 100°C both liquid and gaseous states are present. These are in a state of equilibrium. So at 100°C both liquid water and vapour are present. “1. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state? "Ans.: The temperature remains constant during the change of state because the heat supplied during the change is used up in overcoming the intermolecular forces between the particles of the state. m 12, Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases. ‘Ans.: In order to liquefy a gas, the constituent particles or molecules have to be brought closer. The atmospheric gases can be liquefied either by increasing pressure or by decreasing temperature. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day? ‘Ans.:‘The cooling in a desert cooler is caused by the evaporation of water. A desert cooler cools better on a hot and dry day because the higher temperature on a hot day increases the rate ‘of evaporation of water and the dryness of air (low humidity of air) also increases the rate of evaporation of water. And due to increased rate of evaporation of water, a desert cooler cools better on a hot and dry day. 14. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer? ‘Ans.: An earthen pot (matka) has many small pores. Water seeps out through them and evaporates from the surface of the pot. The energy needed for evaporation is taken from the water kept in the earthen pot. As a result, water kept in earthen pot becomes cool 15. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it? ‘Ans. Both acetone and perfume are low boiling liquids. When they are poured on the palm, they evaporate readily and for this change of state they take the energy from the palm and ‘we get a cooling sensation. | FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY, <_< Hatter in Our Surovndings | 21fer from a saucer rather than a cup? ) Ik faste 16. Why are we able to sip hot tea or mi racer rather than @ CUP BECAUSE a saucy Ans. We are able to sip hot tea faster from a saucer TAUNTS ha greater surface area. As a result, rate of evaporatio i 17. What type of clothes should we wear in st Ans.: We should wear cotton clothes in summe the mechanism of our body which keep us cool helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to ius scale : uummer? 1 2 1, During summer, We perspire more beca Catton, being a good absorber oft the atmosphere for easy evaporation 18, Convert the following temperatures to Celsit (a) 293K (b) 470K Ans.: (a) : We know that, temperature in °C = K - 273, where, C= °Celsius, K = Kelyin = 293 - 273 = 20°C (©) °C =K - 273 = 470-273 = 197°C 19. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale : (a) 25°C (b) 373°C ‘Ans.: (a) We know that temperature in K = °C + 273 K = 25° + 273 = 298 K (b) K =°C +273 = 373 + 273 = 646 K 20. Give reasons for the following observations : (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid () We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away. Ans.:(a) : Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because they un; sublimation i.e they directly change into vapour without passing through the liquid ste (b) : We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away due to diffusion, Thy Perfumes contain solvent which carries pleasant smelling vapour. They diffuse quite fy and can reach a person sitting several metres away. 21. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles: water, sugar, oxygen. Ans.:The forces of attraction are the strongest in solids, followed by liquids and the weakestin Bases. Oxygen is a gas, water is a liquid and sugar is a crystalline solid. So the increasing order of forces of attraction is Oxygen < Water < Sugar. (22. What is the physical state of water at (a) 25°C (b) 0°C (© 100°C? Ans.: (a) 25°C, the physical state of water is a liquid. (b) 0°C, the physical state of water can be either a solid or a liquid. (©) 100°C, the physical state of water can be either a liquid or a gas (steam) 23, Give two reasons to justify that : (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid. (b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature Ans.: (a) Water is a liquid at room temperature due to following reasons : @) Water has not fixed shape but fixed volume. It takes the shape of the container. (ii) Water can flow easily, hence it is not rigid but a fluid (b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature due to following reasons () An almirah has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. (ii) It canr. ¢ flow, hence it is rigid. ‘22'| Malar Dir SirPonmlingS mm Cages eynnarion COURSE | CHEST caps|. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature ? .: Cooling takes place when heat is removed from a system. In case of ice at 273 K, it will take latent heat from the medium to convert itself into water at 273 K and then into water at a higher temperature. Thus, in case of ice at 273 K there will be a change in physical state, whereas in case of water at 273 K there will be no change in state. Hence lesser energy will be taken from the medium. 25. Which produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam ? Ans.: Steam contains more heat, in the form of latent heat, than boiling water. So when steam comes in contact with skin it gives out 22.5 x 10° joules per kilogram more heat than boiling water, so steam causes more severe burns. 26. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state. Tnerease heat and Decrease pressure [> o E A B C F Decrease heat and Increase pressure Ans.: A Fusion or melting, B > Vaporisation, C —» Condensation; D'— Solidification, E — Sublimation, F — Sublimation fem er