Did You Know?

Same on the inside!

All the different plant parts are made of the same set of
components just arranged in different ways resulting in
different structures and different functions.
Cells, Cells Everywhere

Living Organism
Cells, Cells Everywhere

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Cells, Cells Everywhere

Plants
Cells, Cells Everywhere

Plant Plant Plant Plant

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Plant Plant Plant Plant

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Plant Plant Plant Plant

Cell Cell Cell Cell

Plant Plant Plant Plant

Cell Cell Cell Cell
 Levels of Organisation

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system

Cardiac muscle Cardiac Heart Circulatory

cell muscle system

Plant cells Plant tissues Plant tissue Organs

systems
 Tissue

A tissue is group of cells that has a common

● Origin
● Structure
● Function
Plant Tissue
Meristematic Tissue
 Plant Tissues

Plant Tissues

Meristematic Permanent
Tissue Tissue

Actively Not actively

dividing cells dividing cells
 Meristematic Tissues

Meristos “to divide”

 Meristematic Tissues
● Actively dividing cells - Functions in growth and formation of tissue
 Meristematic Tissues
● Actively dividing cells - present in growing regions of plants
 Meristematic Tissues
● Actively dividing cells - found growing regions of plants

Thin cell walls

Large nucleus

Dense cytoplasm
No intercellular space

Dividing cell
Types of Meristem Based
on Stages of Plant Growth
They are Involved in
 Meristematic Tissues - Types
Different stages of plant growth
Primary & Secondary Growth

Primary
Growth
Embryonic
Growth

Promeristems
 Promeristem

Based on stages of growth

Promeristem
● First formed
● Responsible for Embryonic
Growth
● Functions during seed
germination
● Short lived Embryonic Growth
 Primary Meristems

Based on stage of growth

Primary meristem
● Responsible for primary growth
● Increase in root and shoot length
● Eg: Apical meristems
● Present in root and shoot apices
● Gives rise to primary tissues
Primary Growth
 Primary Meristems
Shoot apical meristems
● Present in shoot apices
 Primary Meristems
Shoot apical meristems
● Present in shoot apices

Shoot Apical Meristems

 Primary Meristems
Shoot apical meristems
● Present in shoot apices

Leaf primordium
Shoot apical
Meristematic zone

Axillary bud

Shoot Apical Meristems Axillary/Lateral buds

 Primary Meristems
Root apical meristems
● Present in root apices

Apical meristems
Root cap

Root Apical Meristems

 Primary Meristems
Root apical meristems
● Present in root apices

Root Apical Meristems

Question Time !!
How many shoot apical meristems are likely to be
present in a twig of a plant possessing 4 branches
and 26 leaves?

a) 26 b) 1

c) 5 d) 30
How many shoot apical meristems are likely to be
present in a twig of a plant possessing 4 branches
and 26 leaves?

a) 26 b) 1

c) 5 d) 30
 Meristematic Tissues - Types
Based on stages of growth
Primary & Secondary Growth

Primary
Growth
Embryonic
Growth

Promeristems Primary Primary & Secondary

Meristems Meristems
 Secondary Meristems

Based on stages of growth

Secondary meristem
● Responsible for secondary growth
● Increase in plant girth
● Eg: Lateral meristems
● Parallel to the sides of
stems/branches
● Gives rise to secondary tissues
Secondary Growth
 Secondary Meristems
Lateral meristems (Cambium)
● Cylindrical or parallel to the sides of stem/branches
● Found in mature regions of roots and stems
● Produce the woody axis of the plants
● Present only in dicot plants
 Secondary Meristems
Lateral meristems (Cambium)
● Cylindrical or parallel to the sides of stem/branches
● Found in mature regions of roots and stems
● Produce the woody axis of the plants
● Present only in dicot plants
 Lateral Meristem (Cambium) - Types

Lateral
Meristem
(Cambium)

Fascicular Interfascicular
Cork Cambium
Cambium Cambium
 Revise !

Promeristems Secondary
meristems
Embryonic
Growth

Primary
meristems Secondary
Growth
Primary
Growth

Primary tissue Secondary tissue

Types of meristem based
on Location
 Merismetic Tissues - Types
Based on Location

Apical
Meristems

Intercalary
Meristems

Lateral
Meristems
 Intercalary Meristem
Intercalary meristems
● Present at the internodes and base of leaves
 Intercalary Meristem
Intercalary meristems
● Present at the internodes and base of leaves
● Responsible for elongation of internodes
 Intercalary Meristem
Intercalary meristems
● Present at the internodes and base of leaves
● Responsible for elongation of internodes
● Present only in certain monocot (Grasses)

Internodes

Zone of elongation Nodes

Intercalary meristem
Question Time !!
Which among the following meristems help in
increasing the girth of the plant?

a) Lateral meristem / cambium

b) Intercalary meristem

c) Primary meristem

d) Apical meristem
Which among the following meristems help in
increasing the girth of the plant?

a) Lateral meristem / cambium

b) Intercalary meristem

c) Primary meristem

d) Apical meristem
Did you know ?
 Did you know?

Meristematic cells are the only cells that are not affected by viruses
Do Meristems Divide
Forever?
Do meristems actively divide
forever?
Permanent Tissue
 Plant Tissues

Plant Tissues

Meristematic Permanent
Tissue Tissue

Actively Not actively

dividing cells dividing cells
 Permanent Tissue

Cells that have lost the power of division temporarily or permanently

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Made of similar Made of different

cells cell types
 Simple Permanent Tissue

● Formed from primary meristems

● Homogeneous
● Similar in
○ Origin
Identical Cells Simple Tissue
○ Structure
○ Function
 Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Which is the most abundant
cell in the plant body?
 Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Parenchyma
Para “beside”
● Most commonly distributed tissue
● Major component in all organs
● Simple living tissue
 Parenchyma

Characteristics
● Cells are generally isodiametric (roughly spherical)
● Shapes vary
What is isodiametric ?
 What is isodiametric?

Isodiametric
● Having equal diameters or axes. Cell having nearly equal diameters
throughout.
 Parenchyma - Shapes

Round

Shape
 Parenchyma - Shapes

Round

Oval
Shape
 Parenchyma - Shapes

Round
Hexagonal
Parenchyma
Oval Cell Wall

Shape
Polygonal
 Parenchyma - Shapes

Round

Oval
Shape
Polygonal

Pillar Like
 Parenchyma

Characteristics
● Cells are generally isodiametric
● Shapes vary
● Thin cell wall made of mainly cellulose

Simple Tissue
 Parenchyma

Characteristics
● Thin cell wall
● With very less or no intercellular spaces
Functions of Parenchyma
 Parenchyma

Photosynthesis

Functions

Chlorenchyma
 Parenchyma

Photosynthesis

Storage
Functions

Stored Starch
 Parenchyma

Photosynthesis

Storage
Functions
Secretion

Lumen
 Parenchyma

Photosynthesis Palisade
mesophyll

Storage Spongy
mesophyll
Functions
Secretion

Gas Exchange
Have you wondered?
. . . how parts of aquatic plants float?
 Parenchyma

Photosynthesis

Storage
Functions
Secretion

Gas Exchange
Aerenchyma

Buoyancy
Have you observed this ?
Have You Heard this?
 Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Collenchyma
Colla “glue”
● Simple living mechanical tissue
● Cell wall
○ Cellulose
○ Hemicellulose
○ Pectin
● No free intercellular spaces
● Pectin deposited in tne
intercellular spaces
Collenchyma
 Collenchyma
Epidermis

● Found below epidermal layer in

dicot stems

Collenchyma
 Collenchyma

Shapes

Round Oval Polygonal

 Collenchyma

Shapes

Round Oval Polygonal

 Collenchyma

Shapes

Round Oval Polygonal

 Collenchyma

Functions
● Helps in photosynthesis
● Provides mechanical support (tensile strength)
● Provides elasticity to plants

Petiole
Did you know ?
 Did you know?

Both parenchyma and collenchyma can become

meristematic again!

Simple
Meristem Permanent
Tissue
Did you know ?
 Did you know?
Living Plants also have dead cells!
 Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Sclerenchyma

● Simple dead mechanical tissue

○ No protoplast
● Cell wall
○ Cellulose
○ Hemicellulose
○ Lignin
 Sclerenchyma

● Found in
○ Stem
○ Leaves
○ Seed coats
○ Fruit pulp and wall
 Sclerenchyma

Types
● Based on form, origin, structure and development
● Two types of cells
○ Sclereids or sclerenchymatous cells
○ Fibres

Lumen
Thick cell wall Thick cell wall
Lumen

Fibre Sclereid
 Sclereids

Narrow Lumen

Features
● Highly thickened walls
Thick cell wall
● Narrow cavity (lumen)
● Shapes can vary
 Types of Sclereids - Based on Shapes

Astrosclereids

Shapes
 Types of Sclereids

Astrosclereids

Macrosclereids
Macrosclereids

Shapes
 Types of Sclereids

Astrosclereids

Macrosclereids

Shapes Brachysclereids
 Sclereids

Astrosclereids

Macrosclereids

Shapes Brachysclereids

Trichosclereids
 Sclereids

Astrosclereids

Macrosclereids

Shapes Brachysclereids

Trichosclereids

Osteosclereids
Did you know ?
There are sclereids in your pear!
Sclereids: Where are they found?
 Fibres

Structure
● Elongated in shape
Lignified
○ Have tapering ends thick wall
○ Middle bulged
● Thick walled
● Generally occur in groups
 Fibres

Structure
Simple Pit
● Cell wall is thickened
● Deposition of lignin
● Cell wall has pits
○ Simple
Lignified thick wall
 Fibres

Structure
● Cell wall is thickened
● Deposition of lignin
● Cell wall has pits Bordered pit
○ Simple
○ Bordered
Pit borders
Question Time !!
Which among the following are found in
sclerenchyma?

a) Sclereids and fibres

b) Pits

c) Narrow lumen

d) All of the above

Which among the following are found in
sclerenchyma?

a) Sclereids and fibres

b) Pits

c) Narrow lumen

d) All of the above

 Revise ! Permanent Tissues

Plant Tissue

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Recall: Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 How do plants survive?
Food in Plants
● Leaves: Photosynthesis produces food
● Roots: Absorb water and minerals

Sunlight

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Chlorophyll
Glucose Water
(to plant)
 Recall: The Tallest Tree

115 Meters

Hyperion
Coast Redwood
 How do plants transport?
Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Xylem Phloem

Phloem
Xylem

Xylem Phloem
 Complex Tissue
Characteristics
● Heterogenous
○ Different cells work as a unit
● Two types:
○ Xylem Different Types of Cells Complex Tissue
○ Phloem
 Why does a plant need two transportation
systems?
First System
● Transportation of water
○ From roots to all parts of the plant
○ Unidirectional

One-way only
Flow
 Why does a plant need two transportation
systems?
Second System
● Transportation of food
○ From leaves to all parts of the plant
○ Bidirectional

Two-way flow
water and food
Experiment Time!
What You Will Need
What You Need To Do
What You Will See
 Recall: Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Xylem Phloem
 Recall: Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Xylem Phloem
 Xylem
Features
● Conducting tissue
● Consists of living and non-living cells
● Conducts water and minerals
● Direction: From roots to stems
and leaves
 Xylem
Features
● Conducting tissue
● Consists of living and non-living cells
● Conducts water and minerals
● Direction: From roots to stems and leaves
● Function: Mechanical support
 Types of Xylem - Based on origin

Xylem

Primary Secondary
 Types of Xylem
Primary xylem
● Formed during the primary growth

Primary
Phloem

Primary
Xylem

Procambium

Primary Growth
 Types of Xylem
Primary xylem
● Formed during the primary growth
● Formed from procambium

Apical
Meristem

Procambium

Vascular
Tissues
 What is Procambium?
● Precursor of future primary vascular system
● First seen in embryo

Procambium

Embryo
 What is Procambium?
● Precursor of future primary vascular system
● First seen in embryo
● Later seen in root apex and shoot apex

Primary
Primary Phloem
Xylem

Procambium

Root Apex
 Primary Xylem

Xylem

Primary Secondary

Protoxylem Metaxylem

First formed primary Later formed primary

xylem elements xylem elements
 Primary Xylem

Protoxylem

Metaxylem
 Primary Xylem

Protoxylem Metaxylem

First formed Xylem Formed after protoxylem

Produced by fascicular
Produced by procambium
cambium

Matures before plant

Matures after plant tissues
tissues has finished
has finished elongation
elongation
 Primary Xylem
Stem (Endarch)
● Protoxylem: Towards the centre (pith)
● Metaxylem: Towards the periphery

Metaxylem

Protoxylem
 Primary Xylem
Roots (Exarch)
● Protoxylem: Towards the periphery
● Metaxylem: Towards the centre

Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Xylem - Components
 Xylem
Pit
Tracheids
Vessel element
Tracheids
Xylem parenchyma
Vessels cell

Xylem

Xylem Parenchyma

Xylem Fibres
 Xylem

Tracheids

Tracheids

Vessels
Xylem

Xylem Parenchyma

Xylem Fibres
 Xylem: Tracheids
Structure
● Unicellular
● Elongated
● Tube like cells
● Tapering ends
One Cell
 Xylem: Tracheids
Structure
● Thick lignified walls
● Dead or without protoplasm Lignified Cell Wall

● One of the main water

transporting elements of
xylem
 Xylem

Tracheids
Vessel element

Vessels
Xylem

Xylem Parenchyma

Xylem Fibres
 Xylem Vessel
Characteristic feature of angiosperms
 Xylem Vessels

● A long cylindrical tube-like structure

 Xylem Vessels

● A long cylindrical tube-like structure

● Multicellular - vessel members

Vessel Members
 Xylem Vessels
Structure (Individual Cell)
● Lignified walls

Lignified Wall
 Xylem Vessels
Structure (Individual Cell)
● Lignified walls
● A large central cavity

Central Cavity

Lignified Wall
 Xylem Vessels
Structure (Individual Cell)
● Lignified walls
● A large central cavity
● Devoid of protoplasm Central Cavity (No Protoplasm)

Lignified Wall
 Xylem Vessels
Structure (Individual Cell)
● Lignified walls
● A large central cavity
● Devoid of protoplasm
● Perforations in the common walls

Vessel Member 1

Vessel Member 2
 Xylem Vessels
Structure (Individual Cell)
● Lignified walls
● A large central cavity
● Devoid of protoplasm
● Perforations in the common walls
● Adjacent cells connected through
perforations

Vessel Member 1

Vessel Member 2
Tracheid and Vessel elements: Similarities

Tracheid Vessel element

Pits
 Tracheid and Vessel elements: Differences

Tracheids Vessels

Present in all vascular

Present only in angiosperms
plants

Narrow lumen Wider lumen

Less thickened than

Highly thickened
tracheids

Do not have end plates Have perforated end plates

 Xylem

Tracheids

Xylem parenchyma cell

Vessels
Xylem

Xylem Parenchyma

Xylem Fibres
 Xylem Parenchyma

● Living cells
● Thin walled cells
Thin Cellulosic Cell Wall
● Cell wall made of cellulose
 Xylem Parenchyma
Functions
● Storage
○ Food material: Starch or fat
○ Secondary metabolite: Tannins

Parenchyma with
Starch Granules
 Xylem Parenchyma
Functions
● Storage
○ Food material: Starch or fat
○ Secondary metabolite: Tannins
● Radial conduction of water: Ray parenchymatous cells

Ray Parenchyma
Have you ever wondered...
...what these are made of?
 Xylem
Pit
Tracheids
Vessel element
Tracheids
Xylem parenchyma
Vessels cell

Xylem

Xylem Parenchyma

Xylem Fibres
 Xylem Fibres
Structure
● Highly thickened walls
 Xylem Fibres
Structure
● Highly thickened walls
● Obliterated central lumens
 Xylem Fibres
Structure
● Highly thickened walls
● Obliterated central lumens
● Septate or aseptate
Septa

Septate Aseptate
 Recall: Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Xylem Phloem
 Phloem

Features
● Transports food material

Glucose moves up
to the growing bud
Bud
Leaf
Glucose
Stem production

Glucose moves down to

the growing root
Soil
 Phloem

Features
● Transports food material
● Bidirectional: From leaves to other parts of the plant
Glucose moves up
to the growing bud
Bud
Leaf
Glucose
Stem production

Glucose moves down to

the growing root
Soil
 Types of Phloem

Phloem

Primary Secondary
 Types of Phloem

Phloem

Primary Secondary

Protophloem Metaphloem

First formed phloem Later formed phloem

Phloem - Components
 Phloem
In Angiosperms
Sieve plate
Sieve Tube Elements
Sieve tube

Phloem parenchyma
Companion Cells Companion cell

Phloem

Phloem Parenchyma

Phloem Fibres
 Phloem

In Gymnosperms phloem has

● Albuminous cells and Sieve cells
● Lack sieve tubes and companion cells
 Phloem
In Angiosperms

Sieve Tube Elements

Sieve tube

Companion Cells
Phloem
Phloem
Components

Phloem Parenchyma

Phloem Fibres
 Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

Features
● Long, tube-like structures

Tube shaped
 Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

Features
● Long, tube-like structures
● Arranged longitudinally

Tube shaped
(Longitudinal arrangement)
 Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

Features
● Long, tube-like structures
● Arranged longitudinally
● Associated with companion cells

Tube shaped
(Longitudinal arrangement)
Companion Cell
 Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

Features
● Long, tube-like structures
● Arranged longitudinally
● Associated with companion cells
● Sieve Plate: perforated end walls

Sieve Plate

Tube shaped
(Longitudinal arrangement)
Companion Cell
 Phloem: Sieve Tube Elements

Mature Sieve Tube Elements

● Peripheral cytoplasm
● Large vacuole
● Lacks nucleus
● Functions controlled by the nucleus of companion cells

Narrow rim of cytoplasm

Companion cell
 Phloem
In Angiosperms

Sieve Tube Elements

Companion Cells Companion cell

Phloem

Phloem Parenchyma

Phloem Fibres
 Phloem: Companion Cells

Features
● Specialised parenchymatous cells
● Closely associated with sieve tube elements
● Non-conducting cell

Sieve plate Sieve plate

Sieve tube
Companion cell
Companion cell

Sieve tube
 Phloem: Companion Cells

The Connection
● Longitudinal walls between companion cells and sieve tubes are
connected by pit fields
● Using plasmodesmata Companion cell
● Connections maintain pressure gradient in
sieve tubes
Sieve plate

Sieve tube member

Companion cell
Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesma

Sieve tube elements

 Phloem
In Angiosperms

Sieve Tube Elements

Phloem
Parenchyma
Companion Cells
Phloem

Phloem Parenchyma

Phloem Fibres
 Phloem Parenchyma

Features
● Elongated
● Tapering cylindrical cells

Phloem parenchyma
 Phloem Parenchyma

Features
● Elongated
● Tapering cylindrical cells
● Dense cytoplasm and nucleus

Dense cytoplasm

Phloem parenchyma
 Phloem Parenchyma

Features
● Elongated
● Tapering cylindrical cells
● Dense cytoplasm and nucleus
● Absent in most monocots

Dense cytoplasm

Phloem parenchyma
 Phloem Parenchyma

Cell wall
● Cellulosic

Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell Wall
 Phloem Parenchyma

Cell wall
● Cellulosic
● Plasmodesmatal connections between cells through pits

Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell Wall

Plasmodesmata
 Phloem Parenchyma

Features
● Food storage
● Stores resins, latex and mucilage
Ever Used These?
 Phloem
In Angiosperms

Sieve Tube Elements

Companion Cells
Phloem

Phloem Parenchyma

Phloem Fibres
 Phloem Fibres/Bast Fibres

Features
● Sclerenchymatous cells
● Absent in primary phloem
● Found in secondary phloem

Bast Fibre
 Phloem Fibres/Bast Fibres
Structure
● Elongated
● Unbranched
 Phloem Fibres/Bast Fibres
Structure
● Elongated
● Unbranched
● Pointed, needle like apices
 Phloem Fibres/Bast Fibres
Structure
● Elongated
● Unbranched
● Pointed, needle like apices
● Cell wall: Very thick
 Phloem Fibres/Bast Fibres
Structure
● Elongated
● Unbranched
● Pointed, needle like apices
● Cell wall: Very thick
● At maturity
○ Looses protoplasm
○ Becomes dead
Plant Tissue Systems
 Tissue Systems

● Based on structure and location

Tissue Systems

Epidermal Ground Vascular

 Tissue Systems

● Based on structure and location

Tissue Systems

Epidermal Ground Vascular

 Epidermal Tissue System

Outermost covering of the whole plant body

Epidermal
Tissue Systems

Epidermal Epidermal
Stomata
cells appendages

Trichomes Hair
 Epidermal Tissue System

Epidermal Appendage

Epidermal Cells

Stomata
 Epidermal Tissue System

Features
● Elongated, compactly arranged cells
● Forms a continuous layer
● Usually single layered

Epidermal Tissue System

 Epidermal Cells

Features
● Parenchymatous
● Little cytoplasm lining the cell wall
● A large vacuole

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Nucleus
Ever Wondered Why This Happens?
 Epidermal Cells
Cuticle
● A waxy thick layer
● Outside the epidermis
● Prevents loss of water
Cuticle
● Absent in roots
 Stomata

● Structures in epidermis of leaves

● Regulates transpiration and gaseous exchange
● Stomatal Apparatus: Stomatal pore, two Guard cells and subsidiary cells

Stomata

Guard Cells
 Stomata
Guard Cells
● Bean shaped or dumb-bell shaped and possess chloroplast
● Enclose stomatal pore
● Thin outer wall
● Highly thickened inner wall
● Regulate opening and closing of stomata

Thick Inner Wall

Thin Outer Wall
Stomatal Pore
Chloroplast
Guard Cells
 Stomata

Monocot

Dumb-bell Shape

Dicot

Bean Shape
 Stomata
Opening and Closing of Stomata
 Stomata
Subsidiary cells
● Specialised epidermal cells
● Surround guard cells

Subsidiary Cell

Stomatal
Apparatus Stomatal Pore

Guard Cells
 Epidermal Appendages
Root hairs
● Unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells
● Help in water and mineral absorption
 Epidermal Appendages
Trichomes
● Epidermal hairs on the stem
● Usually multicellular in shoot system
● Branched or unbranched
● Soft or stiff
● May be secretory
● Prevent water loss due to transpiration
 Tissue Systems

● Based on structure and location

Tissue Systems

Epidermal Ground Vascular

 Ground Tissue System
● All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
● Consists of simple tissues:
○ Parenchyma
○ Collenchyma
○ Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Ground Tissue System

In Stems and Roots

● Parenchymatous cells
● Present in cortex, pericycle, pith, medullary rays

Cortex

Pericycle

Medullary rays

Pith
 Ground Tissue System

In Leaves
● Found in mesophyll: Thin-walled chloroplast containing cells

Palisade mesophyll

Mesophyll
Spongy
mesophyll
 Tissue Systems

● Based on structure and location

Tissue Systems

Epidermal Ground Vascular

 Recall: Permanent Tissues

Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Xylem Phloem
 The Vascular Tissue System
● Consists of complex permanent tissues

○ Xylem
○ Phloem
● Xylem + Phloem = Vascular bundles

Phloem
Xylem

Xylem Phloem
 The Vascular Tissue System
Dicotyledons
● Open vascular bundles
○ Cambium present: In between phloem and xylem
○ Vascular bundles form secondary xylem and phloem tissues

Phloem
Cambium

Xylem
 The Vascular Tissue System
Monocotyledons
● Closed vascular bundles
○ No cambium between the xylem and phloem
○ Secondary tissues not formed

Phloem

Xylem
 The Vascular Tissue System

Vascular
Bundles

Radial Conjoint

Open Closed
 The Vascular Tissue System

Types of Vascular Bundles

Variants of Vascular Bundle based on arrangement of xylem and phloem

Vascular Bundle

Radial Conjoint
 The Vascular Tissue System

Radial

● Alternate Xylem
arrangement
● Found in roots
Phloem
 The Vascular Tissue System

Types of Vascular Bundles

Variants of Vascular Bundle based on arrangement of xylem and phloem

Vascular Bundle

Radial Conjoint
 The Vascular Tissue System

Conjoint

Phloem ● Arranged together

Cambium ● Found in stems and leaves
Xylem
● Phloem usually on the outer
side of xylem
Closed Open
Did You Know?
Prominent Scientists to
study Plant Anatomy
were..
 Prominent Scientists to Study Plant Anatomy

Nehemiah Grew Marcello Malpighi

Do You Know?
 Plant Organs - 3 Types of Tissue systems

Plant parts have all three

- epidermal, vascular and
ground tissue - systems Leaf

Epidermal
● Leaf Vascular
Ground
Epidermal Stem
● Stem Vascular
Ground
Root
Epidermal
● Root Vascular
Ground
We Will Study….
 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Dicot Root
 We know that..

Dicots have taproot system

Taproot
A Transverse Section of Young Dicot Root

Epidermal Tissue

Ground Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Section of Dicot Root

 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

Epidermis / Epiblema / Rhizodermis

● Outermost layer of root - Protective in function
● Unilayered compactly arranged parenchymatous cells

Epidermis
 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

● Epidermis/Epiblema - Produces unicellular root hairs

● Characterised by
○ Absence of stomata
○ Absence of cuticle

Root hair

Epiblema
 Ground Tissue System - Cortex
Root hair
● Multilayered structure
Epidermis
● Thin walled
Cortex
parenchymatous cells
with intercellular Endodermis
spaces
● Responsible for
transport of water and
salts
● Has casparian strips
 Ground Tissue System - Endodermis

Casparian strips
● The tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells
have suberin deposition : Casparian strip
● Suberin is a waxy layer and hence impermeable to
water
Cortex
Casparian strip
Pericycle
Casparian strip
 Ground Tissue System - Endodermis

Passage cells
● Few endodermal cells do not have suberin
deposition
● These cells will allow water to pass through

Endodermis

Cortex
Passage cell

Casparian strip
 Ground Tissue System - Pericycle

Pericycle
● Few layers of thick walled parenchymatous cells
● Forms lateral roots
Lateral Root
Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle
 Ground Tissue System - Pericycle

Pericycle
● Few layers of thick walled parenchymatous cells
● Also helps in secondary growth by forming cambium

Endodermis
Pericycle
Cambium
Cortex
 Ground Tissue System - Conjuctive Tissue

● Parenchymatous cells which lie between the xylem and

the phloem

Cortex

Endodermis

Pericycle

Phloem
Conjuctive Tissue

Xylem
 Ground Tissue System - Pith

● Located at the centre of the root

● Small or inconspicuous

Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle

Pith

Conjuctive Tissue
 Vascular Tissue System

● Xylem and phloem

Cortex

Endodermis

Pericycle

Metaxylem
Phloem
Protoxylem
 Recall - Vascular Bundles

Vascular Bundles

Conjoint Radial

Phloem Xylem

Xylem
Phloem
 Vascular Tissue System

● Radial : Xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate

manner along different radii

Phloem Xylem

Xylem
Phloem
 Vascular Tissue System - Xylem and Phloem

● Diarch to tetrarch: There are 2 to 4 xylem and phloem

bundles

Phloem

Metaxylem

Protoxylem
 Vascular Tissue System - Xylem

● Exarch: Protoxylem towards periphery, metaxylem

towards centre

Phloem

Metaxylem

Protoxylem
Can you recall the
components of
epidermal tissue
system?
 Epidermal Tissue System

● Constitutes epidermis and root hairs

Root hair
Epidermis
 Can you recall the
components of Ground
tissue system?
 Ground Tissue System

● Constitutes cortex, endodermis, pericycle, conjunctive

tissue and pith

Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle
Pith
Conjunctive Tissue
 Can you recall the
components of the
vascular tissue system?
 Vascular Tissue System

● Constitutes xylem and phloem

Phloem

Metaxylem
Protoxylem
 Components of Stele
Stele

Vascular
Pericycle Pith
Bundles

Phloem
Pericycle
Xylem

Pith
 Summary - Anatomy of Dicot Root

EPIDERMIS GENERAL
CORTEX

ENDODERMIS
DICOT
CORTEX
ROOT
PERICYCLE

VASCULAR
STELE
BUNDLES

PITH
Transverse section of Dicot Root

Root hair
Epidermis

Cortex

Endodermis
Phloem
Pericycle
Xylem
Conjunctive tissue
Pith
Question Time
 Casparian strips are made up of

a) Suberin b) Pectin

c) Lignin d) Hemicellulose
 Casparian strips are made up of

a) Suberin b) Pectin

c) Lignin d) Hemicellulose
 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Monocot Root
 Monocot Root

● Monocots - have fibrous root system

Anatomy of Monocot root

Epidermal Tissue

Ground
Tissue

Vascular
Tissue
Anatomy of Monocot root
Root hair

Epiblema
Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle
Pith

Phloem
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Anatomy of Monocot root

Cortex

Endodermis
Pericycle

Protoxylem
Metaxylem
 Regions of Monocot Root

EPIDERMIS GENERAL
CORTEX

ENDODERMIS
MONOCOT CORTEX
ROOT
PERICYCLE

VASCULAR
STELE
BUNDLES

PITH
 Dicot And Monocot Root
Dicot root Monocot root

Root hair

Epiblema

Cortex

Endodermis
Phloem
Pericycle
Xylem

Pith
 Differences between
Monocot and Dicot Root
 Vascular Bundles

● Dicot root : Diarch to ● Monocot root : Polyarch

tetrarch

Phloem

Xylem
 Pith

● Dicot root : Small or ● Monocot root : Large ,

inconspicuous well developed

Pith
 Secondary Growth

● In pericycle of dicot roots - Vascular cambium - Secondary growth

● In pericycle of monocot roots - No vascular cambium - No secondary
growth

Dicot root Monocot root

Question Time
 Monocot root shows

a) tetrarch condition b) diarch condition

c) polyarch condition d) triarch condition

 Monocot root shows

a) tetrarch condition b) diarch condition

c) polyarch condition d) triarch condition

 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Dicot Leaf
 Dicot leaf

● It has reticulate venation

Dicot Leaf (Ficus)

 Dicot leaf

● Dicot leaf/Dorsiventral leaf - Two surfaces

○ Dorsal and ventral surface

Dorsal Surface Ventral Surface

 Transverse Section of Plant Organs

Plant Tissue systems

● Epidermal
● Vascular
● Ground
 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

● Epidermis on upper surface of leaf - Adaxial epidermis

● Epidermis on lower surface of leaf - Abaxial epidermis
● Conspicuous cuticle on adaxial epidermis

Cuticle
Adaxial epidermis

Abaxial epidermis
 Epidermal Tissue System - Stomata

Stomata :
● Present in epidermis of leaf
● Abaxial epidermis has more number of stomata
● Hence called hypostomatic leaf

Cuticle
Adaxial epidermis

Abaxial epidermis

Stoma
 Epidermal Tissue System - Stomata

● Guard cells - Bean shaped

Stomatal Pore

Subsidiary Cells
Guard Cells
 Ground Tissue System - Mesophyll

● Between upper and lower epidermis

● Differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma
● These are parenchyma cells with chloroplasts - Chlorenchyma

Adaxial Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll

Spongy Mesophyll
Substomatal Cavity
Abaxial Epidermis
Stoma
 Ground Tissue System - Mesophyll

Palisade Parenchyma:
● Present near adaxial epidermis
● Elongated cells arranged vertically and are parallel to each other

Adaxial Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll

Spongy Mesophyll
Substomatal Cavity
Abaxial Epidermis
Stoma
 Ground Tissue System - Mesophyll

Spongy Parenchyma:
● Oval or round and loosely arranged
● Present below palisade parenchyma, extends to lower epidermis
● Has large intercellular spaces with air cavities

Adaxial Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll
Air Cavity
Spongy Mesophyll
Substomatal Cavity
Abaxial Epidermis
Stoma
 Vascular Tissues - Xylem and Phloem

Vascular bundles:
● Vascular tissues are present in midrib and veins
● Size of vascular bundles varies due to variation in thickness of veins
● Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath cells
● Xylem is on upper side and phloem on lower side

Xylem

Bundle sheath cells

Phloem
 Regions of Dicot Leaf
UPPER
EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS LOWER
EPIDERMIS

PALISADE
DICOT MESOPHYLL
PARENCHYMA
LEAF SPONGY
PARENCHYMA

VASCULAR
BUNDLES
 Regions of Dicot Leaf

Bundle Sheath
Xylem
Phloem
Adaxial Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll

Air Cavity
Spongy Mesophyll

Substomatal Cavity
Abaxial Epidermis
Stoma
Question Time

3:4
Leaf has

A. xylem on upper side and phloem on lower side of the

dicot leaf

B. xylem in middle, phloem on either sides of xylem

C. xylem on lower side and phloem on upper side

D. xylem and phloem on different radii

Leaf has

A. xylem on upper side and phloem on lower side of the

dicot leaf

B. xylem in middle, phloem on either sides of xylem

C. xylem on lower side and phloem on upper side

D. xylem and phloem on different radii

 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Monocot Leaf
 Monocot Leaf

● It has parallel venation

 Monocot Leaf/Isobilateral Leaf

● Monocot leaf/Isobilateral leaf - Both surfaces are similar

 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

● Epidermis on upper surface of leaf - Adaxial epidermis

● Epidermis on lower surface of leaf - Abaxial epidermis
● Conspicuous cuticle on both surfaces

Cuticle
Adaxial epidermis

Abaxial epidermis

Cuticle
 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

Stomata :
● Present in epidermis of leaf on both sides
● Equal number of stomata - Adaxial and abaxial epidermis
● Hence called amphistomatic leaf
Stoma

Adaxial Epidermis

Substomatal Cavity

Abaxial Epidermis
Stoma
 Epidermal Tissue System - Stomata

● Guard cells - dumbbell shaped

Stomatal Pore

Subsidiary Cells
Guard Cells
 Epidermal Tissue System - Bulliform Cells

Bulliform Cells
● Large, empty, colourless cells present in adaxial epidermis
● Help in rolling and unrolling of leaves - due to change in turgidity

Bulliform cells Adaxial epidermis

Xylem
Phloem

Abaxial epidermis
 Ground Tissue System - Mesophyll

● Between upper and lower epidermis

● Mesophyll is undifferentiated
● Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts - Chlorenchyma

Adaxial Epidermis

Mesophyll
Substomatal Cavity

Abaxial Epidermis
Stomata
 Vascular Tissues - Xylem and Phloem

Vascular bundles :
● Size of vascular bundles are nearly similar - except in main veins
● Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath cells
● Xylem is on upper side and phloem on lower side

Cuticle
Adaxial epidermis
Substomatal Chamber

Mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Abaxial epidermis
Stoma
 Regions Of Monocot Leaf

Monocot Leaf

Vascular
Epidermis Mesophyll
Bundles

Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis

 Anatomy of Monocot Leaf

Cuticle
Adaxial epidermis

Xylem
Mesophyll

Substomatal Cavity
Abaxial epidermis

Phloem Stoma
 Dicot and Monocot Leaf
Xylem
Cuticle
Adaxial
Epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll
Abaxial Epidermis

Phloem Stomata

Dicot Leaf
 Dicot and Monocot Leaf
Xylem
Cuticle Stomata

Adaxial
Epidermis

Mesophyll

Abaxial Epidermis

Phloem Stomata
Monocot Leaf
 Differences Between Dicot and Monocot Leaves

Features Dicot leaf Monocot leaf

More on lower Equally distributed on
Stomata surface both surfaces

Shape of guard cells Bean shaped Dumbbell shaped

Differentiated
into palisade and
Mesophyll spongy
Undifferentiated
parenchyma

Size depends on Size is similar due to

Size of vascular bundles the size of veins similar size of vein in
hence dissimilar parallel venation
Question Time
 Bulliform cells are present in

a) monocot stem b) monocot leaf

c) dicot leaf d) monocot root

 Bulliform cells are present in

a) monocot stem b) monocot leaf

c) dicot leaf d) monocot root

 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Monocot Stem
Transverse section of Monocot Stem

Epidermis
Hypodermis

Vascular bundles

Ground tissue
 Epidermal Tissue System - Epidermis

● Unilayered parenchymatous cells

● Covered by cuticle

Epidermis Cuticle
 Hypodermis

● Made up of sclerenchyma cells

Epidermis Cuticle

Hypodermis
 Recall - Sclerenchyma
Simple dead mechanical tissue
● They provide mechanical support
 Ground Tissue

● Large, parenchymatous Cuticle

Epidermis
● Vascular bundles Hypodermis
scattered in ground tissue
● Peripheral vascular Ground tissue
bundles are generally
smaller than the centrally
located vascular bundles
Vascular Bundles
 Recall - Vascular Bundles

Vascular Bundles

Conjoint Radial

Phloem Xylem

Xylem
Phloem
 Vascular Bundles

● Conjoint: Xylem and phloem on the same radius

● Sclerenchymatous bundle sheath surrounds the vascular bundles
● Phloem parenchyma is absent

Phloem
Metaxylem
Protoxylem

Bundle sheath
 Vascular Bundles

● Closed due to absence of cambium

● Lacks secondary growth

Phloem
Metaxylem
Protoxylem

Bundle sheath
 Vascular Bundles - Xylem

● Endarch: Protoxylem towards centre, metaxylem towards periphery

Phloem
Metaxylem

Protoxylem
Bundle sheath
 Vascular Bundles - Xylem

● Xylem : vessels arranged in a V or Y shape.

● Protoxylem disintegrates forming protoxylem lacuna which transforms
into water filled cavities
● Hence vascular bundle appears skull shaped

Phloem
Metaxylem
Protoxylem

Bundle sheath
 Anatomy Of Monocot Stem
MONOCOT
STEM

EPIDERMIS HYPODERMIS

SCATTERED VASCULAR
BUNDLES IN GROUND
TISSUE
Anatomy Of Monocot Stem
Cuticle
Epidermis
Hypodermis

Vascular Bundles

Ground Tissue

Phloem
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Bundle Sheath
 Transverse section of Plant Parts
Different Sections of Plant Parts

Dicot Monocot Monocot Monocot Dicot

Dicot Leaf
Root Root Leaf Stem Stem
Let us explore the dicot
stem...
 Anatomy of Dicot stem

Section of dicot stem

 Epidermis
Epidermis

Transverse section of dicot stem

 Epidermis

● Epidermis - Outermost protective layer

○ Trichome - Epidermal hair
○ Stomata - Pores for gas exchange
● Covered by thin cuticle

Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
 Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis

Section of dicot stem

Cortex

Cortex
 Cortex

Three layers of cortex

Outer - Hypodermis

Middle - General Cortex

Inner - Endodermis
 Cortex

Three layers of cortex

Outer - Hypodermis
Collenchymatous cells -
Mechanical strength

Middle - General Cortex

Inner - Endodermis
 Cortex

Three layers of cortex

Outer - Hypodermis

Middle - General Cortex

Parenchymatous cells -
Cushioning
Round and with intercellular
spaces
Chlorenchyma -
Parenchyma with
chloroplasts
Inner - Endodermis
 Cortex

Three layers of cortex

Outer - Hypodermis

Middle - General Cortex

Inner - Endodermis
Cells rich in starch - Food
storage
Starch sheath
Quick Summary: Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Chlorenchyma
General Cortex
Endodermis

Section of dicot stem

Pericycle

Pericycle
 Pericycle
● Inner to endodermis
● Semilunar patches
● Composed of Sclerenchymatous cells

Pericycle
Quick Summary: Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Chlorenchyma
General Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle

Section of dicot stem

Medullary Rays & Vascular Bundles
Medullary ray

Vascular
Bundle
 Medullary Rays

● Medullary Rays: Few strips of radially placed

parenchyma cells

Medullary rays
 Vascular Bundles
● Xylem + Phloem
● Ring arrangement
Vascular
Bundles
 Vascular Bundles

● Ring arrangement
● Conjoint vascular bundles
 Recall - Vascular Bundles
Vascular Bundles

Radial Conjoint

Open Closed

Xylem
Phloem

Cambium
Phloem Xylem
 Vascular Bundles

● Ring arrangement
● Conjoint vascular bundles
● Open - with cambium in between xylem and phloem

Phloem

Cambium

Xylem
 Recall - Vascular Bundles

Vascular Bundles

Endarch Exarch
 Vascular Bundles

● Ring arrangement
● Conjoint
● Open
● Endarch

Metaxylem

Protoxylem
 Quick Summary: Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Chlorenchyma
General Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Primary
Vascular phloem
Cambium Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Primary
medullary ray
Section of dicot stem
Pith

Pith
 Pith

● Pith - Large number of parenchymatous cells with

large intercellular spaces
Pith
 Quick Look Back: Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
Hypodermis
Chlorenchyma
General Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Primary
Vascular phloem
Cambium Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Primary
medullary ray
Section of dicot stem
 Anatomy of Dicot stem
Epidermal Tissue Vascular Tissue Ground Tissue

Epidermis Vascular Bundles Hypodermis

Epidermal hair General Cortex

Cuticle
Epidermis Endodermis
Hypodermis
Chlorenchyma Pericycle
General Cortex
Endodermis Medullary rays
Pericycle
Primary phloem Pith
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Pith
Primary medullary
ray
Question Time

3:4
 The correct order of arrangement of layers in a
primary dicot stem from outside to inside is

a) Epidermis → Cortical layers → Endodermis → Pericycle

→ Hypodermis

b) Epidermis → Pericycle → Hypodermis → Vascular bundle

→ Pith

c) Epidermis → Hypodermis → Cortical layers → Endodermis

→ Pericycle

d) Epidermis → Hypodermis → Endodermis → Cortical

layers → Pith
 The correct order of arrangement of layers in a
primary dicot stem from outside to inside is

a) Epidermis → Cortical layers → Endodermis → Pericycle

→ Hypodermis

b) Epidermis → Pericycle → Hypodermis → Vascular bundle

→ Pith

c) Epidermis → Hypodermis → Cortical layers → Endodermis

→ Pericycle

d) Epidermis → Hypodermis → Endodermis → Cortical

layers → Pith
Dicot Stem vs Monocot
Stem
 Dicot Stem vs Monocot Stem

Characters Dicot Stem Monocot Stem

Hypodermis Collenchymatous Sclerenchymatous

Differentiated into Not differentiated, but it

Ground tissue cortex, endodermis and is a continuous mass of
pericycle and pith parenchyma

Starch Sheath Present Absent

 Dicot Stem vs Monocot Stem

Characters Dicot Stem Monocot Stem

Medullary rays Present Absent

● Closed
● Open
● Scattered in
● Arranged in a
Vascular ground tissue
ring
bundles ● Secondary
● Secondary growth
usually does not
growth occurs
occur