GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY: KHUSBOO
TO
MISS SANJANA MALIK
1. WHAT IS GIS?
■ GIS stands to geographical information system.
when we capture real world information of some
area or place and then we store, analyze and
display geographically referenced information.
■ GIS consists of integrated computer hardware and
software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output
and visualize geographical data.
2. CONCEPT OF GEO- INFORMATICS?
■ Geoinformatics is the science and the technology which develops and uses information
science infrastructure to address the problems of Earth sciences such as geography,
geodesy, cartography, photogrammetry, GPS, GIS, and related branches of science and
engineering.
■ Geoinformatics is the integration of all geographical informations which we collect
from the earth and run through GIS software.
3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GIS?
■ THE EARLY AGE (1038AD-1907)
■ THE MIDDLE AGE( 1908-47)
■ THE MODERN AGE (1946 ONWARDS)
■ THE EARLY AGE (1038 AD- 1907):
• In year 1038 an Al Hazen an arabian mathematician explain the principle of
camera obscura to observe solar eclipse.
• It is the first ever camera is used for taking the pictures.
• It takes 7 to 8 hours to taking pictures.
■ THE MIDDLE AGE (1908- 46):
• in year 1903, the wright brothers (Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright) of Dayton,
Ohio, changed the world with their flying machines, they built a first operational
aircraft proppler.
• The camera strobe (capable to capture series of photograph momentarily) was
first developed by Dr. Eggerton to aid allied bombers in night photography
during world war 2.
• In the beginning of world war 2 give a real boost to photo interpretation.
• Examples of interpretation: identification of v-1 rockets, radar, water depth
detector for amphibian landing and vegetation indictors of trafficability
■ THE MODERN AGE (1946 ONWARDS):
• Space remote sensing began in earnest in the period 1946-50 when many
cameras were carried on rockets and ballistic missiles.
• In 4 October,1957 Sputnik 1 launched by Russia which was the world first
satellite.
• In 1958 Explorer 1 launched by USA. It was the first ever spacecraft which
detect von Allen Radiation Belt.
• In 1970 Dong Fang Hong 1 launched by China artificial satellite
4. COMPONENTS
AND APPLICATIONS
OF GIS?
GIS mainly has on 4
components:
1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE
3. METHODS
4. DATA
5. PEOPLE
■ HARDWARE: Hardware is the computer on which GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs on a
wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used
in stand- alone or networked configurations.
■ SOFTWARE: GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyse and
display geographic information.
Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information.
A database management system (DBMS).
Tools that support geographic query, analysis and visualization.
A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools.
■ DATA: The most important component of GIS is data. Geographic data and related tabular
data can be collected in house or purchased from a commercial data provider. It can be
collected in any form raster, vector( spatial, non spatial).
■ METHODS: Methods are the procedure from which or where we collect the data. A successful
GIS operates according to well- designed plan and business rules, which are the models and
operating practices unique to each organization.
■ PEOPLE: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and
develop plans for applying it to real world problems.
APPLICATIONS OF GIS
Mapping and Urban and Disaster
Agriculture
navigation town planning management
Business,
Environmental Water Telecom
marketing,
management management services
and sales
Reservoir and
Geology and
dam site
soil analysis
location
■ URBAN & TOWN PLANNING: Remote sensing is used to analyze urban landscapes and to
plan and manage urban areas. They can provide information on land use, transportation,
infrastructure and other aspects of urban development, helping planners to make
informed decisions.
■ AGRICULTURE: Remote sensing is used to monitoring crop health and yield, and to
assess soil quality and moisture levels. This information can be used to optimize crop
production and to develop strategies for sustainable agriculture.
■ DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Remote sensing is used to monitor natural disaster such as
floods, landslides, and wildfires and to assess the damage caused by them. This
information can be used to plan relief efforts and to develop strategies for mitigating the
impacts of future disasters.
■ ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT: Remote sensing used to manage and monitor natural
resources such as forests, water bodies, and agricultural lands. They can provide
information on land use, land cover, vegetation health, soil moisture and other
parameters helping decision makers to make informed choices about resource
management.
■ BUSINESS MARKETING & SALES: Businesses and companies can use GIS tools to evaluate
their competitors as well as analyze the markets. This way, they can create impactful
marketing strategies to maintain a strong position in the market. They can also improve
production processes to make operations more efficient and effective.
■ GEOLOGY & SOIL ANALYSIS: By studying previous data sets, satellite images, or even
analyzing the field directly, field workers can gather information about the land and
soil conditions.
