STATIC OF FLUID MECHANICS
Pressure:
When a uniform pressure ( P ) acts on a flat plate of area (A ) and a
force(F ) pushes the plate, then :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
Units of pressure:
1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm.) [ Standard atmospheric pressure]
1 atm. =760 mm H.g.= 101.325 kPa. at 273.15 K, and g=9.80665 m/
Table (1) Conversion of pressure units
Absolute pressure and gage pressure:
There are two methods used to express the pressure
1- Based on the perfect vacuum and called absolute pressure.
2- Based on the atmospheric pressure and called gage pressure.
Gage pressure = absolute pressure – atmospheric pressure
Fig.(1) Absolute pressure and Gauge pressure.
In Fig. (3), when the small piston of area A1 is acted upon by the force
F1, the liquid pressure P=F1/A is produced and the large piston is acted
upon by the force F2= PA2, thus:
P1= P2 same level
F 2 = F1 small force on small piston (F1) create large
force (F2). This is the principle of the hydraulic pressure.
Piston (1) Piston (2)
Fig. (3) Hydraulic pressure
Measurement of pressure:
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure +gage pressure
Absolute pressure= atmospheric pressure- vacuum
Fig. (4) Liquid pressure devices
If pressure >local atmospheric then the pressure is positive usually
measured in Pascal (Pa.)
If pressure <local atmospheric then the pressure is negative usually
measured in millimeters Hg.
1- Bourdon gage:
Pressure gauge elastic-type
An elastic-type pressure gauge is a type of pressure gauge which
measures
The pressure by balancing the pressure of the fluid with the force of
deformation of an elastic solid. The Bourdon tube (invented by Eugene
Bourdon, 1808-84) (Fig. 5).
The diaphragm (Fig. 6), the bellows, etc., are widely employed for this
type of pressure gauge.
Of these, the Bourdon tube pressure gauge (Bourdon gauge) of Fig. 5
is the most widely used in industry
Fig.(5) Bourdon gage Fig.(6) Diaphragm gauge
2- Barometer:
It is a device used to measure the absolute pressure by measuring
the free surface in Piezometers tube.
4. Manometer Column / Tube
Devices in which column of a suitable liquid are used to measure the
difference in pressure between a certain point and the atmosphere or
between two points neither of which is necessarily atmosphere
pressure.
Manometers
Ex.1 :
Method 1
P2 = ϒW * h1 + PA ------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
P3 = ϒH.G * h2 + Patm. = ϒH.G * h2 + 0 = ϒH.G * h2 -----------------------(2)
P2 =P3 [ Same level]
ϒW * h1 + PA = ϒH.G * h2
PA= ϒH.G * h2 - ϒW * h1 Ans.
Method 2
PA + ϒW * h1 - ϒH.G * h2 = Patm.
PA + ϒW * h1 - ϒH.G * h2 = 0
PA = ϒH.G * h2 - ϒW * h1 Ans.
Q1: Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. (r.d. air =.0012).
Solution of Q1
PA – (9.8)(0.5)+(0.0012*9.8)(0.30) +[(13.6)(9.8)](0.15)-[(0.83)(9.8)](0.45)=0
PA – 4.9 + 0.003528 + 19.992 – 3.6603 =0
PA + 11.435 =0
PA = -11.435 kPa.
Example 4:
Compute the gage reading if the r.d. of the oil is 0.85 and the atmospheric
pressure is 755mm Hg.
Solution:
Pgage)abs = PV + ϒHg. *0.5 + ϒ oil *1.5
= 0 + 13.57 * ϒwater * 0.5 + 0.85 * ϒwater* 1.5
= 0 + 13.57 * 9.8 kN/m3* 0.5 m + 0.85 * 9.8 kN/m3 *1.5 m
= 0 + 66.493 + 12. 495
= 78.988 kPa.
Patm. = 755 mm Hg.
= 0.75 * 13.57 * 9.8
= 100.4 kPa.
Pgage = p abs - Patm.
= 78.988 – 100.4
= -21.412 kPa. Vacuum.
Ex. 5 : The manometer reading is 150mm when the cone is empty
( water level was at point A). Compute the manometer reading when the cone is
full?
Ans. Manometer reading = 0.38 m
Solution:
1- When the cone is empty, before adding water ( water level was at point A).
Then water is at point A to point B
The manometer reading is 150mm, which means DC = 150mm Mercury (H.g.)
Pressure at point B = Pressure at point C [ same level]
PC = PB
ϒH.g. * 0.15m = ϒWater* YAB
(13.57 * ϒWater )* 0.15m = ϒWater* YAB : r.d.H.g. = then 13.57 =
13.57 *0.15 = YAB
YAB = 2.0355 m
2- When the cone is full after adding water , ( water level was at point O).
Water additional pressure cause the water move to point E instead of B
This means water column from point O to point E
This means Δhwater [BE] from right took its place instead of ΔhH.g.
Then ΔhH.g. pushed to the left side, and the H.g. rise from left [ ΔhH.g=DG]
Pressure at point E = pressure at point F [ same level]
PE=PF
PE= (3+YAB+Δhw ) * ϒwater
PE= (3+YAB+Δh ) * ϒwater -----------------------------------------------(1)
PF= (2 ΔhH.g +0.15) * ϒH.g.
PF= (2 Δh +0.15) *13.57 * ϒwater --------------------------------------(2)
PE= PF
(3+YAB+Δh ) * ϒwater = (2 Δh +0.15) *13.57 * ϒwater
3+YAB+Δh = (2 Δh +0.15) *13.57
Δh = 0.115 m
