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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1
Tips for the Exam
UNIT I: Overview of Information and
communications technology
Unit I Outline

Lesson 1: Introduction Lesson 2: Elements of a

to Computers Computer System
1.1. Data Processing Cycle 2.1. Hardware
1.1.1. Input 2.2. Software
1.1.2. Output 2.3. Peopleware
Unit I Outline

Lesson 3:
Classification
of Computers Lesson 4: Lesson 5:
3.1. According to Size Capabilities History of
3.2. According to and Limitations Computing
Types of Data Handling
of Computers
3.3. According to
Purpose
 Lesson 1
Introduction to computers
Data Processing Cycle
Input (Data) Output (Information)
 Raw facts including  Processed data, more
texts, numbers, meaningful to user
images, sounds, etc

Processing
Data in COntext Summarized
Data
 Lesson 2
Elements of a Computer System
 Hardware Software Peopleware

• Physical • Instructions • People

components of with specific involved in
a computer tasks that run the I.T.
the computer system (user
system or developer)
 Lesson 3
Classification of Computers
 According to size

Supercomputer Mainframe

• Used for intensive/complex • Bulk processing

computations • Census, transactions,
• Mainly used by scientists businesses

• Largest by size • 2nd largest by size

 According to size
Microcomputer/Personal
Minicomputer Computer

• Less than a mainframe in • Beginner-friendly, cheap,

every aspect portable

• Less popular due to PCs

 According to Types of Data handling

Analog Digital Hybrid

• Data in continuous • Data in discrete • Digital computers
form form
that transforms
• Uses physical • Calculations in the
quantities form of 0 and 1 analog to digital
(mechanical motion, (binary)
fluid pressure,
electric potential
 According to Purpose

Special Purpose General Purpose

• Made for a specific task • Banks on versatility

• Runs specialized programs • Variety of tasks/programs

 Lesson 4
Capabilities and Limitations of
COmputers
 Capabilities Limitations

 Speed  User-dependent

 Accuracy  Emotionless

 Reliability  Requires power source

 Versatility  Susceptible to

 Storage cyberattacks

 Environment-sensitive
 Lesson 5
History of COmputing
 Abacus Pascaline

2400 BC 17th Century

 Calculating tool  “Pascal’s Calculator,” made by
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
 Used for basic arithmetic and
square root  Arithmetic machine
 Blaise Pascal

1623 - 1662
 French mathematician,
physicist, inventor,
writer, Christian
philosopher
 Leibniz Calculator Analytical Engine

17th Century 18th Century

 Charles Babbage (1791-1871) “Father of
 “Stepped Reckoner,” made by Computer”
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646  Lady Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) “First
Computer Programmer”
– 1716)
 Similar elements to modern digital
computer
 Arithmetic machine
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1646 - 1716
 German polymath and a
natural philosopher of
enlightenment
Charles Babbage Lady Ada Lovelace

1791 - 1871 1815 - 1852

 Tabulating Machine Turing Machine

1890 1936
 Made by Alan Turing (1912 – 1954)
 Made by Herman Hollerith (1860
 Father of AI and modern computer
– 1929)
 “single best contribution to the allied
victory” in WWII
 Used in 1890 US Census, used
 Encapsulates the fundamental logical
punch cards principles of a digital computer
 Herman Hollerith

1860 - 1929

 American businessman,
inventor, and statistician

 Founder of IBM
 AlAn TUring

1912 - 1954
 English mathematician, computer
scientist, philosopher, and
theoretical biologist

 Faced persecution due to being

gay

 Gave rise to “Alan Turing Law”

 Z1 – Z4 Units Harvard Mark I

1936 - 1943 1937

 Made by Konrad Zuse (1910 –  Made by Howard Aiken and IBM

1995)  Room-sized & relay-based,
 Aided in engineering produced mathematical tables
 HP 200A Audio Oscillator Atanasoff Berry Computer

1939 1937 - 1942

 First product of David Packard and  Made by Professor John Vincent

Bill Hewlett (HP) Atanasoff and Cliff Berry

 Test equipment for engineers  First electronic digital computer

 Used as SFX generator by Disney  Patent dispute with ENIAC

Hewlett And Packard

 HP was found in a
garage in Palo Alto,
California
 Colossus ENIAC

1943 1946
 “Electronic Numerical Integrator and
 Designed by Tommy Flowers
Computer”

 Designed to break Lorenz ciphers  Designed by John Mauchly and J, Presper

Eckert
 A “giant brain” due to thousands of
components
 EDVAC Manchester Mark I

1947 1949

 “Electronic Discrete Variable  Designed by Frederic C. Williams

Automatic Computer” and Tom Kilburn

 By Mauchly and Eckert  First Stored Program Digital

Computer
 Successor of ENIAC
 John Von Neumann

1903 - 1957
 Hungarian-born American
mathematician

 His definition of the stored

program computer architecture
was the basis of Manchester
Mark I
 EDSAC UNIVAC

1949 1951

 “Electronic Delay Storage Automatic  “Universal Automatic Computer”

Calculator”
 By Mauchly and Eckert
 Constructed by Maurice Wilkes
 First General Purpose Computer
 Second Usefully Operational Electronic
Digital Stored Program Computer
 SAGE NEAC 2203

1954 1960

 “Semi-Automatic Ground Environment”  Made by Nippon Electric Company

 Air defense system (NEC)

 Tracks radar, has modems and graphical  Earliest transistorized Japanese

displays computer
 CDC 6600 IBM 360

1964 1964

 Designed by Seymour Cray, manufactured  Family of 6 computers and 40

by Control Data Corporation peripherals
 First successful supercomputer
 Uses integrated circuits
 DEC PDP Apollo Guidance
Computer

1965 1968

 Made by Digital Equipment  Developed under Dr. Charles Stark

Corporation Draper

 First successful commercial  Guided Apollo 7 and Apollo 11

minicomputer (PDP – 8)
 Communicated using two-digit codes
 Interface message KENBAK-1
Processor

1969 1971

 Featured first generation of  Developed by John Blankenbaker

gateways
 “World’s First Personal Computer”
 Critical task in the development of
 Lacks microprocessor, output is a
ARPANET
series of blinking lights
 Altair 8800 APPLE I

1975 1976

 Manufacured by MITS, invented by Ed  Developed by Steve Wozniak and

Roberts Steve Jobs

 Software language is BASIC  Initially a “build-it-yourself’

computer
 “First Mainstream Personal
Computer”
 Ed ROberts

 Coined the term

“personal computer”
Steve Wozniak and Steve
Jobs

 Rejected at HP

 Offered Apple I to Silicon

Valley’s Homebrew Computer
Club

 Managed to sell pre-built

models to the Byte Shop
 APPLE II Cray

1977 1976

 Produced brilliant color graphics  Designed by Seymour Cray

 “Fastest Computing Machine upon its

Release”
 Seymour Cray

 Computer architect,
created supercomputers
 Tardy Radio Shack (TRS) VAX 780

1977 1978

 By Tardy Corporation  From Digital Equipment Corporation

 4.3 GB of virtual memory, operating

system is VMS
 ATARI 400 Atari 800

1979 1979

 By Atari  By Atari

 Game Console  Home Computer

 IBM PC Osborne

1981 1981

 Ignited growth of PC market  By Osborne Computer Corporation

 Uses MS-DOS operating system  “First True Portable Computer”

 Pushed PC into corporate and

consumer mainstream
 Commodore 64 Hewlett-Packard 150

1982 1983

 By Commodore Business Machines  “Earliest Commercialized Touch

Screen Computer”
 Apple Lisa Apple Macintosh

1983 1984

 By Steve Jobs  Has software icons

 Resuscitated PC business
 IBM PS2 NeXT

1987 1988

 By Steve Jobs  Made by Steve Jobs shortly after

leaving Apple
 Deep Blue iPhone

1997 2007

 By IBM  Mobile phone with touchscreen

features
 Played a game of chess with Garry
Kasparov
iPad Google Glass Apple Watch

2010 2013 2014

 Stopped production  Wearable computer
after several
prototypes
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1
It’s time for a quiz
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1
UNIT II: Number System
Number Systems
NOTE:

16
NOTE:

RADIX/BASE
16
Number system
NOTE:
2 1 0
16 16 16 Positional weight

RADIX/BASE
16
Number system
NOTE:
256 16 1 Positional weight
RADIX/BASE

16
Number system
Number Systems
Whole Number Conversion
Whole Number Conversion

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Whole Number Conversion

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EXERCISE
Whole Number Conversion

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EXAMPLE
110 100 101 001 110(2) to Octal

6 4 5 1 6 = 64516
Whole Number Conversion

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Whole Number Conversion

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Fractional Number Conversion
Fractional Number System

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Fractional Number System

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Fractional Number System

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Fractional Number System

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Fractional Number System

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Number System
Arithmetic
Addition
Addition

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Subtraction
Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Binary Subtraction

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Data Representation
Numeric Representation
Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD)
Unpacked Decimal Format (UDF)
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Packed Decimal Format (PDF)
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Sign-magnitude Representation
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Absolute Value Representation
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Floating Point Numbers Representation
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Alphanumeric Representation
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
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Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code. (EBCDIC)
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Parity Bit

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1
It’s time for a quiz
See you Tomorrow!
 A r e you ready?

NEW STUDENTS’’ ORIENTATION

WHEN?D e c e m b e r 2, 2 0 2 4 (Monday)
9 : 0 0 A M -12:00 PM
WHERE?Bulwagang Balagtas
WHO? All Fi rs t Year Stu dents , Shiftees, T r a n s f e r e e s , and
La dderize d w i t h Parents /Gu ardians
*Bringing y o ur pare nts/guardi ans is optional!

WHAT TOWEAR? W e a r y o u r BLUE c o m f o r t a b l e clothes!

 How t o get there?

WhERE IS BUlWAgANg BAlAgTAS

lOcATED?
1. Enter PUP Main Entrance
2.Go straight on main road, pass Mabini Obelisk
replica
3.Cross PUP Lagoon and Amphitheater
4.Turn right at Charlie Del Rosario Hall
5.Find Ninoy Aquino Library (NALLRC) on right
6.Enter NALLRC building
7.Go to 4th floor
8.Locate Bulwagang Balagtas
REFERENcE
MAP
MAP
REFERENcE
✨
Photo Opportunity
(dol) Fin.