ENGLISH

PORTFOLIO

Alejandra García Bravo

1º Ed. Primaria

INDEX

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Present simple and continuous…………………………………………….…. 3
Future forms…………………………………………………………………….………4
Present perfect and past simple ………………………………………………5
Present perfect + for/since; present perfect continuous ………….7
Comparatives and superlatives: adjectives and adverbs ……….…8
Can, could, be able to (ability and possibility) ………………………….9
Have to, must, should …………………………………………………………..…10
Usually and used to …………………………………………………………………11
The passive: be + past participle ……………………………………………..13
Modals of deduction: might, can’t, must …………………………………14
First conditional and future time clauses + when, until, etc. ……14
Second conditional ………………………………………………………………….15
Third conditional ……………………………………………………………………..15
Reported speech: sentences and questions …………………………….16
Relative clauses ……………………………………………………………………....18
Logical connectors …………………………………………………………………..19

1. PRESENT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

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PRESENT SIMPLE
USE
 We use the present simple for things that are always true or happen regularly.
 We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (never) or
expression of frequency (every day).
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + Verb (present tense. ADD -S 3rd sg) + Compl
Negative: Subject + don’t / doesn’t + Verb + Compl
Interrogative: Do / Does + Subject + Verb + Compl?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USE
 We use the present continuous for actions in progress at the time of speaking.
These are normally temporary, not habitual actions.
 We also use the present continuous for future arrangements.
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + Verb To be (present simple) + Verb (-ing)
Negative: Subject + Verb To be (present simple) + Not + Verb (-ing)
Interrogative: Verb To be (present simple) + Subject + Verb (-ing) + Compl…?

EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous.
a. The Olympics are taking (take place) here next year, and everyone is excited
about it.
b. I ‘m enjoying (enjoy) with my new Tablet while my son is watching (watch)
TV.
c. First he does (do) his homework, then he can play with his computer or
watch a movie.
d. This snow storm is sweeping (sweep) across the entire state!
e. Every Monday, Sally drives (drive) her kids to football practice.
f. The water is boiling (boil) now, so you can put in the pasta.
g. My flatmate is always leaving (leave) the kitchen in a mess!
h. I’m so happy! I ‘m meeting (meet) John after class today.
i. At the end of the book, the detective catches (catch) the killer.
j. I'll call you when I get (get) home.
2. FUTURE FORMS

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BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE
USE
 Future plans and intentions.
 Predictions when there is a lot of evidence that something is going to
happen.
 To talk about things, we are sure about or we have already decided to do in
the near future.
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + Verb To go (present continuous) + TO + Infinitive
Negative: Subject + Verb To go (present continuous) (NOT) + TO + Infinitive
Interrogative: Am/ Are/ Is + Subject + Present continuous To go (going) + TO +
infinitive?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: BE + VERB + -ING

USE
 We often use the present continuous for future arrangements.
 There is very little difference between the present continuous and going to for
future plans / arrangements, and often you can use either.
 We often use the present continuous with verbs relating to travel
arrangements (come, go, arrive, etc).
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + Verb To be (present simple) + Verb (-ing)
Negative: Subject + Verb To be (present simple) + NOT + Verb (-ing)
Interrogative: Verb To be (present simple) + Subject + Verb (-ing) + Compl…?

WILL/ SHALL + INFINITIVE

USE
 We use will / won’t (NOT the present simple) for instant decisions, promises,
offers, suggestions and predictions.
 We use shall (NOT will) with I and we for offers and suggestions when they are
questions.
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + will + Verb + Compl
Negative: Subject + won’t + Verb + Compl

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Interrogative: Will + Subject + Verb…?
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer.
1. I don’t feel like going out tonight. I think ______ to bed.
a. I’m just going
b. I’ll just go
2. Betty can’t come away with us next weekend. ______
a. She’ll work
b. She’s working
3. Where is the rest room? I think _____ be sick.
a. I’m going to
b. I’ll
4. I predict that Tom _____ the job – he’s too unreliable.
a. Won’t get
b. Isn’t getting
5. I have decided that _____ to him again.
a. I don’t speak
b. I am not going to speak
6. Chris _____ happy to hear your news.
a. Will be
b. Is being
7. I promise _____ you present from the UK.
a. I’ll bring
b. I’m going to bring
8. Excuse me. What time _____ the train from Brighton arrive?
a. Is
b. Will
c. Does
9. Wait! _____ you my phone number is case you need me.
a. I’m giving
b. I’ll give
10. He _____ me at 2 pm.
a. Will meet
b. Is meeting

3. PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
USE

 Actions which happened at an unstated time in the past.

 Actions so recently completed that there’s evidence in the present.
 Talk about personal experiences.

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  Actions which started in the past and continue up to the present.
 Action happened in the past and may be repeated.
 To put emphasis on number.
 Permanent / Long time actions.

FORM

Affirmative: Subject + Verb To Have (present simple) + Past Participle (regular verb:
+ed, irregular: 3rd column list)

Negative: Subject + Verb To Have (present simple) + Not + Past Participle

Interrogative: Verb To Have (present simple) + Subject + Past Participle?

PAST SIMPLE
USE

 Actions which happened at a stated time in the past.

 To express a past state or habit.
 Past actions happened one after the other.
 An action which happened in the past and cannot be repeated.

FORM

Affirmative: Subject + Verb (regular: +ed, irregular: 2nd column in the list) + Compl

Negative: Subject + didn’t + Infinitive + Compl

Interrogative: Did + Subject + Infinitive + Compl…?

EXERCISE

Correct the error in each of the sentences.

1. Have you ever eat Chinese food? Have you ever eaten Chinese food?
2. Mr Brown already left the office. Mr Brown has already left the office.
3. She has moved to another city last year. She moved to another city last year.
4. We haven’t been abroad since a year. We haven’t been abroad for a year.
5. They have sent out the invitations yet. They haven’t sent out the invitations
yet.
6. The lesson has started ten minutes ago. The lesson started ten minutes ago.
7. Jack hasn’t seen Jill since she has graduated. Jack hasn’t seen Jill since she
graduated.
8. Did she just leave? Has she just left?

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 4. PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE; PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE
USE

 We use the present perfect + for or since with non-action verbs (like, have, etc.)
to talk about something which started in the past and is still true now.
 We use How long…? + present perfect to ask about an unfinished period of
time (from the past until now).
 We use for + a period of time (for two weeks) or since + a point of time (since
1990).
 Don’t use the present simple with for / since.

FORM

Affirmative: Subject + Verb To have (present simple) + Past Participle (regular verb:
+ed, irregular: 3rd column list)

Negative: Subject + Verb To have (present simple) + NOT + Past Participle

Interrogative: (How long) + Verb To have (present simple) + Subject + Past Participle?

EXAMPLES

 How long have you worked here?

Since 1996.
 How long has your brother had his motorbike?
For about a year.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: HAVE/ HAS BEEN + VERB + ING

USE

 We use the present perfect continuous with for and since with action verbs
(work, learn, etc.) to talk about actions which started in the past and are still
true now.
 We can also use the present perfect continuous for continuous or repeated
actions which have been happening very recently. The actions have usually just
finished.
 We use it to express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism.

FORM

Affirmative: Subject + Verb To be (present perfect) + Verb (-ing)

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Negative: Subject + Verb To have (present perfect) + NOT + Verb (-ing)

Interrogative: Present Perfect To be (Aux. HAVE /HAS) + Subject + Present Perfect To

be (BEEN) + Verb (-ing)?

EXAMPLES

 How long have you been learning English?

Nick has been working here since April.
 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
No, I’ve been cutting onions.

5. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES: ADJECTIVES AND

ADVERBS
COMPARING TWO PEOPLE, PLACES, THINGS, ETC
 We use comparatives adjectives to compare two people, places, things, etc.
o Regular comparative adjectives: spelling rules old>older
o Irregular comparative adjectives good>better
o One-syllable adjectives ending in -ed bored>more bored
 We can also use (not) as + adjective + as to make comparisons.

COMPARING TWO ACTIONS

 We use comparative adverbs to compare two actions.
o Regular comparative adverbs: spelling rules fast>faster
o Irregular comparatives well>better
 We can also use (not) as + adjective + as to make comparisons.

SUPERLATIVES
 We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to compare people, things, or
actions with all of their group.
 Form superlatives like comparatives, but use -est instead of -er and most/least
instead of more/less.
 We normally use the before superlatives, but you can also use possessive
adjectives, e.g. my best friend, their most famous song.
 We often use a superlative with present perfect + ever, e.g. It’s the best book
I’ve ever read.

EXERCISE

Complete with the comparative or superlative of the bold word.

1. This armchair is more comfortable than the old one. comfortable

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2. Trains are slower than aeroplanes. slow

3. I bought the most expensive souvenir I could afford. expensive

4. Ann is the youngest child in the family. young

5. That TV set is the cheapest of all. cheap

6. You are safer than there. safe

7. Fifi is prettier than Kate. pretty

8. This is the most exciting film I have ever seen. exciting

9. Tim is more talented than Peter. talented

6. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO (ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY)

CAN/COULD
 Can is a modal verb. It only has a present form (which can be used with
future meaning) and a past or conditional form (could).
 For all other tenses and forms, we use be able to + infinitive.

BE ABLE TO + INFINITIVE
 We use be able to + infinitive for ability and possibility, especially where
there is no form of can, e.g. future, present perfect, etc.
 We sometimes use be able to in the present and past (instead of can /
could), usually if we want to be more formal.

EXERCISE

Circle the correct answer.

1. I ………. remember his name.

a. Am not able to
b. Can’t
c. Red herring
2. Diana ………. the piano.
a. Can play
b. Can to play
c. Eats
3. She ………. come on holiday next month if her parents give her
permission.

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 a. Can’t
b. Could
c. Will be able to
4. They ………. go. The weather was too bad.
a. Couldn’t
b. Can’t
c. Wasn’t able to
5. A: Can you lend me some money?
B: Sorry. I ………. . I haven’t got any either.
a. Can’t
b. Am not able to
c. Couldn’t
6. You’ll be able to solve this, ………. ?
a. Can you
b. Won’t you
c. Will you
7. Sorry, Teacher. I ………. do it yet.
a. Wasn’t able to
b. Couldn’t
c. Haven’t been able to
8. He ………. pass the exam if he studied harder.
a. Will be able to
b. Can
c. Would be able to
9. The fishing boat sank but luckily all the crew ………. save themselves.
a. Were able to
b. Could
c. Wasn’t able to
10. We ………. go to the party, We’re going to a wedding that day.
a. Couldn’t
b. Won’t be able to
c. Will can’t

7. HAVE TO, MUST, SHOULD

HAVE TO / MUST (+INFINITIVE)
 Have to and must are normally used to talk about obligation or something
that it is necessary to do.
 Have to is a normal verb and it exists in all tenses and forms, e.g. also as a
gerund or infinitive.

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  Must is a modal verb. It only exists in the present, but it can be used with a
future meaning.
 We can also use have to or must for strong recommendations.

DON’T HAVE TO / MUSTN’T

 We use don’t have to when there is no obligation to do something and
mustn’t when something is prohibited.
 You can often use can’t or not allowed to instead of mustn’t.
 Don’t have to and mustn’t are completely different. Compare:
You don’t have to drive-we can get a train. (=You can drive if you want to,
but it’s not necessary/obligatory.)
You mustn’t drive along this street (=It’s prohibited, against the law, NOT
You don’t have to drive along this street.)

SHOULD/SHOULDN’T (+INFINITIVE)
 should is not as strong as must / have to. We use it to give advice or an
opinion - to say if we think something is the right or wrong thing to do.
 should is a modal verb. The only forms are should / shouldn’t.
 You can use ought to / ought not to instead of should / shouldn’t.

EXERCISE

Circle the correct form.

1. You look very tired. I don’t think you should / must study so hard.
2. I am studying literature. I should / have to read a lot of books.
3. I forgot to phone David yesterday. I have to / should call him now.
4. The washing-machine has been repaired, we don’t have to / mustn’t buy a new
one.
5. If you don’t feel well, you should / have to call for the doctor.
6. Their son has passed all his exams. They must / should be really pleased!

8. USUALLY AND USED TO

 For present habits we can use usually or normally + present simple.
 For past habits we use used to / didn’t use to + infinitive.
o Used to doesn’t exist in the present tense.
o We use used to for things that were true over a period of time in the
past. Used to often refers to something which is not true now.

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 I used to do a lot of sport. (=I did a lot of sport for a period of time in the
past, but now I don’t.)
o We often use never used to instead of didn’t use to.
o Used to / didn’t use to can be used with action verbs (go, do) and non-
action verbs (be, have).
o We can also use the past simple to describe past habits (often with an
adverb of frequency). We (often) went to France for our holidays when I
was child.

EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer.
1. I ………. smoke when I was in my 20s.
a. Usually
b. Use to
c. Used to
d. Am used to
2. I ………. smoke when I drink.
a. Usually
b. Use to
c. Used to
d. Am used to
3. I ………. the smell of smoke because my husband smokes.
a. Usually
b. Use to
c. Used to
d. Am used to
4. There was a time when she ………. always work late.
a. Usually
b. Use to
c. Was used to
d. Would
5. He ………. Be a vegetarian when he vas a kid.
a. Usually
b. Use to
c. Used to
d. Would
6. They ………. the silence when they built a restaurant next door.
a. Used to
b. Are used to
c. Are getting used to
d. Were getting used to

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 7. Sally ………. drink a lot of wine.
a. Didn’t use to
b. Wouldn’t
c. Didn’t used to
d. Don’t use yo
8. It’s a noisy apartment, but I ………. it.
a. Used to
b. Am used to
c. Use to
d. Am use to

9. THE PASSIVE: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

 We often use the passive when it’s not said, known, or important who
does an action.
 If you want to say who did the action, use by.
o We can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive.
Compare:
Batman Begins was directed by Christopher Nolan. (= the focus is
more on the film)
Christopher Nolan directed Batman Begins in 2005. (=the focus is
more on Nolan)
o We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active
sentences.
Some films aren’t shot on location.
o We often use the passive to talk about processes (scientific
processes) and in formal writing (newspaper reports).
Then the water is heated to 100 degrees….
Many buildings in the city have been damaged by the earthquake.

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences in this passive voice test with the verbs in brackets.

1. In this street letters are delivered by the postman at 8 every day. (deliver)
2. This bag was found on the bus yesterday night. (find)
3. I’m afraid the dress cannot be washed in hot water. (cannot wash)
4. Has your motorbike been repaired yet? I’d like to borrow it (repair)
5. The message will be sent tomorrow, I promise, (send)
10. MODALS OF DEDUCTION

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MIGHT/ MAY (when you think something is possibly true)

CAN’T (when you are sure something is impossible/not true)

MUST (when you are sure something is true)

 We often use might / may, can’t, or must to say how sure or certain we are
about something (based on the information we have).
 We don’t use can instead of might / may, NOT He can be on the plane now.
 In some context the opposite of must is can’t.
 We can use could instead of might in positive sentences.
 We often use be + gerund after might / must / can’t.

EXERCISE

Choose the correct answer.

1. They can’t / may still be out!

2. The exam might / can’t be easy. You never know.
3. It can’t / may be true about a sauropod dinosaur living in Lake Telé in the
Congo. It’s impossible.
4. Dave reckons she’s from The States but I think she can’t / might be from
Scandinavia.
5. I can’t / might go to the party but I’m not sure yet.
6. Nobody answering. They can’t / must be out.

11. FIRST CONDITIONAL AND FUTURE TIME CLAUSES +

WHEN, UNTIL, ETC.
FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL / WON’T +
INFINITIVE
 We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible future situation and
its consequence.
o We use the present tense (NOT the future) after if in fist conditional
sentences.
o We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause.
o We can use unless instead of if… not in conditional sentences.

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

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  Use the present tense (NOT the future) after when, as soon as, until, before,
and after to talk about the future.

EXERCISE

Complete with the correct form of the verb.

1 If I have enough money, I ‘ll buy (buy) some new shoes.

2 She'll miss the bus if she doesn’t leave (not leave) soon.

3 If it rains tomorrow, what will you do (you/do)?

4 If you don’t give me an excuse, I won’t be (not be) your friend any more.

5 If he talks too long, his parents won’t let (not let) him use the phone.

6 If you don’t want (not want) this magazine, I’ll throw it away.

7 If Arsenal win they will be (be) top of the league.

8 If you give (give) me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.

12. SECOND CONDITIONAL

 We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary present
or future situation and its consequence.
o We use the past simple after if, and would / wouldn’t + infinitive in the
other clause.
 We can also use could instead of would in the other clause.
o After if we can use was or were with I, he, and she.
o We often use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I’d… to give a
advice. Here we don’t normally use If I was you…

EXERCISE

Put the verb into the correct tense.

1. If I were (be) you, I would get (get) a new job.

2. If he were (be) younger, he would travel (travel) more.

3. If we weren’t (not / be) friends, I would be (be) angry with you.

4. If I had (have) enough money, I would buy (buy) a big house.

5. If she weren’t (not / be) always so late, she would be (be) promoted.

6. If we won (win) the lottery, we would travel (travel) the world.

7. If you had (have) a better job, we would be (be) able to buy a new car

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8. If I spoke (speak) perfect English, I would have (have) a good job.

13. THIRD CONDITIONAL

 We normally use third conditional sentences to talk about how things could
have been different in the past, i.e. for hypothetical / imaginary situations.
 To make a third conditional, use if + past perfect and would have + past
participle.
 The contraction of both had and would Is ‘d.
 We can use might or could instead of would to make the result less certain.

EXERCISE

1. If you hadn’t been (not / be) late, we wouldn't have missed (not / miss) the bus.

2. If she had studied (study) , she would have passed (pass) the exam.

3. If we had arrived (arrive) earlier, we would have seen (see) John.

4. If they had gone (go) to bed early, they wouldn't have woken (not / wake) up late.

5. If he had become (become) a musician, he would have recorded (record) a CD.

6. If she had gone (go) to art school, she would have become (become) a painter.

7. If I had been (be) born in a different country, I would have learnt (learn) to speak a
different language.

8. If she had gone (go) to university, she would have studied (study) French.

14. REPORTED SPEECH: SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS

REPORTED SENTENCES
 We use reported speech to report (i.e. to tell another person) what someone
said.
 When the reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the past tense, the tenses in the
sentence which is being reported usually change like this:
Present > past
Will > would
Past simple / present perfect > past perfect
 Some modal verbs change (can > could, may < might, must > had to). Other
modal verbs stay the same (could, might, should, etc).
 You usually have to change the pronouns, e.g. ‘I like jazz.’ Jane said that she
liked jazz.

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  Using that after said and told is optional.
 If you report what someone said on a different day or in a different place, some
other time and place words can change (tomorrow > the next day >, here >
there, this > that, etc).

REPORTED QUESTIONS
 When you report a question the tenses change as in reported statements.
 When a question doesn’t begin with a question word, add if (or whether).
 You also have to change the word order to subject + verb, and not use do / did.

EXERCISE

Change the direct speech into reported speech.

1. “Come quickly!”

She told me to come quickly.

2. “Did you arrive before seven?”

She asked me if I arrived (had arrived) before seven.

3. “How was your holiday?”

She asked me how my holiday was (had been).

4. “I would have visited the hospital, if I had known you were sick”

She said (that) she would have visited the hospital, if she had known I was sick.

5. “Don't touch!”

She told me not to touch.

6. “Do you usually cook at home?”

She asked me if I usually cooked at home.

15. RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (GIVING ESSENTIAL INFORMATION)

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To give important information about a person, place, or thing use a relative clause (=a
relative pronoun + subject) + verb

 Use the relative pronoun who for people, which for things / animals, and where
for places.
o You can use that instead of who or which.
o You cannot omit who / which / that / where in this kind of clause.
 Use whose to mean ‘of who’ or ‘of which’.
 Who, which, and that can be omitted when the verbs in the main clause and
the relative clause have a different subject.
o where and whose can never be omitted

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (GIVING EXTRA NON-ESSENTIAL

INFORMATION)
 Non-defining relative clauses give extra (often non-essential information) in a
sentence. If this clause is omitted, the sentence still makes sense.
 Non-defining relative clauses must go between commas (or a comma and a full
stop).
 In these clauses, you can’t leave out the relative pronoun (who, which, etc.)
 In these clauses, you can’t use that instead of who / which.

EXERCISE

Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and nondefining relative
sentences.

1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

She showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman. NON- DEFINING.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds 90,000 people.

The new stadium, which holds 90,000 people, will be opened next month. NON-
DEFINING.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years.

John, who I have known for eight years, is one of my closest friends. NON- DEFINING.

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

The boy who is waiting for me is one of my closest friends. DEFINING.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

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Thank you for your letter, which I was very happy to get. NON- DEFINING.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

The letter which Peter has sent to you is in the drawer. DEFINING

16. LOGICAL CONNECTORS

Logical connector is a connector which link the semantical unit of language.
Logical connectors are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular
relationship. These relationships can be:

 Addition: and, also, in addition

 Comparison: such…as, more than, in the same way
 Contrast: however, on the other hand, yet
 Time: after, before, next
 Result: therefore, in consequence, as a result
 Summary: in short, on the whole, in other words
 Example: for instance, for example, such as
 Place: where, wherever, here

EXERCISE
Complete with the following connectors: above all, even so, firstly, from my point of
view, furthermore, however, instead, such as, then, whereas.

1. Firstly, I’d like to say that I agree and, secondly, explain why.
2. Camels live in the desert, whereas dolphins live in the sea.
3. In the end, we didn’t go to the cinema. We went to the theatre instead.
4. Spain produces oranges, above all in Valencia.
5. From my point of view, the continued use of fossil fuels is now the biggest threat to
humanity.
6. I don’t like strawberry ice cream. However, I love chocolate flavor.
7. The government is having problems with illegal immigration. Furthermore, their
economic policies are failing.
8. The weather was bad. Even so, the fishermen still went to sea.
9. Firstly, we have to think about our budget and then about how much time we
have.
10. I love those soft French cheeses, such as Camembert.

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