Complex numbers
Complex numbers
cos
5π
18
+ cos
7π
18
+ cos
17π
18
= 0 . [4]
w
= 2i
z
z
∗
− 3w = 5 + 5i .
(b) Use de Moivre’s theorem and the result from part (a) to show
4 2
that cot 4θ =
cot
4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
. [5]
(c) Use the identity from part (b) to show that the quadratic
π π
equation x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0 has roots cot 2
8
and cot 2 3
8
. [5]
(d) π
Hence find the exact value of cot 2 3
8
. [4]
8 8
4. [Maximum mark: 30] EXN.3.AHL.TZ0.2
A Gaussian integer is a complex number, z, such that z = a + bi where
a, b ∈ Z. In this question, you are asked to investigate certain divisibility
(c) On an Argand diagram, plot and label all Gaussian integers that
have a norm less than 3. [2]
The result from part (h) provides a way of determining whether a Gaussian
integer is a Gaussian prime.
The diagram below shows a sector of a circle of radius 1, with the angle
subtended at the centre O being α, 0 < α < . A perpendicular is drawn from
π
point P to intersect the x-axis at Q. The tangent to the circle at P intersects the x
-axis at R.
(a) By considering the area of two triangles and the area of the
sector show that cos α sin α < α <
sin α
cos α
. [5]
sin α
= 1 . [2]
α→0
n
[4]
(g) Using part (b) find the limit of this perimeter as n → ∞ . [2]
(i) Using part (b) find the limit of this area as n → ∞ . [2]
6. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.7
Consider P (z) = 4m − mz +
36
m
z
2
− z
3
, where z ∈ C and
m ∈ R .
+
u = 2e
i
3
. [3]
number. [3]
(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]
where w ∈ C. [4]
u = 2e
i
3
.
number. [3]
(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]
where w ∈ C. [4]
1−ab
) for
a, b ∈ R
+
, ab < 1 . [2]
p ∈ R.
(a) By considering the product of all the roots of the equation, find
the value of α. [4]
b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.
π
(b) Hence, given that arg(z 1 z2 ) = , find the value of b. [3]
4
12. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
In the following Argand diagram, the points Z , O and Z are the vertices of 1 2
Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real
axis such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.
In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z 1 OZ 2 is an equilateral triangle.
Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real
axis such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.
In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z 1 OZ 2 is an equilateral triangle.
with one real root and two complex roots of the form
(z − r)(z − 2az + a + b ) = 0 for z ∈ C.
2 2 2
(a.i) Given that 1 and 4 + i are roots of the equation, write down the
third root. [1]
(a.ii) Verify that the mean of the two complex roots is 4. [1]
(c) Sketch the curve y = f (x) and the tangent to the curve at
point A, clearly showing where the tangent crosses the x-axis. [2]
a ± i√ g′(a) . [1]
represent the real and imaginary parts of the complex roots of the equation
(z − r)(z − 2az + a + b ) = 0.
2 2 2
A(a, 80). The curve and the tangent both intersect the x-axis at the point
z ∈ C. [4]
points A(a, g(a)) and R(r, 0) are as defined in part (d)(ii). The curve has a
point of inflexion at point P.
(g.i) Show that the x-coordinate of P is 1
3
(2a + r) .
p = −(α + β + γ)
q = αβ + βγ + γα
r = −αβγ . [3]
(d) Using the result from part (c), show that when q = 17 , this
equation has at least one complex root. [2]
(e.ii) Explain why the equation will have at least one real root for all
values of q. [1]
p = −(α + β + γ + δ)
q = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ
s = αβγδ .
(f.i) Find an expression for α 2
+ β
2
+ γ
2
+ δ
2
in terms of p and q. [3]
(g) Use your result from part (f )(ii) to show that the equation
x − 2x + 3x − 4x + 5 = 0 has at least one complex root. [1]
4 3 2
The equation x 4
− 9x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 22x − 12 = 0 , has one integer root.
(h.i) State what the result in part (f )(ii) tells us when considering this
equation x − 9x + 24x + 22x − 12 = 0.
4 3 2
[1]
linear and one cubic factor, prove that the equation has at least
one complex root. [4]
16. [Maximum mark: 22] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Consider the equation (z − 1) . The roots of this equation are ω ,
3
= i, z ∈ C 1
π
(a.i) Verify that ω 1 = 1 + e
i
6
is a root of this equation. [2]
on an Argand diagram.
π
(a.i) Verify that ω 1 = 1 + e
i
6
is a root of this equation. [2]
on an Argand diagram.
z −z z −z
2
and g(z) =
e −e
2
, where
z ∈ C .
(a) [2]
2
dt
2
= u .
Using e iu
= cos u + i sin u , find expressions, in terms of sin u and cos u, for
The functions cos x and sin x are known as circular functions as the general
point (cos θ, sin θ) defines points on the unit circle with equation x + y = 2 2
1
The functions f (x) and g(x) are known as hyperbolic functions, as the general
point ( f (θ), g(θ) ) defines points on a curve known as a hyperbola with
equation x − y = 1. This hyperbola has two asymptotes.
2 2
Suppose that zw ∈ Z .
(c.ii) For the value of k found in part (i), find the value of zw. [1]
21. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.2.AHL.TZ1.8
π π
Consider the complex numbers z = 2(cos
5
+ i sin
5
) and
π π
, where k .
2k 2k +
w = 8(cos − i sin ) ∈ Z
5 5
Suppose that zw ∈ Z .
(c.ii) For the value of k found in part (i), find the value of zw. [1]
1−z
) = 0 . [5]
23. [Maximum mark: 24] 21M.3.AHL.TZ2.2
This question asks you to investigate and prove a geometric property
involving the roots of the equation z = 1 where z ∈ C for integers n, where
n
n ≥ 2.
where ω = e n
. Each root can be represented by a point
P0 , P1 , P2 , …, P n−1, respectively, on an Argand diagram.
Argand diagram, the root 1 can be represented by a point P and the root ω can 0
be represented by a point P . 1
Argand diagram, the points P , P and P lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with
0 1 2
(c) By factorizing z 4
− 1, or otherwise, deduce that
= 0. [2]
3 2
ω + ω + ω + 1
segments.
(d) Show that P 0 P1 × P0 P2 × P0 P3 = 4 . [4]
are line segments. The roots lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with centre O(0, 0).
Consider z n
− 1 = (z − 1)(z
n−1
+ z
n−2
+ … + z + 1) where z ∈ C .
(g.i) Express z n−1
+ z
n−2
+ … + z + 1 as a product of linear
factors over the set C. [3]
(g.ii) Hence, using the part (g)(i) and part (f ) results, or otherwise,
prove your suggested result to part (e). [4]
3−z*
= i , where z = x + iy and x, y ∈ R .
x
3
(
1
3x
2
−
x
2
) . [6]
(a) There are more males than females in the group. [4]
(b) Two of the teachers, Gary and Gerwyn, refuse to go out for a
meal together. [3]
27. [Maximum mark: 7] 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_5
Consider the equation z 4
= −4 , where z ∈ C.
(a) Solve the equation, giving the solutions in the form a + ib,
where a, b ∈ R. [5]
of n. [6]
(c) the girls do not sit on either end and do not sit together. [3]
31.
(a)
⎪
[Maximum mark: 19]
A random variable X has probability density function
(b)
(c.i)
(c.ii)
(c.iii)
a.
E (X) .
the median of X.
3a
f (x) = ⎨a (x − 5) (1 − x)
⎩
0
= 5 .
,
,
0 ⩽ x < 2
2 ⩽ x ⩽ b
otherwise
a, b ∈ R
+
, 3 < b ⩽ 5.
[4]
[4]
[3]
[4]
32. [Maximum mark: 17] 19M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_11
Consider the equation x 5
− 3x
4
+ mx
3
+ nx
2
+ px + q = 0, where m, n, p,
q ∈ R.
The equation has three distinct real roots which can be written as log 2
,
a log 2 b
and log c.
2
The equation also has two imaginary roots, one of which is di where d ∈ R .
[1]
Solve z 2
= 4e 2
i
, giving your answers in the form
(a) re
iθ
where r, θ ,
∈ R r > 0 . [3]
Given that w 1 =
z
z−i
, express z in the form a + bi, where a,
b ∈ Q. [3]
Two of the roots of the equation are log26 and i√3 and the sum of all
the roots is 3 + log23.
2
, expressing your answers in the form re iθ
, where r, θ ∈ R
+
. [5]
(b.ii) By writing π
12
as ( π
4
−
π
6
) , find the value of cos π
12
in the form
√a+√ b
c
, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3]
2
(1 + √ 2) (1 + √ 3) (1 + i) . [4]
3
+ i sin
π
3
)
n
π
n
n ∈ Z
+
. The points represented
on an Argand diagram by z , 0 1
z , z
2
, … , z form the
n
vertices of a polygon P . n
n
[6]
40. [Maximum mark: 6] 18M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_1
Consider the complex number z =
2+7i
6+2i
.
(c) Find the argument of z, giving your answer to 4 decimal places. [2]