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Complex numbers

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
254 views34 pages

Complex numbers

Uploaded by

Serena Jacob
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex numbers [553 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 18] SPM.1.AHL.TZ0.11


(a) Express −3 + √3i in the form re , where r iθ
> 0 and
−π < θ ⩽ π . [5]

Let the roots of the equation z 3


= −3 + √ 3i be u, v and w.

(b) Find u, v and w expressing your answers in the form re , iθ

where r > 0 and −π < θ ⩽ π. [5]

On an Argand diagram, u, v and w are represented by the points U, V and W


respectively.

(c) Find the area of triangle UVW. [4]

(d) By considering the sum of the roots u, v and w, show that

cos

18
+ cos

18
+ cos
17π

18
= 0 . [4]

2. [Maximum mark: 7] SPM.2.AHL.TZ0.8


The complex numbers w and z satisfy the equations

w
= 2i
z

z

− 3w = 5 + 5i .

Find w and z in the form a + bi where a, b ∈ Z. [7]


3. [Maximum mark: 20] EXN.1.AHL.TZ0.12
(a) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ) . Give
4

your answer in the form a + bi where a and b are expressed in


terms of sin θ and cos θ. [3]

(b) Use de Moivre’s theorem and the result from part (a) to show
4 2

that cot 4θ =
cot

4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
. [5]

(c) Use the identity from part (b) to show that the quadratic
π π
equation x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0 has roots cot 2
8
and cot 2 3
8
. [5]

(d) π
Hence find the exact value of cot 2 3
8
. [4]

(e) Deduce a quadratic equation with integer coefficients, having


π π
roots cosec and cosec . [3]
2 2 3

8 8
4. [Maximum mark: 30] EXN.3.AHL.TZ0.2
A Gaussian integer is a complex number, z, such that z = a + bi where
a, b ∈ Z. In this question, you are asked to investigate certain divisibility

properties of Gaussian integers.

Consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and β = 1 − 2i , such that γ = αβ

for some Gaussian integer γ.

(a) Find γ. [2]

Now consider two Gaussian integers, α = 3 + 4i and γ = 11 + 2i .

(b) Determine whether is a Gaussian integer. [3]


γ

The norm of a complex number z, denoted by N (z), is defined by N (z) .


2
= |z|

For example, if z = 2 + 3i then N (2 + 3i) = 2


2
+ 3
2
= 13 .

(c) On an Argand diagram, plot and label all Gaussian integers that
have a norm less than 3. [2]

(d) Given that α = a + bi where a, b ∈ Z , show that


N (α) = a
2
+ b
2
. [1]

A Gaussian prime is a Gaussian integer, z, that cannot be expressed in the form


z = αβ where α, β are Gaussian integers with N (α), N (β) > 1.

(e) By expressing the positive integer n = c + d as a product of


2 2

two Gaussian integers each of norm c + d , show that n is not


2 2

a Gaussian prime. [3]

The positive integer 2 is a prime number, however it is not a Gaussian prime.

(f ) Verify that 2 is not a Gaussian prime. [2]


(g) Write down another prime number of the form c + d that is
2 2

not a Gaussian prime and express it as a product of two


Gaussian integers. [2]

Let α, β be Gaussian integers.

(h) Show that N (αβ) = N (α)N (β) . [6]

The result from part (h) provides a way of determining whether a Gaussian
integer is a Gaussian prime.

(i) Hence show that 1 + 4i is a Gaussian prime. [3]

(j) Use proof by contradiction to prove that a prime number, p, that


is not of the form a + b is a Gaussian prime.
2 2
[6]
5. [Maximum mark: 28] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.2
This question will explore connections between complex numbers and regular
polygons.

The diagram below shows a sector of a circle of radius 1, with the angle
subtended at the centre O being α, 0 < α < . A perpendicular is drawn from
π

point P to intersect the x-axis at Q. The tangent to the circle at P intersects the x
-axis at R.

(a) By considering the area of two triangles and the area of the
sector show that cos α sin α < α <
sin α

cos α
. [5]

(b) Hence show that lim α

sin α
= 1 . [2]
α→0

(c) Let z = 1, z ∈ C, n ∈ N, n ⩾ 5. Working in


n

modulus/argument form find the n solutions to this equation. [8]

(d) Represent these n solutions on an Argand diagram. Let their


positions be denoted by P , P , P , … P
0 1 2 placed in order
n−1

in an anticlockwise direction round the circle, starting on the


positive x-axis. Show the positions of P , P , P and P0 . 1 2 n−1 [1]

(e) Show that the length of the line segment P 0 P1 is 2 sin .


π

n
[4]

(f ) Hence, write down the total length of the perimeter of the


regular n sided polygon P P P … P
0 1 P .
2 n−1 0 [1]

(g) Using part (b) find the limit of this perimeter as n → ∞ . [2]

(h) Find the total area of this n sided polygon. [3]

(i) Using part (b) find the limit of this area as n → ∞ . [2]
6. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.7
Consider P (z) = 4m − mz +
36

m
z
2
− z
3
, where z ∈ C and
m ∈ R .
+

Given that z − 3i is a factor of P (z), find the roots of P (z) = 0 . [6]

7. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11


Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a) By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that


u = 2e
i
3
. [3]

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real n

number. [3]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

(c) Consider the equation z 3


+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where
z ∈ C.

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3


+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the
other roots. [5]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise,


find the roots of the equation 1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, 2 3

where w ∈ C. [4]

(d) Consider the equation z 2


= 2z
*
, where z ∈ C z ≠ 0, .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the


equation. [5]
8. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a) By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that


[3]

u = 2e
i
3
.

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real n

number. [3]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

(c) Consider the equation z 3


+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where
z ∈ C.

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3


+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the
other roots. [5]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise,


find the roots of the equation 1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, 2 3

where w ∈ C. [4]

(d) Consider the equation z 2


= 2z
*
, where z ,
∈ C z ≠ 0 .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the


equation. [5]
9. [Maximum mark: 18] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Let z be the complex number defined as z
n n = (n
2
+ n + 1) + i for n ∈ N.

(a.i) Find arg(z ).


0 [2]

(a.ii) Write down an expression for arg(z n) in terms of n. [1]

Let w n = z 0 z 1 z 2 z 3 … z n−1 z n for n ∈ N .

(b.i) Show that arctan (a) + arctan (b) = arctan (


a+b

1−ab
) for
a, b ∈ R
+
, ab < 1 . [2]

(b.ii) Hence or otherwise, show that arg(w 1) = arctan (2) . [3]

(c) Prove by mathematical induction that


arg(w ) = arctan(n + 1) for n ∈ N.
n [10]

10. [Maximum mark: 7] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.5


Consider the equation z 4
+ pz
3
+ 54z
2
− 108z + 80 = 0 where z ∈ C and

p ∈ R.

Three of the roots of the equation are 3 + i, α and α , where α


2
∈ R .

(a) By considering the product of all the roots of the equation, find
the value of α. [4]

(b) Find the value of p. [3]


11. [Maximum mark: 6] 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.9
Consider the complex numbers z 1 = 1 + bi and z 2 = (1 − b
2
) − 2bi, where

b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.

(a) Find an expression for z 1 z2 in terms of b. [3]

π
(b) Hence, given that arg(z 1 z2 ) = , find the value of b. [3]
4
12. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
In the following Argand diagram, the points Z , O and Z are the vertices of 1 2

triangle Z OZ described anticlockwise.


1 2

The point Z represents the complex number z


1 1 = r1 e

, where r 1 > 0 . The
point Z represents the complex number z
2 2 = r2 e

, where r 2 > 0 .

Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real
axis such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.

(a) Show that z 1 z2



= r1 r2 e
i(α−θ)
where z 2

is the complex
conjugate of z . 2 [2]

(b) Given that Re(z 1 z2



) = 0 , show that Z 1 OZ 2 is a right-angled
triangle. [2]

In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z 1 OZ 2 is an equilateral triangle.

(c.i) Express z in terms of z .


1 2 [2]

(c.ii) Hence show that z 1


2
+ z2
2
= z1 z2 . [4]

Let z and z be the distinct roots of the equation z


1 2
2
+ az + b = 0 where
z ∈ C and a, b ∈ R.

(d) Use the result from part (c)(ii) to show that a 2


− 3b = 0 . [5]
(e) Consider the equation z 2
+ az + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C and
a ∈ R.

Given that 0 < α − θ < π, deduce that only one equilateral


triangle Z OZ can be formed from the point O and the roots
1 2

of this equation. [3]


13. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
In the following Argand diagram, the points Z , O and Z are the vertices of 1 2

triangle Z OZ described anticlockwise.


1 2

The point Z represents the complex number z


1 1 = r1 e

, where r 1 > 0 . The
point Z represents the complex number z
2 2 = r2 e

, where r 2 > 0 .

Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real
axis such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.

(a) Show that z 1 z2



= r1 r2 e
i(α−θ)
where z 2

is the complex
conjugate of z . 2 [2]

(b) Given that Re(z 1 z2



) = 0 , show that Z 1 OZ 2 is a right-angled
triangle. [2]

In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z 1 OZ 2 is an equilateral triangle.

(c.i) Express z in terms of z .


1 2 [2]

(c.ii) Hence show that z 1


2
+ z2
2
= z1 z2 . [4]

Let z and z be the distinct roots of the equation z


1 2
2
+ az + b = 0 where
z ∈ C and a, b ∈ R.

(d) Use the result from part (c)(ii) to show that a 2


− 3b = 0 . [5]
(e) Consider the equation z 2
+ az + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C and
a ∈ R.

Given that 0 < α − θ < π, deduce that only one equilateral


triangle Z OZ can be formed from the point O and the roots
1 2

of this equation. [3]


14. [Maximum mark: 28] 22M.3.AHL.TZ1.2
This question asks you to explore cubic polynomials of the form
(x − r)(x − 2ax + a + b ) for x ∈ R and corresponding cubic equations
2 2 2

with one real root and two complex roots of the form
(z − r)(z − 2az + a + b ) = 0 for z ∈ C.
2 2 2

In parts (a), (b) and (c), let r = 1, a = 4 and b = 1 .

Consider the equation (z − 1)(z 2


− 8z + 17) = 0 for z ∈ C .

(a.i) Given that 1 and 4 + i are roots of the equation, write down the
third root. [1]

(a.ii) Verify that the mean of the two complex roots is 4. [1]

Consider the function f (x) = (x − 1)(x


2
− 8x + 17) for x ∈ R .

(b) Show that the line y = x − 1 is tangent to the curve y = f (x)

at the point A(4, 3). [4]

(c) Sketch the curve y = f (x) and the tangent to the curve at
point A, clearly showing where the tangent crosses the x-axis. [2]

Consider the function g(x) = (x − r)(x


2
− 2ax + a
2 2
+ b ) for x ∈ R where
r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0.

(d.i) Show that g′(x) = 2(x − r)(x − a) + x


2
− 2ax + a
2
+ b
2
. [2]

(d.ii) Hence, or otherwise, prove that the tangent to the curve


y = g(x) at the point A(a, g(a)) intersects the x-axis at the

point R(r, 0). [6]

The equation (z − r)(z − 2az + a


2 2 2
+ b ) = 0 for z ∈ C has roots r and
a ± bi where r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0 .
(e) Deduce from part (d)(i) that the complex roots of the equation
(z − r)(z − 2az + a + b ) = 0 can be expressed as
2 2 2

a ± i√ g′(a) . [1]

On the Cartesian plane, the points C 1 (a,


√ g′(a)) and C 2 (a, − √ g′(a))

represent the real and imaginary parts of the complex roots of the equation
(z − r)(z − 2az + a + b ) = 0.
2 2 2

The following diagram shows a particular curve of the form


y = (x − r)(x − 2ax + a + 16) and the tangent to the curve at the point
2 2

A(a, 80). The curve and the tangent both intersect the x-axis at the point

R(−2, 0). The points C and C are also shown.


1 2

(f.i) Use this diagram to determine the roots of the corresponding


equation of the form (z − r)(z − 2az + a + 16) = 0 for
2 2

z ∈ C. [4]

(f.ii) State the coordinates of C . 2 [1]

Consider the curve y = (x − r)(x − 2ax + a + b ) for a ≠ r, b > 0. The


2 2 2

points A(a, g(a)) and R(r, 0) are as defined in part (d)(ii). The curve has a
point of inflexion at point P.
(g.i) Show that the x-coordinate of P is 1

3
(2a + r) .

You are not required to demonstrate a change in concavity. [2]

(g.ii) Hence describe numerically the horizontal position of point P


relative to the horizontal positions of the points R and A. [1]

Consider the special case where a = r and b > 0 .

(h.i) Sketch the curve y = (x − r)(x 2


− 2ax + a
2 2
+ b ) for
a = r = 1 and b = 2. [2]

(h.ii) For a = r and b > 0, state in terms of r, the coordinates of


points P and A. [1]
15. [Maximum mark: 27] 22M.3.AHL.TZ2.2
This question asks you to investigate conditions for the existence of complex
roots of polynomial equations of degree 3 and 4.

The cubic equation x 3


+ px
2
+ qx + r = 0 , where p, q, r ∈ R , has roots
α, β and γ .

(a) By expanding (x − α)(x − β)(x − γ) show that:

p = −(α + β + γ)

q = αβ + βγ + γα

r = −αβγ . [3]

(b.i) Show that p 2


− 2q = α
2
+ β
2
+ γ
2
. [3]

(b.ii) Hence show that


. [3]
2 2 2 2
(α − β) + (β − γ) + (γ − α) = 2p − 6q

(c) Given that p 2


< 3q , deduce that α, β and γ cannot all be real. [2]

Consider the equation x 3


− 7x
2
+ qx + 1 = 0 , where q ∈ R .

(d) Using the result from part (c), show that when q = 17 , this
equation has at least one complex root. [2]

Noah believes that if p 2


≥ 3q then α, β and γ are all real.

(e.i) By varying the value of q in the equation


x − 7x + qx + 1 = 0, determine the smallest positive
3 2

integer value of q required to show that Noah is incorrect. [2]

(e.ii) Explain why the equation will have at least one real root for all
values of q. [1]

Now consider polynomial equations of degree 4.


The equation x 4
+ px
3
+ qx
2
+ rx + s = 0 , where p, q, r, s ∈ R , has roots
α, β, γ and δ.

In a similar way to the cubic equation, it can be shown that:

p = −(α + β + γ + δ)

q = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ

r = −(αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ)

s = αβγδ .
(f.i) Find an expression for α 2
+ β
2
+ γ
2
+ δ
2
in terms of p and q. [3]

(f.ii) Hence state a condition in terms of p and q that would imply


x + px + qx + rx + s = 0 has at least one complex root. [1]
4 3 2

(g) Use your result from part (f )(ii) to show that the equation
x − 2x + 3x − 4x + 5 = 0 has at least one complex root. [1]
4 3 2

The equation x 4
− 9x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 22x − 12 = 0 , has one integer root.

(h.i) State what the result in part (f )(ii) tells us when considering this
equation x − 9x + 24x + 22x − 12 = 0.
4 3 2
[1]

(h.ii) Write down the integer root of this equation. [1]

(h.iii) By writing x − 9x + 24x + 22x − 12 as a product of one


4 3 2

linear and one cubic factor, prove that the equation has at least
one complex root. [4]
16. [Maximum mark: 22] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Consider the equation (z − 1) . The roots of this equation are ω ,
3
= i, z ∈ C 1

ω2 and ω , where Im(ω


3 2) > 0 and Im(ω 3) < 0 .

π
(a.i) Verify that ω 1 = 1 + e
i
6
is a root of this equation. [2]

(a.ii) Find ω and ω , expressing these in the form a + e , where


2 3

a ∈ R and θ > 0. [4]

The roots ω , ω and ω are represented by the points A, B and C respectively


1 2 3

on an Argand diagram.

(b) Plot the points A, B and C on an Argand diagram. [4]

(c) Find AC. [3]

Consider the equation (z − 1) .


3 3
= iz , z ∈ C

(d) By using de Moivre’s theorem, show that α =


1
π is a root of
i
1−e 6

this equation. [3]

(e) Determine the value of Re(α). [6]


17. [Maximum mark: 22] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Consider the equation (z − 1) . The roots of this equation are ω ,
3
= i, z ∈ C 1

ω2 and ω , where Im(ω


3 2) > 0 and Im(ω 3) < 0 .

π
(a.i) Verify that ω 1 = 1 + e
i
6
is a root of this equation. [2]

(a.ii) Find ω and ω , expressing these in the form a + e , where


2 3

a ∈ R and θ > 0. [4]

The roots ω , ω and ω are represented by the points A, B and C respectively


1 2 3

on an Argand diagram.

(b) Plot the points A, B and C on an Argand diagram. [4]

(c) Find AC. [3]

Consider the equation (z − 1) .


3 3
= iz , z ∈ C

(d) By using de Moivre’s theorem, show that α =


1
π is a root of
i
1−e 6

this equation. [3]

(e) Determine the value of Re(α). [6]


18. [Maximum mark: 25] 21N.3.AHL.TZ0.1
In this question you will explore some of the properties of special functions f
and g and their relationship with the trigonometric functions, sine and
cosine.

z −z z −z

Functions f and g are defined as f (z) =


e +e

2
and g(z) =
e −e

2
, where
z ∈ C .

Consider t and u, such that t, u ∈ R .

(a) [2]
2

Verify that u = f (t) satisfies the differential equation d u

dt
2
= u .

(b) Show that (f (t))


2
+ (g(t))
2
= f (2t) . [3]

Using e iu
= cos u + i sin u , find expressions, in terms of sin u and cos u, for

(c.i) f (iu) . [3]

(c.ii) g(iu) . [2]

(d) Hence find, and simplify, an expression for (f (iu))


2
+ (g(iu))
2
. [2]

(e) Show that (f (t)) 2


− (g(t))
2
= (f (iu))
2
− (g(iu))
2
. [4]

The functions cos x and sin x are known as circular functions as the general
point (cos θ, sin θ) defines points on the unit circle with equation x + y = 2 2
1

The functions f (x) and g(x) are known as hyperbolic functions, as the general
point ( f (θ), g(θ) ) defines points on a curve known as a hyperbola with
equation x − y = 1. This hyperbola has two asymptotes.
2 2

(f ) Sketch the graph of x − y = 1, stating the coordinates of


2 2

any axis intercepts and the equation of each asymptote. [4]


(g) The hyperbola with equation x − y 2 2
= 1 can be rotated to
coincide with the curve defined by xy = k, k ∈ R.

Find the possible values of k. [5]

19. [Maximum mark: 8] 21M.1.AHL.TZ1.7


Consider the quartic equation
z
4
+ 4z
3
+ 8z
2
+ 80z + 400 = 0, z ∈ C .

Two of the roots of this equation are a + bi and b + ai, where


a, b ∈ Z.

Find the possible values of a. [8]

20. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.2.AHL.TZ1.8


π π
Consider the complex numbers z = 2(cos
5
+ i sin
5
) and
π π
, where k .
2k 2k +
w = 8(cos − i sin ) ∈ Z
5 5

(a) Find the modulus of zw. [1]

(b) Find the argument of zw in terms of k. [2]

Suppose that zw ∈ Z .

(c.i) Find the minimum value of k. [3]

(c.ii) For the value of k found in part (i), find the value of zw. [1]
21. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.2.AHL.TZ1.8
π π
Consider the complex numbers z = 2(cos
5
+ i sin
5
) and
π π
, where k .
2k 2k +
w = 8(cos − i sin ) ∈ Z
5 5

(a) Find the modulus of zw. [1]

(b) Find the argument of zw in terms of k. [2]

Suppose that zw ∈ Z .

(c.i) Find the minimum value of k. [3]

(c.ii) For the value of k found in part (i), find the value of zw. [1]

22. [Maximum mark: 5] 21M.2.AHL.TZ2.8


Consider z = cos θ + i sin θ where z ∈ C, z ≠ 1 .

Show that Re( 1+z

1−z
) = 0 . [5]
23. [Maximum mark: 24] 21M.3.AHL.TZ2.2
This question asks you to investigate and prove a geometric property
involving the roots of the equation z = 1 where z ∈ C for integers n, where
n

n ≥ 2.

The roots of the equation z n


= 1 where z ∈ C are 1, 2
ω, ω , …, ω
n−1
,
πi
2

where ω = e n
. Each root can be represented by a point
P0 , P1 , P2 , …, P n−1, respectively, on an Argand diagram.

For example, the roots of the equation z = 1 where z ∈ C are 1 and ω. On an


2

Argand diagram, the root 1 can be represented by a point P and the root ω can 0

be represented by a point P . 1

Consider the case where n = 3 .

The roots of the equation z = 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω and ω . On the following


3 2

Argand diagram, the points P , P and P lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with
0 1 2

centre O(0, 0).

(a.i) Show that (ω − 1)(ω 2


+ ω + 1) = ω
3
− 1 . [2]

(a.ii) Hence, deduce that ω 2


+ ω + 1 = 0 . [2]
Line segments [P P ] and [P P ] are added to the Argand diagram in part (a)
0 1 0 2

and are shown on the following Argand diagram.

P0 P1 is the length of [P 0 P1 ] and P 0 P2 is the length of [P 0 P2 ] .

(b) Show that P 0 P1 × P0 P2 = 3 . [3]

Consider the case where n = 4 .

The roots of the equation z 4


= 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω, ω
2
and ω . 3

(c) By factorizing z 4
− 1, or otherwise, deduce that
= 0. [2]
3 2
ω + ω + ω + 1

On the following Argand diagram, the points P 0, P1 , P2 and P lie on a circle


3

of radius 1 unit with centre O(0, 0). [P P ], [P 0 1 0 P2 ] and [P P ] are line


0 3

segments.
(d) Show that P 0 P1 × P0 P2 × P0 P3 = 4 . [4]

For the case where n = 5, the equation z 5


= 1 where z ∈ C has roots
1, ω, ω , ω and ω .
2 3 4

It can be shown that P 0 P1 × P0 P2 × P0 P3 × P0 P4 = 5 .

Now consider the general case for integer values of n, where n ≥ 2 .

The roots of the equation z = 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω, ω , … , ω


n
. On an 2 n−1

Argand diagram, these roots can be represented by the points


P , P , P , …, P
0 1 2 respectively where [P P ], [P P ], … , [P P
n−1 0 1 ]
0 2 0 n−1

are line segments. The roots lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with centre O(0, 0).

(e) Suggest a value for P 0 P1 × P0 P2 × … × P 0 P n−1 . [1]

P0 P1 can be expressed as |1 − ω|.

(f.i) Write down expressions for P 0 P2 and P 0 P3 in terms of ω. [2]

(f.ii) Hence, write down an expression for P 0 P n−1 in terms of n and


ω. [1]

Consider z n
− 1 = (z − 1)(z
n−1
+ z
n−2
+ … + z + 1) where z ∈ C .
(g.i) Express z n−1
+ z
n−2
+ … + z + 1 as a product of linear
factors over the set C. [3]

(g.ii) Hence, using the part (g)(i) and part (f ) results, or otherwise,
prove your suggested result to part (e). [4]

24. [Maximum mark: 5] 20N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_4


Consider the equation 2z

3−z*
= i , where z = x + iy and x, y ∈ R .

Find the value of x and the value of y. [5]

25. [Maximum mark: 6] 20N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_4


9
Find the term independent of x in the expansion of 1

x
3
(
1

3x
2

x

2
) . [6]

26. [Maximum mark: 7] 20N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_7


At a gathering of 12 teachers, seven are male and five are female. A group of five
of these teachers go out for a meal together. Determine the possible number of
groups in each of the following situations:

(a) There are more males than females in the group. [4]

(b) Two of the teachers, Gary and Gerwyn, refuse to go out for a
meal together. [3]
27. [Maximum mark: 7] 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_5
Consider the equation z 4
= −4 , where z ∈ C.

(a) Solve the equation, giving the solutions in the form a + ib,
where a, b ∈ R. [5]

(b) The solutions form the vertices of a polygon in the complex


plane. Find the area of the polygon. [2]

28. [Maximum mark: 6] 19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_5


Consider the expansion of (2 + x) , where n
n
⩾ 3 and n ∈ Z .

The coefficient of x is four times the coefficient of x . Find the value


3 2

of n. [6]

29. [Maximum mark: 6] 19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_6


Let P (z) = az − 37z
3 2
+ 66z − 10 , where z ∈ C and a ∈ Z .

One of the roots of P (z) = 0 is 3 + i. Find the value of a. [6]

30. [Maximum mark: 8] 19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_8


Eight boys and two girls sit on a bench. Determine the number of possible
arrangements, given that

(a) the girls do not sit together. [3]

(b) the girls do not sit on either end. [2]

(c) the girls do not sit on either end and do not sit together. [3]
31.

(a)


[Maximum mark: 19]
A random variable X has probability density function

Consider the case where b

(b)

(c.i)

(c.ii)

(c.iii)
a.

E (X) .

the median of X.
3a

f (x) = ⎨a (x − 5) (1 − x)

0

= 5 .
,

,
0 ⩽ x < 2

2 ⩽ x ⩽ b

otherwise
a, b ∈ R
+

Sketch the graph of f . State the coordinates of the end points


and any local maximum or minimum points, giving your
answers in terms of a.

Find the value of


19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_10

, 3 < b ⩽ 5.

Find, in terms of a, the probability that X lies between 1 and 3. [4]

[4]

[4]

[3]

[4]
32. [Maximum mark: 17] 19M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_11
Consider the equation x 5
− 3x
4
+ mx
3
+ nx
2
+ px + q = 0, where m, n, p,

q ∈ R.

The equation has three distinct real roots which can be written as log 2
,
a log 2 b

and log c.
2

The equation also has two imaginary roots, one of which is di where d ∈ R .

(a) Show that abc = 8 . [5]

The values a, b, and c are consecutive terms in a geometric sequence.

(b) Show that one of the real roots is equal to 1. [3]

(c) Given that q = 8d


2
, find the other two real roots. [9]
33. [Maximum mark: 7] 19M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_6
Let z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R
+
and let arg z .
= θ

(a) Show the points represented by z and z − 2a on the following


Argand diagram.

[1]

(b.i) Find an expression in terms of θ for arg (z − 2a). [1]

(b.ii) Find an expression in terms of θ for arg ( z


z−2a
) . [2]

(c) Hence or otherwise find the value of θ for which


) = 0. [3]
z
Re (
z−2a

34. [Maximum mark: 5] 19M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_2


π

Solve z 2
= 4e 2
i
, giving your answers in the form

(a) re

where r, θ ,
∈ R r > 0 . [3]

(b) a + ib where a, b ∈ R . [2]


35. [Maximum mark: 8] 19M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_9
Consider the polynomial P (z) ≡ z
4
− 6z
3
− 2z
2
+ 58z − 51, z ∈ C.

(b) Sketch the graph of y = x − 6x − 2x + 58x − 51, stating


4 3 2

clearly the coordinates of any maximum and minimum points


and intersections with axes. [6]

(c) Hence, or otherwise, state the condition on k ∈ R such that all


roots of the equation P (z) = k are real. [2]

36. [Maximum mark: 7] 19M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_8


(a) Find the roots of the equation w 3
,
= 8i w ∈ C . Give your
answers in Cartesian form. [4]

(b) One of the roots w satisfies the condition Re (w


1 1) = 0 .

Given that w 1 =
z

z−i
, express z in the form a + bi, where a,
b ∈ Q. [3]

37. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_8


Consider the equation z 4
+ az
3
+ bz
2
+ cz + d = 0 , where a, b, c,
d ∈ R and z ∈ C.

Two of the roots of the equation are log26 and i√3 and the sum of all
the roots is 3 + log23.

Show that 6a + d + 12 = 0. [7]


38. [Maximum mark: 16] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_11
(a) Find the roots of z 24
= 1 which satisfy the condition
0 < arg (z) <
π

2
, expressing your answers in the form re iθ

, where r, θ ∈ R
+
. [5]

Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a).

(b.i) Show that Re S = Im S. [4]

(b.ii) By writing π

12
as ( π

4

π

6
) , find the value of cos π

12
in the form
√a+√ b

c
, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3]

(b.iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that S =


1

2
(1 + √ 2) (1 + √ 3) (1 + i) . [4]

39. [Maximum mark: 14] 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_11


Consider w = 2 (cos π

3
+ i sin
π

3
)

(a.i) Express w2 and w3 in modulus-argument form. [3]

(a.ii) Sketch on an Argand diagram the points represented by w0 , w1 ,


w2 and w3. [2]

These four points form the vertices of a quadrilateral, Q.

(b) Show that the area of the quadrilateral Q is 21√ 3


. [3]
2

(c) Let z = 2 (cos + i sin ),


π

n
π

n
n ∈ Z
+
. The points represented
on an Argand diagram by z , 0 1
z , z
2
, … , z form the
n

vertices of a polygon P . n

Show that the area of the polygon P can be expressed in the n

form a (b − 1)sin , where a, b ∈ R.


n π

n
[6]
40. [Maximum mark: 6] 18M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_1
Consider the complex number z =
2+7i

6+2i
.

(a) Express z in the form a + ib, where a, b ∈ Q . [2]

(b) Find the exact value of the modulus of z. [2]

(c) Find the argument of z, giving your answer to 4 decimal places. [2]

41. [Maximum mark: 7] 17N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_8


Determine the roots of the equation (z + 2i) 3
,
= 216i z ∈ C, giving

the answers in the form z = a√ 3 + bi where a, b ∈ Z . [7]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024

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