MA 210 LECTURE (5)
Leibnitz formula
This formula expresses the 𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ derivative of the product of the two functions, and
their successive derivatives. If 𝑢(𝑥) and 𝑣(𝑥) are functions which are 𝑛 −times
differentiable on the same interval, then the following holds;
𝑛(𝑛−1)
(𝑢𝑣)𝑛 = 𝑢𝑣 (𝑛) + 𝑛 ∙ 𝑢′ 𝑣 (𝑛−1) + 𝑢′′ 𝑣 (𝑛−2) +∙∙∙ + 𝑢(𝑛) 𝑣
2!
𝑑𝑛 (𝑢𝑣)
or
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑛(𝑛−1)
[𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑛𝑢(𝑛−1) 𝑣 1 + 𝑢(𝑛−2) 𝑣 2 +∙∙∙ + 𝑢𝑣 𝑛 ]
2!
for example 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
𝑛 2! 3!
∥ ∥ ∥
(𝑢𝑣)(𝑖𝑣) = 𝑢𝑣 (𝑖𝑣) + 4𝑢′ 𝑣 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) + 6𝑢′′ 𝑣 (′′) + 4𝑢′′′ 𝑣 (𝑖) + 𝑢(𝑖𝑣) 𝑣
This formula is an application of the binomial theorem.
N.B:
The (theorem) formula is true for all positive integral values of 𝑛.
Example
Write the Leibnitz formula for
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
And evaluate 𝑦 (5) (1).
Solution:
𝑦 (5) (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 ln 𝑥)5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥
𝑢′ = 2𝑥, 𝑢′′ = 2, 𝑢′′′ = 𝑢(𝑖𝑣) = 𝑢(𝑣) = 0
1 1 2
𝑣 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 , 𝑣 ′′ = − 𝑥 2 , 𝑣 ′′′ = 𝑥 3
6 24
𝑣 (𝑖𝑣) = − 𝑥 4 , 𝑣 (𝑣) = 𝑥 5
Therefore;
1
5∙4
(𝑥 2 ln 𝑥)5 = (𝑥 2 )(𝑣) (ln 𝑥) + 5(𝑥 2 )(𝑖𝑣) (ln 𝑥)′ + (𝑥 2 )(𝑖𝑖𝑖) (ln 𝑥)(𝑖𝑖)
2!
5∙4∙3 5∙4∙3∙2
+ (𝑥 2 )(𝑖𝑖) (ln 𝑥)(𝑖𝑖𝑖) + (𝑥 2 )(𝑖) (ln 𝑥)(𝑖𝑣) + (𝑥 2 )(ln 𝑥)(𝑣)
3! 4!
2 6 24
= 10(2) (𝑥 3 ) + 5(2𝑥) (− 𝑥 4 ) + (𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 5 )
40 60 24 4
(𝑥 2 ln 𝑥)(𝑣) = 3 − 3 + 3 = 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 2 ln 𝑥)(𝑣) 𝑥=1 = 4
Example 2
Find the 𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3)3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑢′ = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑢′′ = ⋯ = 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑥
(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛)
𝑣 ′ = 6(2𝑥 + 3)2 , 𝑣 ′′ = 24(2𝑥 + 3), 𝑣 ′′ = 48, 𝑣 (𝑖𝑣) = 𝑣 (𝑣) = ⋯ = 𝑣 𝑛 = 0
Therefore, by Leibnitz’s theorem,
𝑛(𝑛−1)
(𝑢𝑣)𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + 𝑛𝑢(𝑛−1) 𝑣 ′ + 𝑢(𝑛−2) 𝑣 ′′ +∙∙∙ + 𝑢𝑣 (𝑛)
2!
= 𝑢𝑛 𝑣 + n c 1 𝑢(𝑛−1) 𝑣 ′ + n c 2 𝑢(𝑛−2) 𝑣 ′′ +∙∙∙ + n c n 𝑢𝑣 (𝑛)
i.e. [𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3)3 ](𝑛) = (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑛 (2𝑥 + 3)3 + 𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 )𝑛−1 [(2𝑥 + 3)3 ]′ +
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
(𝑒 𝑥 )𝑛−2 [(2𝑥 + 3)3 ]′′ + (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑛−3 [(2𝑥 + 3)3 ]′′′
2! 3!
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3)3 + 𝑛𝑒 𝑥 [6(2𝑥 + 3)2 ] + 𝑒 𝑥 [24(2𝑥 + 3)] + 𝑒 𝑥 [48]
2! 3!
= 𝑒 𝑥 [(2𝑥 + 3)3 + 6𝑛(2𝑥 + 3)2 + 12𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) + 8𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)]
Exercise
1) Find the third derivative of
i) 𝑦 = sin 𝑎𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑏𝑥
ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
2
−1 𝑥
iii) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑒 tan
2) Find the 𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ derivative of
i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 3𝑥
ii) 2𝑥 cos 9 𝑥 = 𝑦
Hyperbolic functions
Consider the following standard hyperbolic functions(identities)
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
i) sinh 𝑥 = 2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
ii) cosh 𝑥 = 2
sinh 𝑥
iii) tanh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
iv) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
−1+cosh 2𝑥 1+cosh 2𝑥
sinh2 𝑥 = , cosh2 𝑥 =
2 2
Derivatives of these functions are remarkably easy
𝑑
i) (sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
ii) (cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
iii) (tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
iv) (coth 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
v) (sec ℎ𝑥) = − sec ℎ𝑥 tan ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
vi) (csch 𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 coth 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
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