Dr. Ahmed M.

Zaki

Associate Professor
Computer and Systems Engineering Department
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

CSE-271s
Fall 2024
- Introduction
- Review of Digital Fundamentals
- Converters
- Data-Acquisition Systems
- Characteristics of Digital Data
- Digital Signal Conditioning
- Use of Computers in Control Systems
 - Digital Signal Conditioning
- Use of Computers in Control Systems

- Digital electronics and digital computers play a major role in our modern society
- Digital electronics is at the heart of computers
- There are lots of direct applications of digital electronics : automatic door
openers in stores, motion sensors and seat-belt warning systems
- These systems require data to be presented in a digital format: digitally
conditioned.
 - Digital Signal Conditioning
- Use of Computers in Control Systems

- A computer can control multivariable process-control systems

- Nonlinearities in sensor output can be linearized by the computer

- Complicated control equations can be solved quickly and modified as

needed

- Networking of control computers allows a large process-control complex to

operate in a fully integrated fashion
- Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface
 - Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface

Perform the following conversions:

1. 000110012 = ______________10
2. 5610 = ______________2
3. 2388 = ______________2
4. 51AH = ______________2
5. 0.101012 = ______________10
6. 0.47510 = ______2 = ______8 = ______H
 - Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface

(47.0)10= (-------------)2 (0.3125)10= (-------------)2

47 /2 = 23 => 1 0.3125 × 2 = 0.625 => 0
23/2 = 11 => 1 0.625 × 2 = 1.25 => 1
11/2 = 5 => 1 0. 25 × 2 = 0.5 => 0
5/2 = 2 => 1 0.5 × 2 = 1.0 => 1
2/2 = 1 => 0
1/2 = 0 => 1 (47.3125)10= (101111.0101)2
- Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface
- Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface

AB + AC + AC B
- Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers NAND
- Computer Interface

AB + AC + AC B
 - Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface

These devices are particularly suited to the solution control problems

associated with Boolean equations and binary logic problems
- Digital Information
- Fractional Binary Numbers (Example)
- Boolean Algebra
- Digital Electronics
- Programmable Logic Controllers
- Computer Interface

Tri-state buffer
- Introduction
- Review of Digital Fundamentals
- Converters
- Data-Acquisition Systems
- Characteristics of Digital Data
- Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

-A basic comparator compares voltages and produces a digital output.

 - Comparators(Cont.)
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Example 3.7
A process-control system specifies that temperature should never exceed 160 °C if the pressure also
exceeds 10kPa. Design an alarm system to detect this condition, using temperature and pressure
transducers with transfer functions of 2.2mv/°C and 0.2 V/kPa, respectively.
 - Comparators(Cont.)
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Solution
160 °C -> 160 °C x 2.2mv/°C = 0.352 v
10 kPa -> 10 kPa x 0.2 V/kPa = 2.0 v
 - Comparators(Cont.)
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Open–Collector Comparator
- Comparators(Cont.)
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Hysteresis Comparator
 - Comparators(Cont.)
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) Assignment
- Frequency-Based Converters Find the exact values
VL, VH
Hysteresis Comparator(Cont.)
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

N = Decimal equivalent of binary input

n = Number of input lines
VR = Reference voltage
N
Vout = V
n R
2
or
N 1
Vout = V
n R
− VR (Bipolar DAC)
2 2
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) (Example)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Example:
An 8-bit converter with a 10.0-V reference has an input of 010011102. Find Vout.

Solution:
010011102 = 7810

N 78
Vout = n
VR = 8
(10V ) = 3.046875 V
2 2
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)(cont.)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters

A typical DAC is often implemented

using a ladder network of resistors.
- Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)(cont.)
- Frequency-Based Converters

FIGURE 3.15
One common method of implementing an ADC
is the successive approximation of parallel-
feedback system using an internal DAC.
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)(cont.)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Example 3.17
Find the successive approximation ADC output for a 4-bit converter to a 3.217-V input if the reference is 5 V
Solution
(1) Set b1= 1 VF=5(23/24) =5(2-1)=2.5 V, Vx> 2.5 leave b1 = 1
(2) Set b2= 1 VF=5(23/24)+5(22/24) =2.5V+5(2-2)=3.75 V Vx<3.75 reset b2= 0
(3) Set b3= 1 VF=2.5V+5(2-3) =3.125 V Vx>3.125 leave b3 = 1
(4) Set b4= 1 VF=3.125V+5(2-4) =3.4375 V Vx<3.4375 reset b4 = 0

By this procedure, we find the output is a binary word of 10102

 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)(cont.)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Ramp ADC

- The ramp-type A/D Converters essentially compare the input voltage against a linearly increasing ramp voltage.
- A binary counter is activated that counts ramp steps until the ramp voltage equals the input.
- The output of the counter is then the digital word representing conversion of analog input
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)(cont.)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Dual-Slop Ramp ADC

tx
Vx = VR
T1
 - Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)(cont.)
- Frequency-Based Converters

Sample-and-hold
- Comparators
- Digital to Analog Converters (DACs)
- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
- Frequency-Based Converters
- Introduction
- Review of Digital Fundamentals
- Converters
- Data-Acquisition Systems
- Characteristics of Digital Data
- Introduction
- Review of Digital Fundamentals
- Converters
- Data-Acquisition Systems
- Characteristics of Digital Data
Sampling rate
Fsampling > 2 Fmax

Practical
Fsampling = 10 Fmax

Example 3.27

Solution:
- Shortest time between any two peaks is 0.15 s
- Fmax=1/0.15s= 6.7 Hz, Fsampling= 10Fmax=67 Hz
- The maximum time between samples is Ts= 1/67 = 15 ms