‭Communication Protocol‬

‭ orkings of IOT application is depends on different protocols and each‬

W
‭protocol is related to IOT protocol layer.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 1 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭IoT Messaging Protocols‬
‭There are a wide range of messaging and communication protocols‬
‭available, most‬ ‭common ones are discussed below.‬

‭1. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT Protocol in IoT)‬

‭ MQTT is an IoT communication protocol that is widely gaining popularity due‬

‭to‬ ‭its lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport.‬
‭ It is a protocol that transfers data between various machines.‬
‭‬ ‭All‬ ‭devices‬ ‭communicate‬ ‭through‬ ‭a‬ ‭broker‬ ‭or‬ ‭server.‬ ‭You‬ ‭can‬ ‭install‬ ‭the‬
‭broker‬ ‭in‬ ‭your‬‭PC,‬‭MAC,‬‭Linux‬‭system‬‭and‬‭even‬‭in‬‭Raspberry‬‭pie.‬‭Two‬‭of‬
‭the‬ ‭most‬ ‭famous‬ ‭brokers‬ ‭available‬ ‭in‬‭the‬‭market‬‭these‬‭days‬‭are‬‭HIVEMQ‬
‭and Mosquito.‬
‭‬‭Client‬‭devices‬‭receive‬‭or‬‭accept‬‭information‬‭either‬‭from‬‭the‬‭broker‬‭or‬‭by‬‭just‬
‭subscribing‬ ‭to‬ ‭specific‬ ‭topics.‬ ‭They‬ ‭can‬ ‭also‬ ‭publish‬ ‭specific‬ ‭topic‬
‭messages‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭broker.‬‭All‬‭devices‬‭communicate‬‭with‬‭each‬‭other‬‭through‬
‭the broker.‬
‭‬ ‭MQTT‬ ‭is‬ ‭lightweight‬ ‭in‬ ‭size‬ ‭and‬ ‭data‬ ‭power‬ ‭transmission‬ ‭and‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭hence‬
‭available‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭large‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬ ‭devices.‬ ‭MQTT‬ ‭mainly‬ ‭transmits‬ ‭its‬ ‭data‬
‭through the TCP/IP‬ ‭protocol.‬

‭There are three different kinds of QoS(quality of service):‬

‭1.‬‭QoS-0: messages are sent once, regardless of any‬‭feedback from the‬
‭broker.‬ ‭2.‬‭QoS-1: messages are sent over and over‬‭until they receive a‬
‭confirmation from‬ ‭broker‬
‭3.‬‭QoS-2: for every message sent, broker sends a confirmation‬‭message back‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 2 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭Features of MQTT‬

‭ Lightweight protocol suits best for constrained nodes‬

 ‭ Assists publish/subscribe messaging‬
‭ Reduces size of data packets‬
‭ OASIS standard protocol‬

‭Pros of MQTT‬

‭ Flexible options to choose from for quality of service within‬


‭functionality‬ ‭ Easy to act upon‬
‭ Quick results‬

‭Cons of MQTT‬

‭ Lack of encryption‬
‭ Uses high power due to the TCP connections‬

‭MQTT Use Cases‬

‭ parking space with sensors that can sense empty parking spots to guide‬
A
‭vehicle in the‬ ‭right direction‬

‭2. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)‬

‭ AMQP transfers business messages between various applications and‬

‭companies.‬ ‭ AMQP has a wide range of uses in the‬‭IOT. But, it works effectively‬
‭in‬ ‭transferring message communication.‬
‭ It connects the system, serves the system with the required information and‬
‭forwards the information to achieve the necessary goals.‬

‭AMQP connects across various systems, technologies, time and space. There‬
‭are three‬ ‭parts which manage the entire AMQP protocol:‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 3 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭‬‭Exchange: receives messages from publishers and‬‭directs these messages‬
‭to the‬ ‭messaging queues depending on the availability.‬
‭‬‭Message Queue: Saves these messages in databases‬‭until they are put in‬
 ‭use by an‬ ‭application.‬
‭‬‭Binding:
Distinguishes the relation between an Exchange‬‭and Message‬
‭ ueue and‬ ‭gives the message steering criteria.‬
Q
‭Features of AMQP‬

‭ Application layer protocol is binary‬

‭ Cabe used as point to point or publish/subscribe messaging‬
‭ Highly suits messaging scenarios‬
‭ Aids end to end encryption in communication‬

‭Pros of AMQP‬

‭ Transfer messages through TCP or UDP‬

‭ End to end encryption‬

‭Cons of AMQP‬

‭ Uses large amounts of power and memory‬


‭Use Cases of AMQP‬

‭ his protocol is mostly used in the business sector. It uses back office data‬
T
‭centres to‬ ‭specify devices like mobile phones, handsets‬‭etc.‬

‭3. Data Distribution Service (DDS)‬

‭‬ ‭DDS‬ ‭protocol‬ ‭acts‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭bridge‬ ‭between‬ ‭databases‬ ‭and‬ ‭user‬ ‭applications‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬
‭network‬ ‭and‬ ‭hence‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭middleware‬ ‭protocol.‬ ‭The‬ ‭protocol‬ ‭combines‬ ‭the‬
‭parts of a system‬ ‭together.‬
‭ DDS is also used for M2M communication. Data exchange happens through the‬
‭well‬ ‭known publish-subscribe methodology.‬
‭ It serves high quality QoS to the applications with the help of multicasting. DDS‬
‭protocols are developed from low footprint devices to cloud.‬
‭ DDS is data centric , Data Centricity ensures that all messages include‬

‭conceptual‬ ‭information and all applications require‬‭understanding the data that it‬
‭receives.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 4 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭Features of DDS‬

‭ Designs structure supports real time systems‬

‭ Publish/subscribe messaging‬
‭ Direct connection of devices‬
‭ Low overhead‬

‭Pros of DDS‬

‭ Easy architecture that aids “auto-discovery” of new‬


‭applications‬ ‭ Scalable and effective‬
‭ Effectively uses transport bandwidth‬
‭ Committed Data delivery‬

‭Cons of DDS‬

‭ DDS has a heavyweight protocol and it becomes difficult to use in‬

‭embedded‬ ‭systems‬
‭ It consumes double the bandwidth as compared to MQTT‬
‭ It is not possible to interface with web pages‬

‭Use Cases of DDS‬

‭ ospitals and healthcare, military and borders, wind farms, tracking‬

H
‭systems all‬ ‭use the DDS protocol.‬

‭4. Extensible Messaging and presence protocol(XMPP)/Jabber‬

‭ XMPP applies to long distance messaging due its scalability.‬

‭ XMPP originates from XML; XML originates from HTML, a protocol used to‬
‭create‬ ‭web pages. Both are markup languages.‬
‭‬ ‭XMPP‬ ‭has‬ ‭a‬ ‭broad‬ ‭range‬ ‭of‬ ‭uses‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭extensibility.‬ ‭It‬ ‭uses‬‭the‬‭standard‬
‭internet‬ ‭communication‬ ‭protocol‬ ‭(ICP)‬ ‭and‬ ‭this‬ ‭makes‬ ‭it‬ ‭universally‬
‭communicable and it also‬ ‭communicates through HTTP.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 5 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭‬ ‭XMPP‬ ‭networks‬ ‭contain‬‭gateways‬‭to‬‭connect‬‭to‬‭other‬‭protocols.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭designed‬
‭in‬ ‭such‬‭a‬‭way‬‭that‬‭it‬‭supports‬‭instant‬‭message‬‭transfer‬‭through‬‭TCP‬‭link.‬‭This‬
‭is highly‬ ‭useful in the internet of things technology.‬

‭Features of XMPP‬
‭ Extensible design‬
‭ Open standards‬
‭ Client/server architecture‬

‭Pros of XMPP‬

‭ Labelling scheme to locate devices on the entire network‬


‭easily‬ ‭Cons of XMPP‬

‭ End to end encryption not possible‬

‭ Quality of service not available‬

‭XMPP Use Cases‬

‭ Smart phones can access a smart thermostat via the internet‬

‭ A gaming console that allows gamers to message other gamers instantly‬

‭5. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)‬

‭ CoAP runs on UDP and is therefore a connectionless protocol. It is a restful,‬

‭efficient‬ ‭protocol and it has a header of 4 bytes.‬‭It has a lightweight protocol.‬ ‭‬
‭The CoAP follows the request/response protocol which is similar to HTTP, every‬
‭request must generate a certain response. Similar to HTTP, the CoAP supports‬
‭GET,‬ ‭POST, and PUT methods.‬
‭ The CoAP is built in a way which makes HTTP interface easy and at the same‬
‭it is‬ ‭easily compatible with constrained nodes and‬‭networks.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 6 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭‬ ‭CoAP‬ ‭supports‬ ‭4‬ ‭types‬ ‭of‬ ‭messages:‬ ‭confirmable,‬ ‭non-confirmable,‬
‭acknowledgement‬ ‭and‬ ‭rest.‬ ‭Confirmable‬ ‭and‬ ‭non-confirmable‬ ‭messages‬
‭transfer the‬ ‭request and response.‬

‭Features of CoAP‬

‭ Low power consumption‬

‭ Ideal for constrained devices‬

‭Pros of CoAP‬

‭ Uses DLTS for security‬

‭ Quick device communication‬
‭ Packet sizes are small‬

‭Cons of CoAP‬

‭ Since it is a one to one protocol there is no broadcasting‬


‭option‬ ‭ Can be unreliable‬
‭CoAP Use Cases‬

‭Smart homes, smart cities, smart grids etc‬

‭SOAP Protocol‬

‭‬ ‭Simple‬ ‭Object‬ ‭Access‬ ‭Protocol(SOAP)‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭network‬ ‭protocol‬ ‭for‬ ‭exchanging‬
‭structured‬ ‭data‬ ‭between‬ ‭nodes.‬ ‭It‬ ‭uses‬ ‭XML‬ ‭format‬ ‭to‬ ‭transfer‬ ‭messages.‬ ‭It‬
‭works‬ ‭on‬‭top‬‭of‬‭application‬‭layer‬‭protocols‬‭like‬‭HTTP‬‭and‬‭SMTP‬‭for‬‭notations‬
‭and‬ ‭transmission.‬
‭ SOAP allows processes to communicate throughout platforms, languages, and‬
‭operating system, since protocols like HTTP are already installed on all‬
‭platforms.‬ ‭SOAP was designed by Bob Atkinson, Don‬‭Box, Dave Winer, and‬
‭Mohsen Al Ghosein at Microsoft in 1998. SOAP was maintained by the XML‬
‭Protocol Working‬ ‭Group of the World Wide Web Consortium‬‭until 2009.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 7 Indore, 9893176328‬

 ‭ essage Format‬
M
‭SOAP message transmits som‬‭e‬
‭som‬‭e basic information as given below‬
‭ Information about message‬
‭message structure and instructions on processing‬
‭processing‬‭it.‬
‭ Encoding instructions for application‬
‭application-defined data types.‬
‭ Information about‬‭Remote Procedure Calls‬
‭Remote Procedure Calls‬‭and their responses.‬
‭The message in XML format contains‬
‭contains four parts‬
‭1.‬‭Envelope: This specifies that‬
‭that the XML message is a SOAP message. A‬
‭A‬‭SOAP message‬
‭is an XML document containing‬
‭containing a header and a body, both encapsulated‬
‭encapsulated within the‬
‭envelope. Any fault is included‬
‭included within the body of the message.‬
‭2.‬‭Header: This part is optional.‬
‭optional. When present, it can provide cruc‬‭ial‬
‭cruc‬‭ial information‬
‭about the applications.‬
‭3.‬‭Body: This contains the a‬‭ctual‬
‭within the body tags.‬ ‭a‬‭ctual message being‬ ‭are contained‬
‭transmitted. Faults‬

‭4.‬‭Fault:
This optional sectio‬‭n‬
‭sectio‬‭n contains the status of the application and‬
‭and any errors. It‬
‭should not appear more than‬
‭than once in a SOAP message.‬

‭Sample Message Block‬

 ‭Advantages of SOAP‬
‭‬‭SOAP is a light weight data‬
‭data‬‭interchange protocol because it is based on‬
‭on XML.‬
‭‬‭SOAP was designed to be‬
‭OS and Platform independent.‬
‭‬‭It is built on top of HTTP which‬
‭which is installed in most systems.‬
‭‬‭It is suggested by W3 consortium‬
‭consortium which is like a governing body for t‬‭he‬
‭t‭h
‬ e Web.‬
‭‬‭SOAP is mainly used for‬‭(APIs).‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 8‬
‭Indore, 9893176328‬
‭Web Services and Application‬
‭Programming‬‭Programming Interfaces‬

‭REST Web Service‬

‭ EST‬ ‭stands‬ ‭for‬ ‭REpresentational‬ ‭State‬ ‭Transfer.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬‭an‬‭architectural‬‭style‬‭that‬
R
‭provides‬ ‭standards‬ ‭between‬ ‭computer‬ ‭systems‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭web‬ ‭service.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭set‬ ‭of‬
‭constraints‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬‭a‬‭lightweight,‬‭scalable,‬‭and‬‭maintainable‬‭web‬‭service‬
‭that‬ ‭facilitates‬ ‭easy‬ ‭communication.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭set‬ ‭of‬ ‭constraints‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭a‬
‭lightweight,‬ ‭scalable‬ ‭and‬ ‭maintainable‬ ‭web‬ ‭service‬ ‭that‬ ‭makes‬ ‭easy‬
‭communication‬‭with‬‭each‬‭other.‬‭All‬‭web‬ ‭services‬‭are‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭REST;‬‭hence‬
‭it‬‭is‬‭called‬‭a‬‭RESTful‬‭service.‬‭The‬‭purpose‬‭of‬ ‭developing‬‭a‬‭RESTful‬‭web‬‭service‬
‭is to make the web service more effective.‬
‭REST Characteristics‬

‭ It is a Stateless server, supports JSON and XML and It is simple than SOAP.‬

‭ It has well-maintained documentation that reflect each change in the‬
‭architectures of the REST.‬
‭ It is a simple approach to build the client and server service.‬
‭ It follows standard protocol such as HTTP, HTTPS and FTP.‬
‭ It provides a way to connect with server-side applications.‬
‭ It is based on architectural style for designing simple, lightweight, and‬
‭distributed‬ ‭web services compared to SOAP.‬
‭ Examples of REST Systems are -Google Glass API, Amazon web services,‬
‭Atom,‬ ‭Tesla Model S.‬

‭Constraint and the Principles of REST‬

‭ Client-Server‬

‭ Stateless Server‬
‭ Cacheable‬
‭ Uniform Interface‬
‭ Layered System‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 9 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭Advantage of REST‬

‭ REST web services are fast as compared to SOAP because it has no‬
‭restriction like‬ ‭SOAP. It consumes less bandwidth‬‭and resources.‬
‭ It is an architectural style for creating lightweight, scalable and maintainable‬
‭web‬ ‭service.‬
‭ It is a language and platform-independent web service that can be written in‬
‭any‬ ‭programming language and run on Windows, Linux‬‭and Mac.‬
‭ REST web service helps the client machine access different formats of data‬
 ‭such‬ ‭as HTML, JSON, XML, etc. from the webserver.‬
‭SOAP Web Service REST Web Service‬
I‭t stands for REpresentational State‬
‭Transfer.‬
I‭t stands for Simple Object Access‬
‭Protocol.‬

‭It is XML based messaging protocol.‬‭It is not a protocol.‬‭It is an architectural style‬ ‭for‬
‭distributed hypermedia system.‬
‭and‬ ‭resources as compared to‬
‭It needs more bandwidth and resources‬ ‭SOAP.‬
‭for better web performance.‬
I‭t is not specifically applied that the‬
‭message‬ ‭format must be XML or JSON,‬
‭SOAP enforces XML as a message‬
f‭ormat.‬ ‭etc.‬

I‭t has not great performance as‬ I‭t has better performance as compared to‬
‭compared to REST.‬ ‭SOAP, less CPU intensive, lesser code,‬
‭REST requires less bandwidth‬ ‭etc.‬

‭SOAP defines its security.‬‭REST inherits security‬‭measures from the‬ ‭underlying‬

‭transport.‬

‭It does not support error handling. It has built-in error handling.‬ ‭SOAP‬

‭is a heavyweight XML protocol‬

t‭hat requires more coding to send a‬ ‭It is a lightweight, scalable and maintainable.‬
‭message.‬

‭It cannot be cached. It can be cached.‬

‭ OAP messages are wrapped in an‬
S ‭It relies on the HTTP protocol for commu‬
‭envelope and sent to any transport‬
‭mechanism such as SMTP, FTP,‬
‭HTTP‬ ‭or any protocol.‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 10 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭IP addressing‬
‭ he term "IP address" refers to internet protocol address. An IP address is an identifying‬
T
‭number that is associated with a specific computer or computer network. When connected‬
‭to the internet, the IP address allows computers to send and receive information.‬
‭How IP Addresses Work‬

‭ n IP address allows computers to send and receive data over the internet. Most IP‬
A
‭addresses are purely numerical, but as internet usage grows, letters have been added to‬
‭some addresses.‬

‭There are four types of IP addresses:‬

‭ .‬‭Public‬
1
‭2.‬‭Private‬
‭3.‬‭Static‬
‭4.‬‭Dynamic‬

‭ hile the public and private types indicate the location of the computer or computer‬
W
‭network—private being used inside a network, public being used outside of a network—‬
‭static and dynamic indicate permanency or lack thereof. You'll find more information about‬
‭the types of IP addresses in "Types of IP Addresses" below.‬

‭IOT application widely working on two types of protocols‬

‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 11 Indore, 9893176328‬

‭HTTP Vs HTTPS‬
 ‭Prof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy‬

‭ rof Sanjay Sharma,IPS Academy 12‬

P
‭Indore, 9893176328‬