Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Roxas, Campus February, 2021

MODULE 3
CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

I. Introduction
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a program of prevention, monitoring, and
control that offers the opportunity to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides and
minimize the toxicity of and exposure to any products that are used. IPM does this by
utilizing a variety of methods and techniques, including cultural, biological, and structural
strategies, to control a multitude of pest problems. IPM is a term with many different
definitions and methods of implementation. IPM can be interpreted to mean virtually
anything the practitioner wants it to mean. Beware of chemical-dependent programs
masquerading as IPM. Those who argue that IPM requires the ability to spray pesticides
immediately after identifying a pest problem are not describing IPM. Conventional pest
control tends to ignore the causes of pest infestations and instead rely on scheduled pesticide
applications. Pesticides are often temporary fixes, ineffective over the long term. Least-toxic
control products are a major growth area, and new materials and devices are increasingly
available in the marketplace.

The Six IPM Program Essentials

 Monitoring. This includes regular site inspections and trapping to determine the
infestation levels and types of pests at each site.
 Record Keeping. A record-keeping system is essential to establish trends and
patterns in pest outbreaks. Information recorded at every inspection or treatment
should include pest identification, population size, distribution, recommendations for
future prevention, and complete information on the treatment action.
 Action Levels. Pests are difficult to completely eradicate. An action level is the
population size that requires remedial action for human-health, economic, or aesthetic
reasons.
 Prevention. Preventive measures must be incorporated into the existing structures
and designs for new structures. Prevention is and should be the primary means of pest
control in an IPM program.
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

 Tactics Criteria. Under IPM, chemicals should be used as a last resort only, but
when used, the leasttoxic materials should be chosen and applied to minimize
exposure to humans and all non-target organisms.
 Evaluation. A regular evaluation program is essential to determine the success of the
pest-management strategies.
II. Learning Outcome/Objective
When you have completed this chapter you should be able to:

 understand the gradual development of IPM

 describe the function of IPM in ecological management of pest

 apply the tactics and strategies of IPM in managing pests and diseases.

III. Learning Content/Topic

Historical Trends in IPM/PM

1. Pre-historic era
2500 BC (pre-biblical times)
-use of herbs & oils by the Egyptians
-to protect seed/grains from pest
-use of sulphur by ancient Sumerians
300 BC
-timely planting to avoid crop losses
-first recorded use of biological controls in citrus orchards to control
caterpillar and beetle pests in China. Colonies of the predatory ants
(Oecophylla smaragdina) ae set up in citrus groves with bamboo bridges, so
they could move between trees.
2. Dark ages- Middle ages (No advancement made)

3. From 1101 – late 1700

 use of soap to control pests (Chinese)
 use of tobacco infusions & other herbal insecticide (late 1600)
 use of temperature to predict insect events
 the concept of plant resistance was advanced (1700)
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

4. From 1800-Early 1900

 development of insecticides application equipment
 potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) outbreak in Ireland, England, and
Belgium, leading to widespread famine in Ireland (where British policies had
forced the Irish to rely on one crop.)
 grape phylloxera and powdery mildew controlled in French wine country
through the introduction of Bordeaux mixture, Paris Green, use of resistant
root stocks, and grafting.
5. 1920-1930
 other approaches were established
 crop sanitation
 timing of planting
 environment manipulation
 -discovery of the insecticidal properties of organophosphates (by Shrader &
Buyer)
6. 1939-1962 (Insecticide era)
 discovery of the DDT (dichlorodipenyl trichloro-ethane)
 DDT was first produced by a German graduate student, Othman Ziegler
 (DDT chemical compound)
 DDT is a colourless, crystalline, tasteless & almost odourless
Comment [MR1]: After countless
organochloride property against many insect like: mosquitoes studies, pesticides have been
linked to cancer, Alzheimer's Disease,
When can you say that poisons is poisonous? ADHD, and even birth
defects. Pesticides also have the
-depends to the dosage to take potential to harm the nervous system, th
reproductive system, and the endocrine
system
Comment [MR2]: Pesticides, when
Active Development of Chemical as Insecticides sprayed on crop plants, are able to flow
-application was calendar base without considering plant phenology, density & below the surface of the ground,
reaching water-bearing aquifers, thereby
damage contaminating groundwater, making it
unsuitable for both human and agricultur
-this worked well from 1940’s to 1950’s uses.
Comment [MR3]: Uncontrolled
Problems Started after the 50’s application of pesticides can
contaminate soil and may kill other
ECOLOGICAL EFFECT nontarget organisms. Pesticides can
damage soil biomass and microorganism
-air pollution such as bacteria, fungi, and earthworms.
Microbial biomass is a labile component
-water pollution of soil organic matter and has an
important role in soil nutrient element
-soil pollution cycle
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

INSECTISIDE RESISTANCE
-destructive strains
HEALTH PROBLEM
-human toxicity

Emergence of the Early Concepts of IPM/PM

1961- Clark and Geier introduced the principles of pest management.

1962 –Rachel Carson wrote and published ―Silent Spring‖ Comment [MR4]: September 27, 1962,
documenting the adverse environmental
1969- National Environmental Pesticide Act effects caused by the indiscriminate use
pesticides.
1972- Banning DDT in the United States
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (sets standards
for pesticide labelling)
1973- Endangered Species Act
1974- Establishment of EPA
1977- First registration of pheromone Comment [MR5]: is a chemical that an
animal produces which changes the
1979- The bacterium, agrobacterium radiobacter, is registered to control crown gall behavior of another animal of the same
species. Some describe pheromones as
disease. behavior-altering agents.

1983- First successful transfer of gene from one to another.

1993- The fungus Gliocladium virens registered to control Phythium and Rhizoctonia.
1994- Regulatory approval of transgenic virus-tolerant squash, herbicide-tolerant
soybeans and cotton.
1996- Food Quality Protein Act (replaces ―zero tolerance‖ of Delaney clause with
―reasonable certainty‖ clause.
 First transgenic Bt toxin producing crops in the USA.

The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Concept

1. IPM has broad application:
• Integrates management of all pests.
• Holistic approach; ecologically based.
• Can be applied to any ecosystem.
2. What does IPM integrate? Comment [MR6]: Blend, merge, unite,
incorporate, join
• Integrates multiple pest management tactics (chemical, biological, cultural,
mechanical).
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

• Integrates management of multiple pests (insects, weeds, disease pathogens,

nematodes, vertebrates, etc.).
• Integrates pest management tactics on an area wide basis (many pest control
situations are better handled on a large-scale or regional basis).
3. Reduces pests to tolerable levels.
• Does not emphasize pest eradication or elimination.
4. Incorporates economic sustainability.
• Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold concepts
• Can also incorporate other important factors such as maintenance of aesthetic
quality.
5. Incorporates environmental and social concerns.

Goals of IPM
1. Optimize profits (over the long term).
2. Sustain resource (agricultural or natural; over the long term).
3. Rational use of pesticides. Comment [MR7]: in accordance with
reason
4. Reduce environmental contamination and costs — soil, ground water, surface
water, pollinators, wildlife, endangered species.
5. Utilize natural biological controls — conserve and augment; use selective
pesticides, proper timing of applications.
6. Minimize pesticide resistance problems.
7. Minimize pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks (often caused by
elimination of natural enemies with pesticides).
8. Food safety — reduce residues of pesticides on food products.
9. Worker safety — rely on pest management tactics that are safe for workers.
IPM Management Strategies and Tactics
Strategy: overall plan to reduce a pest problem.
Tactic: actual method used to implement the strategy.
General IPM Strategies
1. Do-nothing
-Is the pest economically/aesthetically significant?
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

Use sampling and knowledge of economic/aesthetic thresholds to make a decision; if

pest population is below the Economic/Aesthetic Threshold, then control is not
justified.
2. Reduce-numbers (Fig. 2)
-Implement on a treat-as-needed basis when the economic injury level is
reached, or as a preventive tactic based on history of a pest problem. Examples of
tactics: pesticides, release of natural enemies, cultural practices such as cultivation,
sanitation, etc.

3. Reduce-crop/host/ecosystem susceptibility (Fig. 3)

-Rely on changes made in the host (plant or animal) or ecosystem that make it
less susceptible to the pest (i.e., raise the economic injury level). Examples of tactics:
host plant (or animal) resistance or tolerance, cultural practices such as fertilization
(reduce stress) and altering the synchrony between pest and susceptible host stage,
etc.
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

4. Combined strategies
-Diversification is often helpful in improving consistency in management of a
pest problem.

General IPM Tactics

Prevention
 There are economically and environmentally sound ways to prevent loss or damage
from pests. Such techniques include planting weed- and disease-free seed and
growing varieties of plants resistant to diseases or insects. Other choices are using
cultural controls to prevent weedy plants from seeding and choosing planting and
harvesting times that lessen pest problems.
Suppression
 Suppressive pest control methods aim to reduce pest population levels. These methods
usually do not eliminate all pests but reduce their populations to a tolerable level or to
a point below the EIL. Suppression sometimes lowers pest populations so that natural
enemies can maintain control. Suppression is the goal of most pesticide applications.
Other techniques, such as cultivation, mowing weeds, and releasing biological control
agents, are also used to suppress pest populations.
Eradication
 Eradication efforts are effective in buildings or other small, confined spaces where,
once the pest is eliminated, it can be excluded. For example, eliminating cockroaches,
rats, and mice from commercial food establishments requires eradication. Over larger
areas, however, eradication is very expensive and often has limited success.
Regulatory eradication programs are usually directed at exotic or introduced pests
posing an area-wide public health or economic threat.

Why Practice IPM?

IPM helps preserve a balanced ecosystem
— Every ecosystem, made up of living things and their nonliving environment, has a
balance: the actions of one kind of organism usually affect other species. Introducing
chemicals into the ecosystem can change this balance, destroying certain species and
allowing other species (sometimes other pests) to dominate. Unfortunately, pesticides can kill
beneficial insects that consume pests, leaving few natural pest control mechanisms.
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

Pesticides can be ineffective

— Chemical pesticides do not always work. As mentioned earlier, many common
weeds, insects, and disease-causing fungi have developed a resistance to pesticides.
Furthermore, pests may survive if the chemical does not reach them, is washed off, or is
applied improperly
IPM can save money
—A good IPM program can prevent crop loss and landscape or structural damage
caused by pests. IPM may also avoid the cost of purchasing unnecessary pesticides.
Moreover, IPM can reduce the costs of treating chronic conditions such as asthma by
controlling disease triggers.
IPM promotes a healthy environment
—Using IPM strategies helps reduce environmental injury. Using fewer pesticides
lowers the risk that persistent chemicals may harm living creatures and contaminate
groundwater. It also lessens the need to dispose of containers and unused pesticides.

IPM helps maintain a good public image

—IPM is a well-known strategy that is requested in many areas of society. IPM is
used to grow food, manage turf and ornamentals, protect homes and businesses, manage
school grounds, and safeguard the health of humans, pets, and livestock.

IV. Teaching and Learning Activities

Activity 2. Read Module No. 3 and after which, an Online Quiz will be given
following the link to be posted in the FB group.

V. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

The content for this topic will be delivered using this module, FB group Google
classroom and Google forms. You are required to answer the online quiz .
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Roxas, Campus February, 2021

VI. Assessment Task

This module has two assessments:
 Answer this study question (10 points)
 Formative Assessment (Online Quiz No. 2) will be posted on fb group.

VII. References :
Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) Tactics - Articles UPDATED: MARCH 30, 2011

College of Agricultural Sciences., The Pennsylvania State University 323 Agricultural

Administration Building University Park, PA 16802

Ayyar, T.V.R. 1963. Hand Book of Economic Entomology for South India – Govt. Press,

Madras, 516 p.

NATIONAL Pesticide Applicator Certification CORE MANUAL, 2014. Published by the

National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation. Second
Edition 2014.

Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), 2010