Field Crops Production & Management Module 4

UNIT 4. CROP MANAGEMENT

DURATION: 2 weeks

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the unit, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the different variety of field crops;
2. Discuss the different crop management and practices of field crop production; and
3. Demonstrate the different crop management and practices of field crop production.

VARIETAL/SEED SELECTION

Importance of Good Seed

Reasonably good seed is a prime essential to successful crop production whereas poor seed is a serious farm
hazard. The variety approximate germination and purity of seed should be known before it is planted. Introduction of
weeds in the soil often increases the labor for production of the crop, reduces crop yields and contaminates the
current product as well as the seed and soil in future season.
Of the factors in crop production under control of the farmer there is nothing more importance than the choice
of high-yielding, adapted varieties. Even through the conditions for growth may be most favorable, the yield will not be
so good if a pure variety is used. A knowledge of the qualities that make good seed is therefore, very desirable.

Selection of Seeds for Planting Materials

The seeds or planting materials may contribute more than 50% of the success in crop production. They carry
the genes that will dictate the potential in yield under favorable environmental conditions. The following should be
considered in the selection of planting materials:
a. Adaptable to the area
b. High yielding
c. Resistant to pests and diseases
d. High percentage germination
e. Market demand and quality

For rice, the simplest way to select healthy seeds is through the floatation method. The seeds are placed in water
and the seeds that float are discarded while those that sink are selected and grown. In rice, salt or ammonium sulfate
is added to increase specific gravity, thereby making the selection more rigid. The ideal specific gravity for rice is 1.06.

Seed Selection, in general, always follows the right maturity of the variety. Good pods, fruits or seeds are based
on size, color and absence of insect, pests and diseases.

Crops are classified as cross-pollinated or self-pollinated. Classes of seeds based on the genetic purity are:
breeder seeds, foundation seeds, registered seeds and certified seeds. It is recommended always to use certified
seeds to insure purity.

For cross-pollinated crops such as corn, seeds are either open-pollinated or hybrid seeds. Open-pollinated seeds
are usually called composite varieties while hybrids are produced by selfing a number of generation then crossing
inbred lines to produce first generation hybrid.

Classes of Seeds
In seed production, four classes of seeds are recognized namely:
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1. Breeder seed – the purest (kind of) seed obtained through selection, introduction or hybridization. This is only
in small amounts and the seed is directly controlled by the originator or sponsoring plant institution or
individual plant breeder. It is planted to produce foundation seed. It is the source of all classes of certified
seeds.

2. Foundation seed – this is multiplied from breeder seed carefully handled to maintain the highest standard of
genetic identity and purity. It is available only in limited amounts and is planted to produce registered seed. It
is controlled by public or private foundation seed stock organization.

3. Registered seed – this is the progeny of either breeder or foundation seed. It is the source for growing of
certified seeds and is under the control of the registered seed producers.

4. Certified seed – this seed is available in large quantities and is sold commercially to farmers for general crop
production. Likewise, this kind of seed is produced under established standards set by the certifying agency to
maintain satisfactory level of genetic identity and purity.

Qualities of Good Seeds

1. Must have high germination – seeds that do not germinate are useless.
2. Proper size and development – It is important that the seeds be large, plump and well developed. Large,
plump and well-developed seeds will carry a good amount of reserve food supply for the young plant.
3. Uniformity – If seeds planted consist of fully developed and partly developed ones, as small and big seeds,
these would produce both weak and strong plants.
4. Free from diseases – seeds can never be good unless they are disease-free.
5. Free from mixture of other crop seeds – mixed seeds are objectionable because they produce yield that bring
a low market price.
6. Free from weed seeds – the presence of weed seeds present a serious problem. When weed seeds are
planted along with the crop, this will grow and compare with the main crop.

Testing Percentage Germination

A germination tests is one in which the seeds are placed under optimum environmental conditions of light and
temperature to induce germination.

Methods of Testing Percentage Germination

1. Ragdoll Method – A number of seeds randomly taken from the bulk supply are evenly distributed in rows on
the rag. The cloth needs is rolled moderately, moistened and placed in warm and humid place. Five days
later, the cloth is unrolled and germination percentage is determined.

2. Seedbox Method – Randomly picked seeds from bulk supply are sown in rows in a seedbox and lightly
covered with soil. The seedbox is watered occasionally. About a week after sowing, the germination
percentage is determined.

3. Petri-dish Method – A number of randomly picked seeds from the bulk supply are the placed in a petri-dish or
a similar container. Enough water is placed to soak seeds and cover with filter paper or any paper that can
retain moisture for 5 days. Place in warm and moist place. After 5 days, the germination percentage is
determined. The percentage of germination is calculated using the formula:

% Germination Number of normal seedlings

= X 100
Number of seeds used

Adjustment rate of seeding

Adjustment rate of seeding =
% Germination
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 Field Crops Production & Management Module 4

Example: 100 seeds are sown and 80 seeds germinated

% Germination 80 X 100
=
100

= 80
Adjusted Rate of Seeding:

Recommended rate of seeding is 80 kg/ha.

ARS = 80kg/ha
0.8

= 100 kg of seeds is needed to plant a hectare of land

Preparation of Planting Materials

Ways of Preparing Planting Materials

1. By seeds – rice, corn, legumes

2. By suckers – gabi
3. By stem cutting – sweet potato
4. By roots or tubers – white potato, yam

Recommended varieties of field crops

Philippine Seed Board (PSB) now renamed as the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) rationalizes the
release of varieties emanating from different sources, with a system of coordinated ecological trials that has been in
operation since 1955.

1. Rice : breeding institutions are IRRI, UPLB, DA-BPI and DA-Philrice

a. Recommended lowland varieties
C4-63, BPI-76, IR 36, IR 42, IR 64, IR 66 (with salinity tolerance), PSB RC 2, PSB RC 4, PSB RC-6, IPS
RC 8, PSB RC 10, PSB RC 10, PSB RC 12, PSB RC 14,; F-1 hybrids: PSB RC 26H, PSB RC 72H
released by PhilRice
b. lowland glutinous varieties: IR 29, UPL Ri-1, UPL Ri 3, IR 65
c. rainfed lowland: IR 46, IR 52, UPL Ri 2
d. upland varieties: C-22, IR 45, UPL Ri 5 (with acid sulfate tolerance), UPL Ri 7, PSB RC 1, PSB RC 16
(Ennano)

Popular names of rice varieties are as follows:

a. Inbred – Tubigan f. Saline-prone - Salinas
b. Hybris – Mestiso g. Glutinous - Malagkit
c. Upland Varieties – Katihan h. Aromatic - Mabango
d. Rainfed – Sahod-ulan i. Flood-prone - Submarino
e. Cool-elevated – Cordillera j. Tungro-resistant - Matatag

2. Maize
2.1 Government breeding institutions:
IPB-UPLB, DA, USM

2.2 Private companies:

Pioneer Overseas Corp-Phil, Cargill Phil, Inc., Ayala Agric’l Deve’t Corp., BM Domingo & Co., Inc. (Corn
World Breeding System Corp), Asian hybrid Corporation
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a. open-pollinated varieties – yields 5-6 t/ha

a.1 Yellow corn – IPB Var 1 (Ginintuan), IPB Var 5, IPB Var 7, BPI LG Comp 1, USM Var 3, USM VAr 5,
USM Var 7; IES Cn 3
a.2 white flint types – IPB Var 2 (Tanco White), IPB Var 4, USM Var 10, USM Var 12, IES Cn 6; CMU Var 2

b. F-I hybrids – Pioneer 3228, SMC 305, SMC 301, IPB 911 (single cross), IPB 947 (3 way cross), etc.

3. Tropical wheat: Trigo 1, Trigo 2 and Trigo 3 (yields 1.6-1.8 tons/ha as grown in Northern Luzon)
4. Sorghum – UPL Sg 5 (Cosor 5), PSB Sg 93-01 (USMARC 104), PSB Sg 02 (IES Sor 1), PSB Sg 94-02 (IES Sg 2)
5. Sugarcane – The agencies involved in the breeding work are the Sugarcane Regulatory Administration (SRA) and
the Victorias Milling Corporation (VMC).

Recommended varieties: Phil 66-14, Phil 56-226, Phil 72-70, SRA 80-13, SRA 85-83, VMC 71-39, VMC 711-238,
VMC 73-229
6. Rootcrops (with VisCa, IPB-UPLB)
a. Cassava varieties:
UPL Cv 3 (Sultan 1), UPL Cv 4 (Vassourinha), UPL Cv 5 (Sultan 2), UPL Cv 1 (Datu 1), UPL Cv 2
(Lakan) 1; Lakan 2, lakan 3, Lakan 4, PSB Cv 9, PSB Cv 10

b. Sweet potato – UPL Sp 1 (Kinabakab), UPL Sp 3 (Tinipay), UPL Sp 5, UPL Sp 2, UPL Sp 4 (Cambel), UPL Sp
6, PSB Sp 16 (VisCa), PSB Sp 17 (VisCa)
c. Taro (Gabi) – PSB Vg 2, PSB Vg 3
d. Yam (Ubi) – PSB Vt 2, PSB Vt 3

7. Grain legumes
a. Mungbean – MG 50-10A, Mg 1 (Pag-asa), UPL Mg 3 (Pag-asa 3), UPL Mg 5 (Pag-asa 5), UPL Mg 7 (Pag-asa
7), etc.
b. Peanut – UPL Pn 2 (Mekong), UPL Pn 4 (Biyaya 4, UPL Pn 8 (Biyaya 8), etc.
c. Soybeans – UPL Sy 4 (Tiwala 4), UPL Sy 6 or PSB Sy 2 (Tiwala 6), BPI Sy 4, PSB Sy 3 (La Granja)

8. Cotton – UPL Ct 1 (Batac 1), UPL Ct 2 (Batac 2), CRDI-1, PSB Ct 6

9. Kenaf – UPL K-1

10. Pole sitao – UPL PS 1 (Sandigan), UPL PS-2 (Ana), CSL 15, BPI PS 3

11. Bush sitao – UPL BS 3 (Sumilang), PSB B2-2

12. Cowpea – UPL Cp 1 (Sagana), UPL Cp 3, UPL Cp 5 (Magbunyi), UPL Cp 9 (Juliet), BPI Cp 4, BPI Cp 3

13. White potato – T-204 (Banahaw), Arka, Siro, Kennebec, Up-to-date, Conchita, Cosima

14. Lima Bean – Kentucky Wonder, Habas, Sugar Mammotj

Factors to be considered in seed selection

1. High yield
2. High quality in terms of nutrient composition and eating quality
3. Resistant to insect pests and diseases
4. Adapted to the local conditions
5. Viable or high percentage germination

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 Field Crops Production & Management Module 4

LAND PREPARATION

Objectives of Land Preparation

1. Prepare a suitable seedbed

2. Kill the weeds
3. Pulverize the soil to increase water holding capacity
4. Incorporate organic matter
5. Kill hibernating pests

Tillage is the operational practice of working the soil for the purpose of bringing about a favourable condition for
plant growth. This includes all operations that affect the soil such a stirring, fining and inverting the soil.

Tillage Practices
1. Zero tillage
2. Minimum tillage

Methods of Land Preparation

The procedures for preparing the land can be classified into upland and lowland.

Upland (dry condition)

The following are intended for upland crops like corn, legumes and other field crops.
1. Mow or cut tall grasses or weeds that hinder plowing and pile them at the side.
2. Plow the area at least 15 cm deep.
3. After 16 days, harrow the area.
4. Plowing and harrowing at intervals of 7-18 days are done until the area is well pulverized and free of weeds.
Plowing is usually done 2-3 times while harrowing may be done 2-5 times depending on the weed population.
The total duration of land preparation is from 25-30 days. This is at least long enough to decompose plant
residues. If not properly decomposed will produce compounds that are toxic to germinating seeds.
5. Furrow the area. The distance between furrows will depend on the kind of crop to be planted. Apply basal
fertilizer.

Reasons for using dryland tillage for rice are:

1. Initial crop growth is obtained from early monsoonal rainfall, which would be used for land soaking and
puddling for wetland tillage.
2. Labor constraints associated with seedbed preparation, land preparation and transplanting are used.
3. Large power units can be employed for primary and secondary tillage where capital is available and labor is
lacking.
4. Where a non-rice crop follows a non-puddling rice crop, soil structure is in a more favourable state for stand
establishment and root development of the following crop.
5. Insect and disease build up on alternate host during the period required for wetland soaking and puddling are
reduced.

The major disadvantages of dryland

1. Draft power requirement is high often beyond the reach of rice farmers in the Asian tropics.
2. Early weed control requirements are comparatively exacting and critical.
3. Percolation losses are comparatively high, leaving the crop more susceptible to periodic drought stress.
4. The crop may be exposed to several soil insects and to blast prior to accumulation of standing water.
5. Fertilizer requirements will often be higher.

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Lowland (Submerged Condition)

The following steps of land preparation follow what is done for rice culture.
1. Fix dikes to improve water impounding. There should be enough water in the paddy to soften the soil before
plowing. To facilitate repair of dikes, plow once near dikes to provide enough soil to repair the dikes.
2. Plow and harrow thoroughly. Make the first furrows along the edge of the field and plow toward the center.
Flood the soil after plowing to prevent the loss of nitrogen released by decomposing roots. First plowing
should be done 15 days before transplanting:
a. To protect the seedlings from harmful substances generated by decomposing organic matter plowed
into the soil
b. To allow the plants to utilize the ammonium released by decomposing organic matter which usually
appear 2-3 weeks from initial plowing

After the first plowing, let 7-10 days pass before harrowing. Harrow the field lengthwise and crosswise.

Let another 7-10 days pass to allow the remaining weed seeds to germinate. Then harrow again lengthwise
and crosswise.

The last harrowing should be done a day before the last pass of the harrow to incorporate the fertilizer and
avoid the loss of nitrogen through denitrification.

The direction of the animal or machine-drawn harrow can be done in three ways. A disc or tooth harrow is
driven:
a. To the direction both crosswise and lengthwise
b. Zigzag
c. To the diagonal direction

When the harrow is driven to the direction:

a. Puddling is repeated unnecessary at the field edges because the harrow turn at the edge; however,
such shortcoming is remedied by following the direction of (b) or (c) than to the direction (a) type (b) is
suitable for the rectangular paddy field and type (c) for square ones.

3. After levelling, the field is marked with rope or tooth markers to bring about a uniform spacing of the seedlings.

The puddling process

The term puddling has several meanings. For farmers, it is a simple soil operation that eases transplanting
and reduces water losses through water percolation. In rheological terms, the word puddle means a clay that can be
worked to a water impermeable stage (Rice, 1943). Brodman and Rubin (1948) define puddling as the mechanical
reduction in the apparent specific volume of soil.

Advantages of Puddling
1. Improved weed control by primary and secondary tillage through puddling action.
2. Ease of transplanting.
3. Establishment of reduced soil condition which improve soil fertility and fertilizer management.
4. Reduced draft requirements for primary and secondary tillage.
5. Reduced percolation losses resulting in conservation water from rainfall and irrigation.
6. Reliability of monsoon by the time puddling operation time has been completed.

Disadvantages of Puddling
1. High water requirement
2. Hindrance to regeneration of soil structure
3. Impeded root development
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 Field Crops Production & Management Module 4

PLANTING/ TRANSPLANTING

Methods of Planting
There are two general methods of planting crops:
1. Transplanting
2. Direct Seedling

Transplanting
Seedlings grown in seedbox may be transplanted once they produce 2-3 true leaves. Transplanting should be
done late in the afternoon. Seedlings with big or too many leaves should be trimmed to avoid too much transpiration
which may eventually cause wilting or death. Water the newly transplanted seedlings especially with starter solution.
This solution may be prepared by dissolving 1 tbsp. 14-14-14/gallon of water. The purpose of the starter solution is to
provide a readily available source of nutrient for the transplants. It is especially important because the transplant has
lost some of most of its roots and thereby has a minimal root area for uptake of minerals. A good starter solution are
those high in phosphorus because it is important in root regeneration (e.g. 12-24-12). It is important to note that
complete fertilizer is often difficult to dissolve. It should therefore, be soaked in water for a few days to get the best
result.

Direct Seeding
Direct seeding can be done by:
1. Broadcasting
2. Drilling
3. Dibbling (hill method)

 Broadcasting method – sowing seeds over an area without rows or furrows.

 Drill method – sowing seeds by dropping along a furrow and covering them with soil.
 Dibble method – holes are made on the soil using the stick and seeds are sown in the hole which are
eventually covered with soil.

The rate of seeding and spacing as well as the depth of planting should be carefully considered. The rate of
seeding and spacing, however, is dependent on:
1. The kind and variety of the crop
2. The soil fertility
3. Season
4. Cultural practices used

Fertile soil can accommodate a bigger population than poor soil. A higher plant population is used during dry
season than in wet season. Proper spacing and population are considered in order to avoid too much competition
which may result to low yield and poor quality crops. On the other hand, depth of planting will affect the seedlings in
terms of the availability of O2, moisture and time of emergence from the soil. In general, the larger the seeds, the
deeper it can be planted: i.e approximately 0.5-10 cm in heavy soils and 1-2 cm in light or sandy soils.

Raising Seedlings
For lowland rice in the tropics, seedlings are grown at the time there is an adequate moisture supply. In the
case of irrigated rice, seedlings can be grown any time of the year as needed. For rainfed rice, the starting of
seedbeds usually conform with onset of monsoon rains. Seeds of many tropical rice varieties have a dormancy period
of 2-3 weeks in rice seeds is an important advantage in the tropics, especially for the wet-season crop, when high
temperature and humidity at harvest would result in germination on panicle if there is no dormancy. For seedbed
seeding, farmers have to wait until the dormancy period is over or break it by heat (50 0C for 5 days). Waiting until the
end of the dormancy period is the usual practice.

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Rice seed are soaked in water for 24 hours and then incubated for 48 hours before they are placed on the
seedbed. This pre-germination process answers a quick and even start of the seedling.

Three major method of raising seedlings

1. Wet-bed method
2. Dry-bed method
3. Dapog ,method

 Wet-bed method
1. Preparing seedbed
Prepare the seedbed 10 to 15 days before sowing. Select 400 sq. m. of ideally located fertile field for
seedbed. This area can hold enough seedlings to plant a hectare. Plow the field once and harrow two to
three times until the soil becomes well puddled. Construct raised beds 1 to 1.5 m wide. Provide drainage
canals between the beds.

2. Fertilizing the seedbed

Ammonium sulphate may be applied at the rate 60 g/sq. m. Mix with the soil before sowing the seeds.
If urea is used, apply 30 g/sq. m. Fertilizer may not be applied if the soil is fertile.

3. Sowing Seeds
Sow the germinating seeds uniformly on the beds. Sow at the rate of 2 to 3 handfuls of seeds per
square meter. At this rate about 12 to 20 gantas (30 to 50 kg) is enough for 300 to 500 square meter
bed.

4. Care of the seedlings

Let enough water enter the seedbed to saturate the soil during the first week of growth of the
seedlings. After this period, irrigate the seedbed continuously to depth of 5 cm depending upon the
height of seedlings. This will help control the growth of weeds. Drain the bed occasionally to
encourage the production of vigorous seedlings with short roots.

5. Pulling the seedlings

Seedlings are ready to be pulled 3 to 4 weeks after sowing. It is best to transplant the seedlings when
they are 20 to 25 days old. Very old seedlings result in delayed maturity reduced tillering and grain
yield.

 Dry-bed Method
This method is practiced in some areas where water is not sufficient to permit the use of the ordinary
wet-bed method.

1. Preparing the seedbed

Plow, harrow and level the land when it is dry. When the soil is already pulverized make raised beds 1
to 1.5 meters wide. Provide canals between beds.

2. Sowing of the seeds

Sow the pre-germinated seeds evenly over the bed and cover them with fine soil by hand. Water the
beds after sowing. One cavan of seeds can be sown in 500 sq. m. This will be enough to plant one
hectare.

3. Care of the seedlings

Fill the canals between the beds with water. Splash the beds with water from these canals at least
twice a day. If the canals cannot be filled with water, water the bed with the use of sprinkler. Do this
morning and afternoon.
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 Field Crops Production & Management Module 4

4. Pulling the seedlings

It is easier to pull seedlings raised by dry-bed method. Pull the seedlings when they are between 20 to
25 days old.

 Dapog method
The “dapog” method is used in places where water is abundant. It is extensively practiced in Southern
Luzon and Bicol regions. This method needs a small area and is easy to manage. The seedlings are
ready for transplanting 9-14 days after sowing. Seedlings raised by the dapog method can easily be
carried to the main paddy.

1. Preparing the seedbed

Prepare the field the same as the wet-bed method 10 to 15 days before sowing. After the last
harrowing, make a slightly raised bed 10 cm high and 1.5 meters wide and its length will depend on
the area to be planned. The bed should be level on the surface but slightly higher at the center to
permit water to drain off. A 40 sq. m. bed will have enough seedlings to plant a hectare. Build a canal
around each bed. Make a foot path about 30 cm wide between the beds. Cover the bed with either
banana leaves, empty cement or fertilizer bags or polyethylene (plastic) film. Provide a small wall 2 to
3 inches tall around the bed with the use of strips of banana bracts. Use banana sticks to hold the
bracts.

2. Sowing the seeds

Sow the pre-germinated seeds uniformly over the prepared dapog seedbed. Sow at the rate of one
cavan (44 kg) per 40 sq. m. You need 1.5 cavans of seeds to plant a hectare.

3. Care of seedlings
Press the seedbed lightly by hand or with a wooden board every morning and afternoon for 3 to 4
days. This will keep roots of seedlings in contact with the banana leaves, cement or fertilizer bags or
plastic film sheet. It will prevent the drying-up of seedlings.

Water the seedbed every morning and afternoon during the first 3 to 4 days with the use of
sprinkler or irrigate the seedbed continuously at a depth of 1 to 2 cm.
The seedbed may be sprayed with carbaryl insecticide or any of the recommended pesticides
to protect the seedlings against pests and diseases.

4. Rolling the seedlings

Seedlings will be ready for transplanting 14 days after sowing. Cut the bed into convenient sizes and
roll each piece. Do not prune the seedlings.

The usual process of preparing dapog seedbed method can be dispense with by sowing the pre-
germinated seeds on a concrete floor or plain galvanized iron sheet. The plain G.I. sheet is either laid
on level portion of the yard or provided with platform. If using concrete floor, provide a wall 1 to 2
inches high and 1 meter wide. This will prevent the washing-off of the seeds to germinate to the sides
during watering. This process however, requires frequent watering to prevent drying up of seedlings.
The problem can be easily overcome by mixing a small amount of sawdust with the seeds before
sowing. Another way is to spread about a one-centimeter layer of sawdust uniformly. The sawdust is
spread on the concrete floor or plain G.I. sheet before the seeds are sown. The sawdust will conserve
moisture in the seedbed.

CULTIVATION OR INTERTILLAGE

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 Field Crops Production & Management Module 4
The primitive husbandman hoed or pulled out the weeds that grow among his crops planted at random in his
small clearings. In ancient and medieval field husbandry, field crops were planted at random or in close rows with the
seeds dropped in plow furrows. These crops were later weeded by hand or with crude hoe or knives.
Jethro Tull introduced intertillage into English Agriculture in 1731 applied to crops like turnips planted in rows.

Cultivation refers to any tillage operation after seeds or seedlings are planted.
Tillage is any operation which stirs the soil and is intended to provide the necessary condition favourable for
growth of crops. Plowing, harrowing, hand weeding are examples of tillage operation. Cultivation is usually done at 2-3
weeks interval, depending on the growth of the weeds. However, cultivation should be done at the proper soil moisture
otherwise cultivation would result in a crusty condition of the soil and the destruction of the soil tilth. This common
cultivation or intertillage implements include the disc plow and harrow, moldboard plow, hoe, hand shovel, and “guna”.

Purpose of intertillage
Intertillage serves the following purpose:
1. To control weeds
2. To break crust which retards seedling development and in some cases roughen the soil sufficiently to
increase water infiltration.
3. To aerate the soil so that plant foods are more readily available because of increased bacterial and
chemical action in the soil.
4. To conserve soil moisture

REFERENCES:

Bautista, O. K.1994. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture.2 nd Edition. University of the Philippines Los Bańos, Laguna,
Philippines.

Pava, H. and Allan L. Abellanosa. 1995. Introduction to Crop Science. CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon.

Document INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Title:
Document CPSC-ACA-F007 Rev. No.: 01 Effective August 26, 2020 Page 10 of 10
Code: Date:
Certificate No.
“CPSC commits to provide quality higher professional, technical instruction, research, extension and production services, SCP000538Q
advanced studies in progressive leadership in Agriculture, Teacher Education, Engineering and Computer Studies, Industrial
Technology, Arts and Sciences, Tourism, Business and Public Administration.”