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Structural Steel Frame

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25 views50 pages

Structural Steel Frame

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smartpignotes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5CN001

Brownfield Regeneration and Technology

Structural Steel Frame

Dr Emmanuel Daniel
[email protected]
Structural Steel

Aim of the Session


Understand the use of structural steel in high rise construction
Learning Outcome
❖Be able to explain key properties of steel and its drawbacks

❖Understand structural steel frame connections

❖Discuss the application of steel structural frame in in high rise


building

❖Compare steel structural frame with other structural system


▪ Steel has been used Steel
for
constructing buildings in the
western world for more than 150
years.

▪ With the introduction of standard


sections by the end of 19th century,
steel structures are now popular as
a choice of structures for high-rise
buildings.
Structural Steel
Standard rolled structural
steel sections
• Steel
Steel is usually made from
pig iron.
• The process of making steel
entails eliminating the
sulphur and phosphorus
content in the pig iron and
adjusting the carbon
content.
• High carbon content
produce tough and brittle
steel
Property of Structural Steel

Durability

Hardness or
toughness Strength
Steel
properties

Ductility Weldability
Properties of Structural Steel
Malleability and ductility
• Malleability is the ability of
steel to be subjected to
deformation by
compression without
cracking or rupturing.
• A steel is said to be ductile
when it can deform
plastically without fracture
under a tensile force
Properties of Structural Steel
Hardness of Steel
• It is the ability of steel to
resist indentation.
• It is also entails the
ability of steel to resist
deformation from
scratching and cutting.
• The Brinell test is used to
determine the hardness
of steel
Properties of Structural Steel

Density of Steel
❑The density of steel is between 7750kg/m3 and
8050kg/m3( Virdi, 2012; The Engineering Toolbox,
2017)

❑This means steel is more dense than other


construction material such as bricks, timber, block,
concrete and could support more load.
Properties of Steel

Strength of Steel ❑ It has high tensile strength

❑ It is strong in both compression


and tension.

❑ Hence it used as a reinforcement


in concrete
❑ Its strength varies with the
thickness or diameter of the bar

❑ Its strength also varies with the


composition of the metal
Steel Frames

• British steel UB UC, Corus, Tata


• http://www.steelessentials.info/
Specification of Structural Steel

• Appropriate Specification depends on the usage of the


steel eg Grade
• The grade depends on the minimum tensile strength eg
Grade 43 is 430N/mm² (S275)
• There are 4 major structural grades 40, 43, 50 (S355), 55
• The British Standards, BS / EN 4 BS 449
• BS 4360 BS 449 BS 4190 BS7668 EN 10025 further
define steel grades and Standard Universal Sections
Hot rolled and Extrusions

• Most steel sections used in structural Steelwork are Hot


rolled or Extruded depending on shape
– Hot rolled is white hot ingots of steel are rolled to form a
series of BS shapes
– The most recognisable are the Universal column and
Universal Beam sections
– As well as Joists ,Channels Hollow sections equal and
un equal angles and Hollow sections
– Tubes are extruded to a diameter then rolled and jointed
– NB. Girders are TWO UB or UC joined together

Hot Roll vs Cold Roll Steel.mov


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GFwDOnpUYY
The Corus Blue Book On line
Lighter weight – longer spans
Cold Rolled Sections

• Smaller structural Sections eg Z’ed purlins, roof


sheets and sections used in lattice beams are
cold rolled
• A process where steel is rolled into a sheet
then folded into trapezoidal, sinusoidal shapes
• Press forming, deep press forming and coining
or embossing steel plate to desired shape or
profile
Beam to Beam Connections

Structural Steel Connections


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zX8HNbHmToM
Beam to Beam Simple Connections
Beam to Beam Semi-rigid Connections
Beam to Beam Moment Connections
Beam to column Connection

» End plate bolted to flange


End plate to
column flange
Fin plate

End plate

Haunched
Column splice Seating cleat
Fire Performance

• Steel is an excellent conductor of Heat, expands quickly


and by significant %
• Results in quick Plastic deformation
• Early stress yield ie. mechanical failure
• Fire protection by:
– Blocks, Plaster board and Vermiculite
– Intumescent Paint
– Concrete masonry
– Spray or quilt insulation
– Hollow section water filled
Fire Protection
Advantages and Disadvantages

• Speed of installation
• Only affected by wind
• Offsite manufacture-quality and accuracy
• Limited plant and labour on site
• Material more expensive
• Extension in future is easy
than concrete
• High Strength to weight/ ratio
• Longer lead time
• Lighter weight
• Design changes difficult
• Few dimensional issues
• Component size limited
• Fire resistance is poor
• Fire protection activity
• Requires maintenance or
protection
Pre-cast Concrete
Tilt-up

pre-cast, cast
on site
Column to column
Column to foundation
Column to foundation
Pre-cast erection
sequence
Advantages and disadvantages

• Cheaper than steel more expensive than insitu


• Good quality finish
• Good fire resistance • Long lead time small
• Assemble similar to steel components
• Less robust than steel and
no site alterations
• Lead time as per steel
• Weight to strength ratio
worse than steel
Light weight cold roll steel framing

(Metsec system –)

Metframe is a light-gauge, cold-roll formed,


galvanised steel structural framing system
that is ideal for use in a wide variety of
medium rise superstructures.

Ideal for projects where the speed of


construction and / or a lightweight frame is
required and provides the stability and
integrity required without the need for a
steel or concrete primary frame.
Metsec freestanding wall system

Advantages:
Dry construction techniques
Savings in structural design
Ease of manoeuvring
sections
Fully substantiated
performance data
Wide choice of lining options

Disadvantages:
Limited loading
Spans
Design?
Comparison of the Systems

• In-situ Concrete
– Cheap in materials, but time consuming and high
plant, labour and materials input (4 M’s)
– For high repetition likely to be 20% cheaper than steel
but take longer!!
• Cost split conc 40% Fmwk 32% rebar 28%
• Steel
– A more expensive material than concrete
– Quick erection time on site
– Needs protection from elements, fire etc
– NB 85% by floor area is steel frame??
• Pre-cast Concrete
– factory made - cheap if mass produced
– High Quality Concrete finish
Lightweight frame panel systems ??
Uses of Steel

1. Use as steel frame


Use of Steel
Uses of Steel

Application of steel in construction


Advantages of Steel construction

❑Steel beam is shallow in size than concrete

❑Quicker to construct

❑ Erection on site is less affected by climatic conditions


Advantages of Steel

Advantages of Steel construction

▪ Steel has lower dead load


(unless encased in Steel
concrete)
▪ The layout of steel design
can easily be changed
compared to concrete after
completion of the building
Disadvantages of Steel

❑It is weaker in fire resistance.

❑It lose strength and deform at


a temperature of 600 degree
or above)

❑This can be improved by


applying fire resistant plaster.
Disadvantages of Steel
Disadvantages of Steel in construction
❑ High level of accuracy and precision is required

❑ Require heavy equipment and extensive planning

❑ Capital intensive
Tutorial

Discuss how, where and why you would


apply a steel structural frame in the
redevelopment of the Nathan Road and
Cameron Road Project.
Reference and Furthering
Readings

Virdi, S.S., (2012). Construction science and materials.


First edn. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd:

The Engineering Toolbox, (2017). Alloy and metal


density.[online]. Available at:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-alloys-
densities-d_50.html [Accessed: 6 March 2017]

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