STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

SIX MONTHS INDUSTIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

AT

TREVI FOUNDATIONS NIGERIA LIMITED

DEPARTMENTAL SIWES COORDINATOR: ENGR OKOYE OLUCHUKWU

i
 ABSTRACT

This report documents the industrial training experience undertaken at Trevi Foundations

Nigeria Limited during my six months Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) program. The training focused on foundational engineering processes, particularly

in Bored Pile Production, Comprehension Pile Load tests, and Pile Integrity Tests. The tasks

involved the use of advanced equipment and techniques to ensure the structural integrity of

deep foundation systems. Practical exposure included site preparation, pile drilling, concrete

placement, load testing to verify load-bearing capacities, and integrity testing to ensure

defect-free pile construction. The experience enhanced theoretical knowledge and provided

hands-on proficiency in geotechnical engineering practices, emphasizing the importance of

precision and quality assurance in foundation engineering.

ii
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this technical report on the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) is an accurate and authentic account of the work experience undertaken,Compiled

and Submitted by Emmanuel Godsfavour Chukwuemeka with Matriculation Number

2020/EN/13857 in the Department of Civil Engineering at Trevi Foundations Nigeria

Limited, located at Plot 4, Block B, Gbagada Industrial Scheme, Gbagada Expressway,

Lagos. This report details the successful completion of my six (6) months of Industrial

Training as part of the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of

Engineering (B.Eng) in Civil Engineering.

……………………………..…………………… ……………………………..

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SIGN

……………………………..…………………… ……………………………..

DEPARTMENTAL SIWES COORDINATOR SIGN

……………………………..…………………… ……………………………..

AE-FUNAI SIWES COORDINATOR SIGN

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 Contents
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................ii
CERTIFICATION....................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of Study............................................................................................................1
1.2 Brief history of SIWES........................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Vision Statement...............................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Mission Statement.............................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives of SIWES...........................................................................................................3
1.4 Importance of SIWES to Civil Engineering.........................................................................3
1.7 History and Background of the Firm...................................................................................4
1.8 Companies Objectives..........................................................................................................5
1.8.1 Vision Statement...............................................................................................................5
1.8.2 Mission Statement.............................................................................................................5
1.8.3 Scope of Service................................................................................................................5
1.9 Ministry of infrastructural development for concession (MIDC) organizational chart.......6
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................7
Sections of the firm....................................................................................................................7
Equipments and Machines Used................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Equipments........................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Machines...........................................................................................................................9
2.2 Safety precautions..............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................11
3.1 Earthwork...........................................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Earthwork process...........................................................................................................11
3.1.1.1 Site clearance...............................................................................................................11
3.1.1.2 Excavation....................................................................................................................12
3.1.1.3 Cut and fill....................................................................................................................12
3.1.1.4 Leveling........................................................................................................................13

iv
3.1.1.5 Grading.........................................................................................................................13
3.1.1.6 Compaction..................................................................................................................13
3.1.1.7 Smooth rolling..............................................................................................................14
3.2 Highway drainage..............................................................................................................14
3.2.1 Types of highway drainage.............................................................................................14
3.2.2 Construction of highway drainage..................................................................................15
3.2.2.1 Setting out....................................................................................................................15
3.2.2.2 Excavation....................................................................................................................15
3.2.2.3 Blinding and reinforcement framework.......................................................................16
3.2.2.4 Drainage base casting...................................................................................................17
3.2.2.5 Formwork setup...........................................................................................................17
3.2.2.6 Casting of the drainage walls.......................................................................................18
3.1.3 Defects due to lack of drainage or improper highway drainage.....................................18
3.3 Rigid Pavement (Run way)................................................................................................18
3.3.1 Advantages......................................................................................................................19
3.3.2 Disadvantages.................................................................................................................19
3.3.3 Construction of rigid pavement.......................................................................................20
3.3.3.1 Blinding and reinforcement framework.......................................................................20
3.3.3.2 Formwork.....................................................................................................................20
3.3.3.3 Casting of pavement.....................................................................................................21
3.3.4 Joints...............................................................................................................................21
3.3.5 Types of Joints................................................................................................................21
3.3.5.1 Construction Joints.......................................................................................................21
3.3.5.2 Expansion joints...........................................................................................................22
3.3.5.3 Contraction Joints.........................................................................................................22
3.4 Slab construction................................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Formwork setup..............................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Reinforcement framework..............................................................................................23
3.4.3 Casting of slab.................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................25
4.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................25
4.2 Problems.............................................................................................................................25
4.3 Recommendations..............................................................................................................26

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References................................................................................................................................27

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1 Site clearance__________________________________________________11

Fig 2 Excavation at the burrow pit_____________________________________12

Fig 3 Grading_______________________________________________________13

Fig 4 Grading______________________________________________________13

Fig 5 Compaction____________________________________________________14

Fig 6 Drainage excavation_____________________________________________16

Fig 7 Blinding_______________________________________________________16

Fig 8 Drainage base casting____________________________________________17

Fig 9 Blinding________________________________________________________20

Fig 10 reinforcement framework________________________________________23

Fig 11 Casting of slab__________________________________________________24

vi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a vocational training initiative

aimed at preparing students from tertiary institutions for the industrial work environments

they will likely encounter after graduation. It is a structured program designed with specific

career objectives to enhance participants’ occupational competencies. Established in 1973 by

the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), SIWES was created in response to concerns from

employers who felt that graduates of Nigerian universities lacked practical training and were

ill-prepared for employment in various industries. Employers observed that the theoretical

education provided in universities did not meet the practical demands of the job market.

One of the core principles of SIWES is to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and

real-world application. It aims to combine classroom learning with practical experience, thus

ensuring that students are not only equipped with academic knowledge but also the necessary

skills for their future careers. In 1974, the ITF conducted a survey revealing the significant

discrepancy between students’ theoretical knowledge and their ability to apply it in real-

world job scenarios. To address this, the ITF launched a cooperative internship program that

allowed students in technology and engineering fields to gain practical, on-the-job experience

in Nigerian industries.

As a result, SIWES has become a compulsory requirement for graduation for all students in

certain courses at Nigerian universities. This internship program typically lasts for six

months, providing students with invaluable exposure to the industrial world.

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1.2 Brief history of SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a comprehensive skills training

program designed to prepare and expose students from universities, polytechnics, colleges of

technology, colleges of agriculture, and colleges of education to real-world industrial

environments. This exposure helps students develop the necessary skills they will require

when transitioning into the workforce after graduation. Through SIWES, students have the

unique opportunity to familiarize themselves with, and operate, industrial machinery and

equipment—resources that are often not available within their academic institutions.

Before the introduction of SIWES, there was growing concern about the inadequacy of

practical knowledge among Nigerian graduates. Employers felt that while graduates had

strong academic foundations, they lacked the hands-on experience necessary for real-world

applications. The theoretical nature of higher education was seen as insufficient in meeting

the practical demands of the job market. This gap prompted the creation of SIWES in 1973

by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), with the aim of equipping students with industrial

skills and exposure to enhance their career prospects.

Initially, the ITF funded and managed the scheme, but due to financial constraints, the fund

withdrew from direct involvement in 1978. Recognizing the importance of the program, the

Federal Government handed over the management of SIWES to the National Universities

Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 1979. These

bodies continued to oversee the implementation of the program. However, in November

1984, management was returned to the ITF, which also resumed sole responsibility for the

funding, with the federal government ensuring financial support.Today, SIWES remains a

vital part of Nigerian education, offering students the opportunity to apply academic

2
knowledge in practical industrial settings and better preparing them for the demands of the

workforce.

1.2.1 Vision Statement

To be the prime Skills Training Development Organization in Nigeria and one of the best in

the world.

1.2.2 Mission Statement

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and

commercial skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional

staff, modern techniques and technology.

1.3 Objectives of SIWES

 Provides the avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to gain industrial

skills and experiences in their course of study.

 Prepare the students for the industrial work situation they’re likely to meet after

graduation.

 Expose students to work method and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students

contact for later job placement.

 Provides students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in actual work

situations bridging the gap between theory and practice

 Enlist and strengthens employer’s involvement in the entire educational process and

prepare students for employment after graduation.

1.4 Importance of SIWES to Civil Engineering

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  Practical Exposure: SIWES provides hands-on experience, helping students apply

theoretical knowledge to real-world engineering projects.

 Skill Development: Students develop technical, managerial, and communication skills

essential for the civil engineering field.

 Industry Networking: SIWES allows students to connect with industry professionals,

opening doors to job opportunities and internships.

 Enhanced Employability: Employers prefer graduates with industrial training, as they

are familiar with industry practices and standards.

 Exposure to Current Technology: Students learn about the latest technologies and

innovations in civil engineering.

 Problem-Solving: SIWES helps students develop critical thinking and problem-

solving skills through real engineering challenges.

1.7 History and Background of the Firm

Trevi Foundations Nigeria Limited is part of the international Trevi Group, which has been a

leader in underground engineering for over 65 years. The company was established in Nigeria

in 1977, building on the earlier experience of Trevi in the country, which began in 1967.

Specializing in construction services for deep foundations, soil consolidation, and

environmental remediation, Trevi Foundations Nigeria plays a pivotal role in infrastructure

projects across various sectors, particularly in the oil and gas industry.

Over the years, the company has gained a reputation for delivering complex projects in

challenging environments. It has worked on numerous major projects, including those for

prominent oil companies such as Shell, Chevron, and Mobil. These projects often require

heavy logistics support and specialized equipment, which Trevi provides through its strategic

locations and fleet of marine equipment, based in places like Warri and Port Harcourt.

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1.8 Companies Objectives

. Trevi Foundations Nigeria Limited’s objective is to provide top-tier underground

engineering solutions, focusing on deep foundations, soil stabilization, and environmental

remediation for major infrastructure and oil & gas projects.

1.8.1 Vision Statement

To be a global leader in underground engineering, recognized for delivering reliable,

sustainable, and innovative solutions for infrastructure and environmental challenges.

1.8.2 Mission Statement

To deliver innovative and high-quality underground engineering services, ensuring

sustainability, safety, and excellence in every project while exceeding client expectations..

1.8.3 Scope of Service

 Bored and Cast-In-Situ Pile Foundations

 Soil Improvement and Stabilization

 Environmental Remediation and Site Cleanup

 Geotechnical Investigations

 Marine Works for Offshore Projects

 Microtunneling and Specialized Foundation Works

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1.9 Ministry of infrastructural development for concession (MIDC) organizational chart

HONOURABLE
COMMISIONER

PERMANENT PROJECT
SECRETARY MANAGER

HOD FINANCE HOD

HOD ADMIN HOD HOD PLANNING,
AND
AND SUPPLIES CIVIL MECHANICAL RESEARCH
ACCOUNT
DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING AND
STATISTICS

SITE SITE
SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR

MASON CARPENTER MASON CARPENTER

IRON BENDERS

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 CHAPTER TWO

Sections of the firm

 Engineering and Design Department: This department handles the design and

planning of deep foundations, dams, and earthworks, conducts soil tests, and develops

technical specifications. Their work ensures construction meets project requirements,

focusing on safety, efficiency, and suitability for site conditions.

 Production Department: Handles the physical construction and execution of piling

activities, including bored pile installation, reinforcement placement, and concrete

pouring..

 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Department:Monitors construction

processes to ensure they meet project specifications and international standards.

 Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) Department:Ensures compliance with

safety regulations, manages environmental impact, and promotes workplace safety

practices..

 Human Resources Department: Manages recruitment, staff welfare, and training.

 Operations and Workshop Department: Manages logistics, workshops, and on-site

operations.

 Operations and Workshop Department: Manages logistics, workshops, and on-site

operations.

 Civil Engineering department: this department is concerned with the construction

works, earthwork process, soil tests and all other related activities in the field.

 Mechanical Engineering department: this department is concerned with the repairs

and maintenance of all machines and equipments.

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Equipments and Machines Used

2.1.1 Equipments

 Measuring tape: A measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure length

and distances. We have the linen tape, steel tape (most common), invar and

other types. All have similar functions.

 Hammer: It is a simple tool designed to manually drive nails, pegs, and other

fasteners into softer materials. We have the claw hammer, mallet and others

which serve different purposes.

 Hand gloves: they are safety gloves used for protection against construction

materials like concrete that could harm the skin especially the hands. It can be

made of rubber, wool and cotton with each having their specific use.

 Shovels and Spades: For small-scale soil removal and cleaning around the

borehole area.

 Air Lift: Is a device commonly used in foundation engineering and bored pile

construction to remove loose material, sediment, or water from boreholes

 Poker vibrator: It is a machine that is used to compact the concrete by

removing air to increase concrete strength.

 Safety Glasses: Protects the eyes from dust, debris, flying particles, and

chemical splashes during drilling, concreting, and equipment handling.

 Spanner: A tool used for tightening or loosening nuts, bolts, and fasteners on

equipment and machinery.

 Suspender: Used in lifting and positioning heavy objects like reinforcement

cages from falling deep into the bored holes.

 Hook: Is used in preventing reinforcement cage from jacking upward or

having an upward displacement due to pressure from concrete flow.

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  Hammer: For aligning or loosening large components like steel forms or

structures.

 Tremie Pipe: A tremie pipe system is used to place concrete at the bottom of

a borehole while preventing contamination from slurry or water.

2.1.2 Machines

 Concrete mixer: It is used to mix cement, water, sand and stone (gravel) to get

concrete. All constituents of concrete are mixed in their appropriate proportions

depending on the grade preferred by the project manager

 Water tanker: a water tanker is used to spray water along the road network

during earthwork and also after casting for the purpose of curing.

 Rotary Drilling Rig: Used to drill deep holes (boreholes) into the ground to

create the pile shafts.

 Pile Driver: Used for driving precast piles into the ground in projects requiring

driven piles.

 High-Speed Mixers: Used to mix bentonite powder with water to create the

slurry. These mixers ensure the bentonite is evenly dispersed and achieves the

required viscosity.

 Desander Machine: Is a critical component in a bentonite slurry plant, designed

to remove sand and other coarse particles from the slurry.

 Crane: Used to lift and position reinforcement cages and other materials into the

borehole before concrete is poured.

 Grab Bucket or Auger: Used to remove excavated material from the borehole.

 Dump truck: Dump trucks are heavy machinery used to transport and discharge

large volumes of loose materials such as dirt, sand, ores, gravel, and demolition

waste across mining, civil or major construction sites.

9
  Ocatelli machines: The machine is hydraulic system which are often used for

lifting in bored pile construction due to their long boom and high lifting capacity

 Pay loader: also known as bucket loader is a heavy machine used to carry large

volumes of materials such as stones, sand and other loose materials.

 Excavator: Excavators are popular earthmoving vehicles that feature a bucket,

arm, rotating cab, and movable tracks. It is used for making trenches, cut and fill

demolitions etc.

 Concrete pump: A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid

concrete by pumping.

 Centrifugal Pumps: Used to circulate bentonite slurry between the storage tanks

and the drilling site.

 Varisco pump: is a type of high-performance pump widely used in

construction, particularly in foundation engineering, to handle liquids with high

solid content.

2.2 Safety precautions

 Wear your PPE at all times: When you enter the site, make sure you have the PPE you

need. PPE is important, it's your last line of defense should you come into contact with a

hazard on site. It is a preventive measure considering the nature of different materials worked

with.

 Follow safety signs and procedures: The firm ensures a risk assessment is carried out for

your activities and control measures are put in place for your safety.

 Report defects and near misses: If you notice a problem, don’t ignore it report it to your

supervisor immediately.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Bored Piles

Site investigation is a critical phase in the construction of bored pile foundations, as it

provides essential data about the subsurface conditions, ensuring safe and efficient design and

installation.

3.1.1 Construction Process

3.1.1.1 Site Preparation

The site preparation is done to ensure the site is ready to support heavy equipment, provide

access for machinery, and maintain safety and efficiency during operations. The site must

first be cleared of vegetation, debris, or any existing structures. This creates space for

equipment and ensures that drilling operations proceed without obstruction. The ground is

leveled to provide stability for drilling rigs and other machinery.

The involves;

 Survey and Soil Testing: Conducting of geotechnical investigations to assess soil

conditions and ensure design feasibility.

 Equipment Setup: Mobilization of drilling rigs, casing equipment,support machinery

and other siten logistics to the construction site .

 Work Area Clearance: Making preparation on the construction site, marking pile

locations and setting off benchmark.

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 Fig 1 Site clearance

3.1.1.2 Drilling Processs

The drilling process in bored pile construction is a critical phase where the marked out point

is beign bored to the required depth.

 Surveying: The surveyor locates and marks the pile points on the site to ensure proper

alignment with the design.

 Rig Setup: We made sure the drilling rig is place at levelled and even ground surface.

 Drilling: During drilling we made use of the drilling bucket of different diameter

(800mm,1000mm,1200mm), piles designed to carry the building we drilled to a depth of

43m and 17m for fence piles.

 Alllignment: We made use of the centralizer to keep the pile at center and in allignment

to the design.

 Stabilization: We made use of steel casen and bentonite slurry to avoid collapse of soil

during and after drilling.

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 Fig 2 Excavation at the burrow pit

3.1.1.4 Installation Process

The next step in the bored pile construction process is the installation of the pile

constituents. This includes placing the reinforcement cage into the drilled hole after it has

been cleaned and stabilized. The reinforcement cage is a critical element as it provides

structural strength and helps the pile withstand the loads it will bear.

The steps include:

 The reinforcement cage is being installed into the bored with the help of a crane, the

length is usually 12m long for the 43m depth hole and 6m for the 17m.

 We make use of the spacer, suspender and hook to keep the reinforcement cage in

alignment.

 We set the casting table which has a hole at the center before installing the tremie pipes

which allows the concrete to flow down to the bottom.

 A platform is being prepared (e.g Ramp),in order to keep the mixer at a height in which

the concrete can flow down through the tremie pipes.

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3.1.1.5 Concreting Process

The casting process in bored pile construction is a critical stage requiring utmost

concentration and precision to ensure the pile achieves the desired strength and durability. It

involves the controlled pouring of concrete into the drilled borehole to form the pile. The

process demands careful monitoring to avoid defects such as segregation, voids, or

contamination.

The steps includes;

 Hole Cleansing: This involves the removal of debris, sediments, and slurry from the

bottom of a drilled borehole, a fresh bentonite is then replace to keep the bored hole

stability.

 Concrete Testing: a slump test is being carried out on site to check for the

workability of concrete which usually between 150-160mm immediately each mixers

arrives, we make use of a mixture grade of M25 or M30.

 Casting: during casting we ensure that the tremie pipes reaches the bottom before

pouring the concrete to avoid segregations and contamination, we also allow a depth

3-5m of the tremie pipe inside the concrete for proper flow of concrete.

 Compaction: most time we do an up and down thrusting using the tremie pipes to

compact concrete or a poker vibrator to compact concrete and remove trapped air.

 Surface cleaning: when concrete reaches the surface of the pile after displacing the

less dense bentonite slurry we make use of the shovel to clean the top layer to have a

clear surface before removing the casen and centralizers.

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3.2 Pile load Test
The Pile Load Test is the most reliable method of determining the load carrying of a pile.
This test can be performed either on a working pile that forms the foundation of the structure
or on a test pile. A pile loading test is one of the most common methods for testing the actual
in-situ load capacity of any pile. The test method involves the direct measurement of pile
head displacement in response to a physically applied load. In this test, pile is being tested to
determine its load-bearing capacity, settlement characteristics, and overall performance
under axial compressive loads.

The settlement of the single pile at the working load for piles in soil It is necessary to divide
the calculated ultimate resistance of the pile (or the ultimate resistance derived from load
testing) by a safety factor to obtain the design working load on the pile. A safety factor is
required for the following reasons:

(1) To provide for natural variations in the strength and compressibility of the soil

(2) To provide for uncertainties in the calculation method used

(3) To ensure that the working stresses on the material forming the pile shaft are within the
safe limits

(4) To ensure that the total settlement(s) of the single isolated pile or the group of piles are
within tolerable limits

(5) To ensure that the differential settlements between adjacent piles or within groups of
piles are within tolerable limits

Procedure for Compression Pile Load Test

We carried out a static Compression pile load test for pile D15(diameter=1.2m, and depth=43m)

Preparation of Test Pile:

The pile was being cast and allowed to cure for a period of 28 days including the pile cap

Reaction System Setup:

Anchor piles or a heavy reaction frame is positioned to provide resistance against the applied
load.

Installation of Hydraulic Jack:

A hydraulic jack is placed between the pile head and the reaction system, capable of applying
the required test load.

Instrumentation Setup:
Load cells measure applied loads, while dial gauges or linear variable displacement
transducers (LVDTs) monitor settlement.

15
Initial Load Application:
A small seating load is applied to stabilize the setup and eliminate slack.

Incremental Loading:
The load is applied in steps, typically 25% of the safe working load, and held for a predefined
duration at each stage.

Settlement Observation:
Settlements are recorded at regular intervals during each load stage.

Maximum Load Application:

The load is increased until reaching the test load, usually 1.5–2 times the working load or
until failure criteria are observed.

Unloading:
The load is removed incrementally, and rebound measurements are recorded.

Analysis and Reporting:

Load-settlement curves are plotted, and results are analyzed to determine ultimate pile
capacity and settlement characteristics.

This procedure ensures the pile meets design criteria and validates its load-bearing capacity.

16
THIS IS THE DATA SHEET FOR THE PILE LOAD CARRIED OUT ON SITE

TREVI FOUNDATION NIGERIA LTD 19/10/2024

DATA SHEET PILE NO. D15
Compress pile load test Europress Enerpac
CGS500P250 CLSG 5006

sequence
800 tons 800 tons

700 bars 700 bars

Safe working load

TF 7343 TF 7344
4600.0Kn

Mininimum time Design Load Pressure Dial Gauge Settlement

of load holding- Load Kg/cm2
I.C.E
First Min/hr % KN (Bar) A B C D Mean Differential
Phase Settlement Settlement
(mm) (mm)
10 min 0% 0.0 0.0 0.20 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.31 0
30 min 25% 1,150.0 48.9 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.90 1.29 0.98
30 min 50% 2,300.0 97.8 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.20 3.42 2.13
30 min 75% 3,450.0 146.6 4.10 4.40 4.60 5.30 7.60 4.18
6 hr 100% 4,600.0 195.5 6.30 6.70 6.90 7.50 13.11 6.51
10 min 75% 3,450.0 146.6 5.00 5.40 5.70 6.00 7.78 5.33
10 min 50% 2,300.0 97.8 2.50 2.80 3.10 3.20 4.90 2.88
10 min 25% 1,150.0 48.9 1.30 1.60 1.80 2.40 3.53 1.37
1 hour 0% 0.0 0.0 0.60 0.90 1.10 1.30 2.77 0.76
Second Min/hr % KN (Bar) A B C D Mean Differential
phase Settlement Settlement
(mm) (mm )
1 hr 100% 4,600.0 195.5 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.70 5.99 5.68
1 hr 125% 5,750.0 224.4 8.90 9.40 9.60 10.90 9.70 9.39
6 hr 150% 6,900.0 293.3 18.55 18.80 19.10 20.20 19.17 18.86
10 min 125% 5,750.0 244.4 17.10 17.90 17.20 17.88 17.53 17.22
10 min 100% 4,600.0 244.4 14.80 16.10 15.80 16.42 15.78 15.47
10 min 75% 3,450.0 195.5 12.70 13.50 13.75 13.85 13.45 13.14
10 min 50% 2,300.0 146.6 12.20 12.45 12.80 13.55 12.75 12.44
10 min 25% 1,150.0 97.8 12.20 12.40 12.40 12.70 12.43 12.12
1 hr 0% 0 0.0 12.20 12.40 12.35 12.65 12.40 12.09

17
 7

6
DIFFERNTIAL SETTLEMENT (mm)

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

18
This involves the process of surveying the area with the aid of a differential GPS. The

Surveyor uses the GPS survey equipment to identify points and fix pegs that indicates the

position and alignment of the drainage. The surveyor also picks and distributes the slope of

the drainage base along the drainage length. Depending on the corresponding slope at each

point, the surveyor also indicates the differential depths using a marker.

3.2.2.2 Excavation

Excavation is the process of removing earth to form a cavity in the ground. For the drainage

construction the excavator is used to make trenches of required depth although it is dependent

on the drainage type. Surface drainage requires the use manual labour (digging). The width

dug is around 1.5 metres and this factor in space for formwork.

Fig 6 Drainage excavation

3.2.2.3 Blinding and reinforcement framework

This is the process of spreading concrete mix on the earth surface before the steel

reinforcement or BRC mesh (for rigid pavement) is laid out. The thickness of the blinding is

50mm. From the engineering design, reinforcement bars of diameter 10mm was used for both

the main bars (u-bar) and the distribution bars. And the main bars were cut, bent and arranged

appropriately according to the bending schedule;

Height of arm - - - - - - 750mm

19
Width - - - - - - - - - - - - 900mm

Spacing - - - - - - - - - - 150mm

Fig 7 Blinding
3.2.2.4 Drainage base casting: this is the process of casting the base of the drainage after

placing the reinforcement on the blinded area. Concrete is mixed in the batching plant and

transported by the concrete mixer to the main site, then discharged through the concrete

pump to the area that has been blinded. The Mason then rammers and dresses the pour to give

a clean and smooth base. The thickness of the base is 150mm. It is allowed to set for a

minimum of 48 hours.

Fig 8 Drainage base casting

3.2.2.5 Formwork setup

Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete

is poured and formed. The following materials make up the formwork: marine board,

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chamfer gauge, and 2*4 woods. First the marine board is cut to desired size then the 2*4

wood issued to brace the four corners of the board, the boards are then set in place and braced

by purlins to keep it steady and 15 firm and finally the chamfer gauge is nailed internally to

the body of the marine board to get the concrete level.

The marine board is greased with oil so that it can be removed easily after casting, before

using it to board the reinforcement. This is why the total width dug is 1.50 metres so as to

create space for the formwork. The space between the parallel formwork placed is 150mm.

3.2.2.6 Casting of the drainage walls

The drainage walls are then casted using a concrete grade M20, and the concrete mixer

vehicle transports the concrete from the batching plant to the site and its discharged carefully

into the formwork, then the Mason uses the hand trowel to dress the top of the drainage walls.

The wall thickness is 150mm.

3.1.3 Defects due to lack of drainage or improper highway drainage

 It allows the washing out of highway portions and causes excessive erosion leading to

the formation of gullies and potholes along the roadsides or road embankment.

 It causes considerable damage to the shoulders and pavement edges due to presence

of excess water.

 It leads to slope failure.

 It is the prime cause of failures in rigid pavement due to mud pumping by the

presence of water in fine sub-grade soil.

 Water infiltration due to poor drainage can weaken the base and subgrade, leading to

the development of cracks in the pavement surface.

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3.3 Rigid Pavement (Run way)

Rigid pavement is a type of road surface that is made of concrete or reinforced concrete. It is

made of a thick layer of concrete poured over a solid base, which helps distribute the weight

of traffic evenly and provides a smooth surface for driving. The design of the rigid pavement

is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab of sufficient strength to resist the load

from traffic. It is commonly used for highways, airports and other high-traffic areas because

it is durable and long-lasting.

3.3.1 Advantages

 Low maintenance and operation cost as they are less prone to deformation and

cracking

 Higher life span; they are designed to last a period of 30-40 years

 The flexural strength of the concrete slab is the major factor and not the sub-grade,

hence, minor variation in sub-grade strength does not affect the road.

 It is more durable and can withstand heavy traffic loads, making it suitable for

highways, airports, and industrial areas.

 Concrete pavements provide a smooth and uniform surface for driving, offering better

ride quality and comfort for motorists. This also reduces wear and tear on vehicles

and improve fuel efficiency

 They are resistant to weathering and chemical corrosion which helps preserve their

appearance and structural integrity over time, even in harsh environmental conditions.

3.3.2 Disadvantages

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  It requires higher initial investment due to cost of materials, specialized equipment,

and skilled labour needed for concrete placement.

 They are less flexible than flexible pavements and are more prone to cracking joint

deterioration under thermal expansion and contraction, especially in regions with

significant temperature variations.

 It takes longer time (requires at least 28 days of curing before traffic movement) to

construct due to the curing time required for concrete to achieve adequate strength

before opening to traffic. This can lead to longer project time and disruption to traffic

flow.

 They produce more noise from tire-pavement interaction compared to flexible

pavements, especially at higher speeds. This can impact nearby residents and

businesses and requires additional noise mitigation.

3.3.3 Construction of rigid pavement

3.3.3.1 Blinding and reinforcement framework

After the earthwork stage, first activity for the rigid Pavement is the blinding; this will form

part of the subgrade. For the project a blinding of 50mm was done. For the reinforcement,

bars of 10mm diameter was used and arranged in such a way that the spacing is 300mm, also

towards the shoulders (end) of the runway the reinforcements was switched to a BRC mesh

because the shoulder is said to undergo lesser tensile stress or load.

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 Fig 9 Blinding

3.3.3.2 Formwork

For the formwork of the rigid Pavement, metal panels already prepared by the welders were

used. On the panels round holes of diameter 20mm were made at every 500mm interval on

the panels, this is where the connection reinforcements for the construction joint are passed

through. The panels also have hooks were the bracers are hooked in and then fastened to the

ground, this keeps the panels steady. The depth of each formwork is about 150mm.

3.3.3.3 Casting of pavement

Concrete is then mixed at the batching plant and discharged from the mixer. Concrete of

grade M25 (mix ratio -- 1:1:2) is used for sufficient strength. Then the labourers use shovel to

spread the concrete evenly. The poker vibrator is used to vibrate the concrete properly to fill

pore spaces, improve strength and even distribution of the mix. The concrete paver is then

used to level the concrete properly, and then the concrete is allowed to set for while. This is

dependent on the temperature or climatic condition at that point). The power trowel is then

used to smoothen, shine and compact the road surface. Finally the groove is used to print

lines on the pavement for friction between wheels. In some cases, a long brush was used as a

substitute.

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 Fig 10 Casting of pavement

3.3.4 Joints

Joints are intentional gaps or separations provided between adjacent concrete slabs or panels

to accommodate the natural expansion and contraction of concrete due to temperature

changes and to control cracking.

3.3.5 Types of Joints

3.3.5.1 Construction Joints

Construction joints are planned joints created during the construction process to separate

adjacent concrete panels. They are provided whenever the construction work stops

temporarily. They can be either along the transverse or longitudinal direction. This joint is

reinforced with 16mm bars to keep the pavement from splitting at this joint.

3.3.5.2 Expansion joints

These are provided along the transverse direction to allow the expansion and contraction of

the concrete slab due to temperature and subgrade moisture variation. For the expansion joint

a gap of width 50mm was left during casting at every 30 metres distance on the pavement.

3.3.5.3 Contraction Joints

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These are also known as the shrinkage joint and are provided along the transverse direction to

allow for contraction or shrinkage of the slab during the curing process. This joint is a thin

cut of depth not greater than ⅓ of the depth of the slab. This was done using the concrete

cutter to cut through the pavement at every 5 metres distance on the pavement.

3.4 Slab construction

This is a single, continuous section of rigid pavement made of concrete. Slabs are usually

rectangular in shape and are separated from adjacent slabs by joints to accommodate

movement and prevent cracking. Slabs are designed to withstand loads and stresses imposed

by traffic and provide a smooth, durable surface for vehicles to travel on. It also varies in

thickness, reinforcement and width. This report focuses on slabs with dimensions as follows;

Length………………4 metres

Width………………..1 metre

Thickness………………..0.15 metres

3.4.1 Formwork setup

The formwork is mainly boards that are 12 feet long and 1 foot wide. They are placed in the

area meant for the casting. 2*2 planks or purling are then cut out to form an inverted u-shape

that is placed beneath the board for support. Cement bags can be placed between boards to

cover small holes.

3.4.2 Reinforcement framework

The reinforcement is wound to have a length of 3.8 metres (distribution bars), width of 1.8

metres and thickness of 0.10 metres. The distance extracted is to serve as concrete cover for

the steel reinforcement so as to prevent rust and corrosion of the reinforcement. Each width is

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originally a 2 metre length of reinforcement that is wound to be 0.9 metres at the transverse

and 0.1 metres for the thickness.

Fig 10 reinforcement framework

3.4.3 Casting of slab

After the formwork is set up and the reinforcement is laid on the formwork, the slab is casted.

Considering traffic, load and stress, most slabs are designed using a larger stone grade than

the usual for road construction. The mixing of concrete was done manually to save cost of

diesel and also considering that the slab to be casted requires less quantity of concrete than

the normal volume a concrete mixer carries. A concrete mixer carries on average 9.0 cubic

metres of concrete per trip. After mixing according to the grade specifications, the mason

uses the trowel and the rammer to spread the concrete and ensure even distribution and level

across all points. It is also important to ensure that the level of bleeding (excess water that

settles on the surface of concrete) is not much so as to prevent deformation of the slab.

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 Fig 11 casting of slab

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Conclusion

The concept of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) with the

sole objective to bridge the gap between the theoretical knowledge amassed in class

and its practical application on field, has been of immense and great help to me, as

during my attachment with the Ministry, I got to experience physically what

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 transportation engineering is all about ranging from project management and

supervision, slab construction, drainage construction, Earth work process, and rigid

pavement construction. I also got to work with some critical engineering machines

and tools and it aided my level of confidence in seeking more knowledge in the field

of civil engineering. The training also helped to prepare me for what lies ahead in

Engineering field and life after the tertiary institution. It also opened me up to a whole

new level of opportunities as well as spur a level of enlightenment and awareness

amongst citizens who have always had a stereotypical idea about civil engineering

4.2 Problems

The following were challenges and problems I encountered during my period of

attachment at the Ministry of Infrastructural Development for Concession

 Mobility: the presence of a new administration shortly before I resumed at my

place of internship meant that all machines, equipments and vehicles were

poorly funded and supported. This made movement to construction sites and

back to base difficult as they (administration) looked elsewhere in terms of

development and support.

 Finance as I was responsible for my transportation and feeding at all times.

 As an internship student, being subjected to manual labour without any form

of was a regular occurrence in the firm which affected my attention at times.

4.3 Recommendations

 Internship students should be paid allowances during the industrial training and not

after as this would help alleviate the cost of transportation to and fro the construction

site.

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 SIWES supervisors alongside the school supervisors should monitor the students

closely to help them gain appropriate skills and values.

 Liaison of ITF with some companies: Students find it difficult and very challenging to

secure a place of attachment as the companies are sometimes reluctant in taking in

students, some of which they see as liabilities especially in the field of engineering or

any other field that requires close monitoring and creative practical work. Liaison

with some companies will help in this regard.

 Regular visits by ITF officials to the students at the place of their internship: Visiting

no longer seems to be integral part of the program and as such, students are often used

by some firms to serve as cheap labour for all sorts of odd jobs. Regular visits by ITF

officials could help solve this problem.

References

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