Geometry

Centroid

Centroid
A
� Centroid is the intersection point of all 3 medians
of triangle. 2
3
2 G
� Median divides the triangle into two equal areas.
1
1
� Centroid always lies inside the triangle.
B D

r
A 2

Si
AG = AD
3
1 1
F E 1
G GD = AD
3
1 1

p
Apollonius theorem
1 1
B C � To find length of median.
�
D
6 triangle made by 3 medians have equal area.
a
n
t
3 6
io A
a
at
1
� Area of each triangle �= Area of �ABC
ic

6
Pr
bl

1
Area �AGC = Area �AGB = Area � BGC = Area
Pu

3
�ABC � 180–�
on

A B C
n

D
pi

cos (180°–�) = – cos �

ga
am

2 G 2 � 2 BC2 �
AB + AC = 2
2
�
2 AD + �
4 �
Ch

�
2
Ga

B C
� A
� Centroid always divides median in the ratio 2 : 1.
2:1
F E
A G

F 1 2 E B C
D
1 G

1 1 � BC2 �
AB2 + AC2 = 2 � AD � 4 �
2
B C � �
D

� AC2 �
AG BG CG 2 AB2 + BC2 = 2 � BE � 4 �
2
= = = � �
GD GE GF 1

24
 Geometry
� AB �
2 6
AC2 + BC2 = 2 � CF � 4 �
2
F, E are mid points ��AO = OD = = 3 unit
2
� �
OG = AG – AO = 4 – 3 = 1 unit
BC2 AC2 � AO : OG : GD = 3 : 1 : 2
2 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 2AD2 + + 2BE2 + +
2 2
1
AB2 Area of GEF = Area of ABC
2CF +2 12
2
�
3 (AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
A
AB2 � BC2 � CA 2 4
=
AD2 � BE2 � CF 2 3
1
AB + BC + CA 4 F E
1< < 1
AD + BE + CF 3

r
G
� GB + GC > BC 4

Si
GA + GC > AC B C
D2
AG + BG > AB
2 �EFG ���BCG
AG = AD
3 Side � 1 : 2

p
Area � 1 : 4
2
BG = BE a Area �ABC = Ar �BGC × 3 = 4 × 3 = 12
3
GEF 1

n
2 � =
t
CG = CF
3 io ABC 12
a
at
2 (AG + BG + CG) > AB + BC + CA Area �EFG = Area �DFG = Area �DEG = 1
� Area �DEF = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 unit
ic
Pr

2
2× (AD + BE + CF) > AB + BC + CA
bl

3 Area DEF 3 1
� = =
Area ABC 12 4
Pu

4 (AD + BE + CF) > 3 (AB + BC + CA)

� AB + AC > 2AD � If two medians of a � intersect each other at 90°
on

AB + BC > 2BE � 90°

n

AC + BC > 2CF
pi

A
ga

2 (AB + BC + CA) > 2 (AD + BE + CF)

am

AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF
Ch

AB + BC + AC F E
� >1 x G y
AD + BE + CF AB AC
Ga

2 2
90°
� A 2y 2x
B C

AB2 + AC2 = 5BC2

F E
O
G AB2
x2 + 4y2 =
4

B C AC2
D y2 + 4x2 =
4
AO : OG : GD = 3 : 1 : 2
AB2 � AC2
�AFE � �ABC 5 (x2 + y2) =
4
Let AD = 6 unit
5 (4x2 + 4y2) = AB2 + AC2
��AG : GD = 2 : 1
� 5BC2 = AB2 + AC2 (Property)
��AG = 4 unit and GD = 2 unit

25
 Geometry
� Special case in isosceles If D, E are mid points, AD and BE are medians,
AB
then DE = =R
AB = AC ��BE = CF 2

AB2 + AC2 = 5BC2 AB

D, E AD BE DE = =R
2AB2 = 5BC2 2
AD2 + BE2 = DE2 + AB2
2
� AB � 5 AB 5
�� � � = �� = AB2
� BC � 2 BC 2 AD2 + BE2 = + AB2
4
� A
5AB2
AD2 + BE2 =
4
��4 (AD2 + BE2) = 5AB2
G ��CB = 2R

r
AD2 � BE2 5

Si
B C =
D AB2 4
If AG = BC or AD = 1.5 BC
��4 (AD2 + BE2) = 5 × R2
���BGC = 90°
AD2 + BE2 = 5 × 4R2
Right Angle Triangle

p
AD2 + BE2 = 5R2
� A
4

O Circumcentre
a� Area of �ABC =
3
× Area of triangle made by using
length of all 3 medians.

n
t
io
:1

4
a
�ABC = ×
at
G
2

3
B C
ic
Pr
bl

Orthocentre Example :
Pu

AO = OC = OB = R Length of 3 medians 15, 36, 39. Then find the area

BO = Hypotenuse median = Shortest median of triangle ABC.
on
n

BO 3 15, 36, 39 ABC

pi

H
ga

=R= Area of triangle made by 15, 36, 39 (triplets)

am

H H 1
Ch

BG = , GO = = × 15 × 36 = 270
3 6 2
Ga

� If D, E are two points on BC and AC. 4 �1 �

Area of �ABC (main �) = 3 � � 2 � 15 � 36 � = 360 cm2
D, E, BC AC � �
B � A

E
D F
G

A C
C E B D
AD2 = CD2 + CA2
BE2 = CE2 + BC2 AC
BE = R =
2
2
CD� � CE
� � CA
2 2
� BC 2
AD2 + BE2 = �� ��� ���� �
� AD2 + CF2 = 5.R2
DE2 AB2
AG2 + CG2 = 5BG2
� AD2 + BE2 = DE2 + AB2

26
 Geometry
Exocentre If we make incircle in � ABC with radius. r then r
�
=
� S

�
r � ABC r=
S
A O2
r2 � � � � �4
O3 r · r1 · r2 · r3 = · · · = 2
r3 c b S S � a S � b Sc �
a
B C r · r1 · r2 · r3 = 2

r1
Example :

O1
13 15
14

r
Si
r
�
r1 =
S�a

� Find r = ?

p
r2 = � = 84 cm2, S = 21
S�b
84
r3 =
�
S�c
a r=
21 � 14
= 12 cm

n
t
io
a
at
ic
Pr
bl
Pu
on
n
pi
ga
am
Ch
Ga

27
 Geometry

Equilateral triangle

Equilateral Triangle � � �
R : a : r
� All sides are equal.
A 2 : 2 3 : 1

Area � 4� : 3 3 : �
30° 30°
a a � Circum circle : area : incircle : square
I, O, G, H

Area 4 : : : 2

r
60° 60° 3 3
B C
a D a

Si
2 2
A
AD � median, angle bisector, altitude, � bisector
3
of BC = a
2 a a

p
AD � BC �
B a C
3 a
a
2

n
�ADB � �ADC
t
� Circle : Square
io
A � � : 2 or 11 : 7
a
3 3 2
at
h= a Area = a
2 4
ic

A B
Pr

All centre lies at same point.

bl
Pu

a 2
Circumradius (R) = , R= h,
3 3
on

D C
n

a 1
pi

Inradius (r) = , r= h
2 3 3 Isosceles Triangle
ga
am

R 2 Area circumcircle 4 � Triangle in which any two sides are equal.

= =
r 1 Area incircle 1
Ch

A
Ga

3
� All 3 medians 3 = a = Height
2
� �
� Side Height Area I
a a
� � � H
G
3 3 2 O
a a a
2 4
B C
2 cm 3 cm 3 cm
2 b D b
2 b 2
2k 3 k 3k
2
AB = AC
28 cm 14 3 196 3 All 4 centre lies on line AD.
4 AD
� �
2
6 6 3 ·3 6 � 9 2 3· 3 6 � 54 3
b2 4a 2 � b2
� Circumcircle Side of In radius AD = a2 � = = Height
4 2
radius equilqteral �

28