 Wave Nature of Matter (De-Broglie Wavelength of Matter Waves)

According to de-Broglie's hypothesis, a moving particle sometimes behaves as a particle and sometimes
as a wave and is associated with a wire which is known as de-Broglie wave. The wavelength of the matter
wave is given by.
h h
 
mv p
Where, m is the mass of the material particle, visits velocity and p is its momentum.
 Particle Nature of Light : The Photon
The photon is a packet of energy emitted from a source of Er radiation. Photons are carrier particle of
electromagnetic radiation They travel in straight lines with speed of light c = 3108 m/s. The energy of
photons is given as
hc
E = hv = = mc2

Where, v is frequency,  is wavelength, h is Planck's constant The effective or motional mass of photon
is given as
E hv 3
m  
c 2 c 2 c
E hv h
The momentum of a photon is given as, P = mc   
c c 
 Photoelectric Effect
The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface of metal when light of suitable frequency falls
on it is called photoelectric effect.
The ejected electrons are called photoelectrons and the current produced due to emitted electrons is called
photocurrent.
Effect of Intensity of Incident Radiations : The number of incident photo per second on a metal plate is
called intensity of incident radiations.

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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 2 ADVAIT EDUCATION

Saturation current : When all photoelectrons produced reach anode the photocurrent becomes maximum
and is independent of applied potential difference. This current is called saturation or maximum current.
Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation : The minimum frequency of incident radiation which can
eject photoclectrons from a metal is known as threshold frequency (V ) . At stopping potential, if
frequency of incident radiation is increased then current starts flowing again. This can be made zero by
increasing stopping potential. Thus maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron or stopping potential
increases with increase in frequency of incident radiation. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
increases linearly with increase in frequency of incident light.

 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation : Energy Quantum of Radiation

1 2 1 1 
mv max  h(v  v0 )  hc     eVs
2   0 
2h(v  v0 ) 2hc(0   ) 2eVs
Maximum velocity of emitted electron, Vmax   
m m0 m
h(v  v0 ) hc(0   )
The stopping potential, Vs = =
e e0
The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is in accordance with conservation of energy. Here light energy is
converted into electric energy.
 Photoelectric Cell
A photoelectric cell is a device which converts light energy into electric energy. Distance of photo cell
from the source. If the source is at a distance r from the photocell then the saturated photocurrent (I) is
inversely proportional to square of distance ® from the source i.e.,
1
I
r2
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ADVAIT EDUCATION 3 Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation

 Assignment Questions (A) Photoelectric effect

Q.1 A steel ball of mass m is moving with a kinetic (B) Reflection
energy K. The de Broglie wavelength (C) Interference
associated with the ball is.
(D) Polarization
h h Q.8 No photoelectrons are emitted from a metal if
(A) (B)
2mK 2mK the wavelength of the light exceeds 600 nm.
h The work function of the metal is
(C) (D) meaningless approximately equal to
2mK
Q.2 The de Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 927 (A) 31016 J (B) 31019 J
°C is  . What will be its wavelength at 27°C?
(C) 31020 J (D) 31022 J

(A) (B)  Q.9 In an electron gun, the potential difference
2 between the filament and plate is 3000 V.
(C) 2  (D) 4  What will be the velocity of electron emitting
Q.3 The wavelength of most energetic radiation from the gun?
emitted when a metal target is bombarded by (A) 3108 m/s (B) 3.18107 m/s
40 keV electron, is approximately.
(C) 3.52 107 m/s (D) 3.26 107 m/s
(A) 0.31Ǻ (B) 4Ǻ
Q.10 The work function of photoelectric substance
(C) 10Ǻ (D) 300Ǻ
is 3.3V. The value of threshold frequency will
Q.4 When the speed of electrons increase, then the
be.
value of its specific charge.
(A) 4 1011 Hz (B) 81010 Hz
(A) Increases
(C) 51033 Hz (D) 81014 Hz
(B) Decreases
Q.11 Two different photons of energies, 1 eV and
(C) Ramains unchanged
25 eV, fill on two identical metal plates
(D) Increases up to some velocity and then having work function 0.5eV, Then the ratio of
begins to decrease maximum KE of the electrons emitted from
Q.5 In an electron gun the control grid is given a the two surfaces is
negative potential relative to cathode in order
(A) 1:2 (B) 1:4
to
(C) 2:1 (D) 4:1
(A) Decelerate electrons
Q.12 A monochromatic source of light operating at
(B) Repel electrons and thus to control the
200 W emits 4x1020 photons per second. Find
number of electrons passing through it
the wavelength of light.
(C) To select electrons of same velocity and to
(A) 400mm (B) 200 nm
converge them along the axis.
(D) To decrease the kinetic energy of electrons (C) 4 1010 Ǻ (D) None of these
Q.6 What is the kinetic energy pained by an Q.13 Which metal will be suitable for a
electron due to acceleration through a photoelectric cell using light of wavelength
potential difference of I V? 4000 Ǻ. The work functions of sodium and
copper are respectively 2.0 eV and 4.0 eV.
(A) 1eV (B) 1 joule
(A) Sodium (B) Copper
(C) 5Nm (D) 10 Nm
(C) Both (D) None of these
Q.7 The phenomenon which can be explained only
by quantum nature of light is.
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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 4 ADVAIT EDUCATION
Q.14 The wavelength of a photon is 4000 A. Q.3 In photoelectric emission process from a
Calculate its energy. metal of work function 1.8 eV, the kinetic
mercy of most energetic electrons is 0. 5V.
(A) 49.51019 J (B) 4951019 J The corresponding stopping potential is.
(C) 4.951019 kJ (D) 4.951019 J (A) 1.8V (B) 1.2V
Q.15 When ultraviolet light of energy 6.2 eV (C) 0.5 V (D) 2.3 V
incidents on a aluminium surface, it emits Q.4 The threshold frequency for a photosensitive
photoelectrons. If work function for metal is 3.31014 Hz. If light of frequency
aluminium surface is 4.2 eV, then kinetic
8.21014 Hz is incident on this metal, the cut-
energy of emitted electrons is.
off voltage for the photoelectric emission is
19 17
(A) 3.2 10 J (B) 3.2 10 J nearly
(C) 3.2 1016 J (D) 3.2 1011 J (A) 2V (B) 3V
Q.16 A source S1 is producing, 1015 photons per (C) 5V (D) 1V
scow of wavelength 5000 A. Another source, Q.5 If the moment of electron is changed by P.
15
S2 is producing 1.0210 photons per then the de Broglie wavelength associated
second of wavelength 5100A Then (power of with it changes by 0.5%. The initial
momentum of electron will be
S2) to the (power of SI) is equal to :
(A) 200P (B) 400P
(A) 1.00 (B) 1.02
P
(C) 1.04 (D) 0.98 (C) (D) 100P
200
Q.17 The potential difference that must be applied Q.6 Two radiations of photons energies 1 eV and
to stop the fastest photoelectrons emitted by a 2.5 eV. Successively illuminate a
nickel surface, having work function 5.Ol eV, photosensitive metallic surface of work
when ultraviolet light of 200m all on it must function 0.5V. The ratio of the maximum
be. speeds of the emitted electrons is.
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:2
(A) 2.4V (B) -1.2V
(C) 1:1 (D) 1:5
(C) -2.4V (D) 1.2V Q.7 A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow
 Practice Questions light of wavelength 06  m . Assuming to be
Q.1 Photoelectric emission occurs only when the 25% efficient in converting electrical energy
incident light has more than a certain to light, the number of photons of yellow light
minimum. it emits per second is.

(A) power (B) wavelength (A) 1.51020 (B) 6 1018

(C) intensity (D) frequency (C) 62 1020 (D) 31019
Q.2 In the Davisson and Germer experiment, the Q.8 Monochromatic radiation emitted when
velocity of electrons emitted from the electron electron on hydrogen atom jumps from first
gun can be increased by. excited to the ground state irradiates a
photosensitive material. The stopping
(A) Increasing the potential difference
potential is measure to be 3.57 V. The
between the anode and filament
threshed frequency of the materials is
(B) Increasing the filament current
(C) Decreasing the filament current (A) 4 1015 Hz (B) 51015 Hz
(D) Decreasing the potential difference (C) 1.6 1015 Hz (D) 2.51015 Hz
between the anode and filament
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ADVAIT EDUCATION 5 Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation
Q.9 According to Einstein' photoelectric equation, (A) 8.4 m/s (B) 8.4 107 m/s
the plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted
(C) 4.4 107 m/s (D) zero
Photoelectrons from a metal versus the
Q.15 In an electron on the potential difference
frequency of the incident radiation gives a
between the filament and plate is 3000 V.
straight line whose slupe
What will be the velocity of electron willing
(A) Depends both on the intensity of the from the gun?
radiation and the
(A) 3108 m/s (B) 3.18107 m/s
(B) Depends on the intensity of the radiation
(C) 3.52 107 m/s (D) 3.26 107 m/s
(C) Depends on the nature of the metal used Q.16 An X-ray tube is operated at 15 KV. Calculate
(D) Is the same for all metals and independent the upper limit of the speed of the electrons
of the intensity of the radiation striking the target.
Q.10 Electrons accelerated by potential V are (A) 7.26 107 m/s (B) 7.62 107 m/s
diffracted from a crystal, if d = I A and i = 30 (C) 3.52 107 m/s (D) 3.26 107 m/s
V should be about (h = 6. 6.6 1034 Js, Me Q.17 An electron initially a rest is accelerated
9.11031 Kg, e = 1.6 1019 C) through a polential difference of one volt. The
(A) 50V (B) 500V energy acquired by electron is
(C) 1000 V (D) 2000V (A) 1019 J (B) 1.6 1019 erg
Q.11 The surface of metal is illuminated with the (C) 1.6 1019 J (D) 1 J
light of 400 m. The kinetic energy of the
ejected photoelectrons was found to be 1.6
eV. The work function of the metal is (hc =
1240eV. nm)
(A) 1.41eV (B) 1.51 eV
(C) 1.68 eV (D) 3.09 eV
Q.12 A proton accelerated through a potential
difference of 100V, has de-Boglie wavelength
0 The de-Broglie wavelength of an  -
particle, accelerated through 800V is.
0 0
(A) (B)
2 2
0 0
(C) (D)
4 8
Q.13 If in a photoelectric cell, the wavelength of
incident light is changed from 4000A to 3000
A then change in stopping potential will be.
(A) 066V (B) 100V
(C) 0.33V (D) 0.49V
Q.14 An X-rays tube is being operated at 20 kV, the
maximum speed of electrons striking the
anticathode will be
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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 6 ADVAIT EDUCATION

 Answer Key
Assignment Questions
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. B
6. A 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. D
11. B 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. A
16. A 17. D
Practice Questions
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. A
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D
16. A 17. C

 Explanation

Assignment Questions : Sol.4 (B)

Here, the velocity of electron increases, so as per
Sol.1 (C)
Einstein’s equation mass of the electron increases,
h
De-Broglie’s relation,   e
P Hence, the specific charge decreases.
m
Momentum p = 2mE Sol.6 (A)
h h
   ( E = K) Gain in K.E. = q V = (1.6 1019 1) J = 1 eV.
2mE 2mK
Sol.7 (A)
Sol.2 (C)
Photoelectric effect can be explained only by
De-Broglie wavelength of a material particle at quantum nature of light.
temperature T is given by
Sol.8 (B)
h
 hc
2mKT W
0
Where, K is Boltzmann’s constant.
1 6.62 1034  3 108
  = J = 3.311019 J
T 600 1019
Sol.9 (D)
2 T
  1 V = 3000 volt.
1 T2
1 2 2eV
2 1200 mv  eV  V 
Or  =2 2 m
1 300
 2 = 2 1 = 2 2 1.6 1019  3000
 V
9.11031
Sol.3 (A)
hc = 32.6 106  3.26 107 m / s.
E
 Sol.10 (D)
6.6 1034  3 108 W = 3.3 eV
40 103 1.6 1019 
 hV0  3.31.6 1019

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 ADVAIT EDUCATION 7 Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation

3.3 1.6 1019 P2 2 1 1.02 1015 5000

V0  = 0.796 1015 Hz   . = .  1.0
6.63 1034 P1 n1 2 1015 5100
= 7.96 1014 Hz  81014 Sol.17 (B)
Sol.11 (B) hc hc
K max   W   5.01
K1max  hv1    1 0.5  0.5eV  
12375
K2 max  2.5  0.5  2.0 eV = 
 5.01
 (in A)
Thus, K1max : K2 max  0.5: 2  1: 4
12375
= -5.01=6.1875-5.01
Sol.12 (A) 2000
The energy of each photon =1.17775  1.2 V
200
=  5 1019 J Practice Questions :
4 1020
hc Sol.1 (D)
Wavelength =  =
E For occurrence of photoelectric effect, the incident
(6.63 1034 )  (3 108 ) light should have frequency more than a certain
= minimum which is called the threshold frequency
5 1019
(v0 ) .
   4.0 107  400nm
Sol.13 (A) 1
We have, mv2 = hv – hv0
hc 2
0 
 For photoelectric effect emission V > V0
1 (0 )sodium ( )copper Sol.2 (A)
 0  
 (0 )copper ( )sodium In the Davisson and Germer experiment, the velocity
of electrons emitted from the electron gun can be
2
 (0 )copper   6188  3094 Å increase by increasing the potential difference
4 between the anode and filament.
To eject photo – electrons from sodium the longest
Sol.3 (C)
wavelength is 6188 Å and that for copper is 3094 Å.
The stopping potential is equal to maximum kinetic
Hence, for light of wavelength 4000Å, sodium is
energy.
suitable.
Sol.4 (A)
Sol.14 (D)
K.E. = hv – hvth = eV0 ( V0 = cut off voltage)
6.63 1034  3 108
hc
E   4.95 1019 J
 4000 1010  V0 =
h
(8.2 1014  3.3 1014 )
Sol.15 (A) e
Ek  E  0  6.2  4.2  2.0eV , 6.6 1034  4.9 1014
=  2V.
1.6 1019
Ek  2 1.6 1019  3.2 1019 J
Sol.5 (A)
Sol.16 (A) The de-Broglie’s wavelength associated with the
hc h
Energy emitted/sex by S1 , P1  1 moving electron  
1 P
hc Now, according to problem,
Energy emitted/sec by S2 , P2  2
2

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Physics [AAI- JE ATC] 8 ADVAIT EDUCATION
d dp 0.5 p 112.27
 =   2  1  cos 30 =  V = 50.1 volt
 p 100 p ' V
P’ = 200 P Sol.11 (A)
Sol.6 (B)  = 400 nm, hc = 1240 eV. Nm, K.E. = 1.68 eV
According to Einsten’s photoelectric effect, the K.E. hc hc
We know that, - W = K.E.  W = - K. E
K max = E – W  
1240
1 2
mv1 = (1-0.5) eV = 0.5 eV  W= -1.68 = 3.1 – 1.68 = 1.42 eV
2 400
1 2 Sol.12 (D)
mv2 = (2.5-0.5) eV = 2 eV
2 p m qV (4mp )(2e)  (800)
 
v1 0.5 1 a mp q pVp (mp )  (e)  (100)
  2
v2 2 4 p 0
   
Sol.7 (A) 8 8
Given that, only 25% of 200W converter electrical Sol.13 (B)
energy into light of yellow colour eV1  hV1  hV0
 hc   25 eV2  hV2  hV0
   N = 200  100
 
hc  1 1 
Where, N is the No. of photons emitted per second, h V2  V1    
e  2 1 
= Plank’s constant, c, speed of light.
200  25   1 1 
N=  =12400    = 1.03eV
100 hc  3000 4000 
200  25  0.6 10 6 Sol.14 (B)
= 34
= 1.5 1020
100  6.2 10  3 10 8
2eV
vmax 
Sol.8 (C) m
n  2-1 2 1.6 1019  20 103
E = 10.2 eV =
9.11031
kE = E - 
vmax = 8.4 107 m/s
Q = 10.20 – 3.57
Sol.15 (D)
hv0  6.63eV
V = 3000 volt.
6.63 1.6 1019
v0 = = 1.6 1015 Hz 1 2 2eV
6.67 10 34 Mv = eV  v =
2 m
Sol.9 (D)
2 1.6 1019  3000
From Equation K. E = hv -   V=
9.11031
Slope of graph of K. E. and v is h (plank’s constant)
which is same for all metals. = 32.6 106  3.26 107 m/s.
Sol.10 (A) Sol.16 (A)
12.27 The maximum kinetic energy of an electron
Since 2d cos I = n : put n = 1 and   Å accelerated through a potential difference of V volt is,
V

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ADVAIT EDUCATION 9 Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation
1 2
mv  eV
2
 Maximum velocity,
2eV
v=
m
2 1.6  1019 15000
v=
9.11031
v = 7.26  107 m/s
Sol.17 (C)
Energy = eV = 1.6 × 1019 1 = 1.6 1019 J



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