Module 5: Geometric Designs

Introduction
Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. The word geometry in the
Greek language translates the words for” Earth” and” Measure”. The Egyptians were one
of the first civilizations to use geometry. The Egyptians used right triangles to measure
and survey land. In our modern times, geometry is used to in fields such as engineering,
architecture, medicine, drafting, astronomy, and geology. To begin this chapter on
Geometry, we will describe two basic concepts which are a point and a line.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
a. Apply geometric concepts using artificial intelligence, especially isometries in
describing and creating designs; and
b. Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and arts using concepts in
geometry.

Discussion For more

information,
I. Euclidean Geometry and Axiomatic Systems
copy the link or
scan the QR
A. Points, Lines, and Line Segments
code:
Point https://byjus
A point is a precise location or place on a plane. A dot usually .com/maths
represents them. It is important to understand that a point is not a /geometry/
thing, but a place. Also, note that a point has no dimension; preferably,
it has the only position.

Line
The line is straight (no curves), having no thickness and extends in both directions
without end (infinitely). It is important to note that it is the combination of infinite points
together to form a line. In geometry, we have a horizontal line and vertical line which are
x-axis and y-axis respectively.
Now suppose that we define two points in space and label them as A and B. We
could pass a line through these points in space and the resulting line would look the next
illustration. We will label this line as ⃡𝐴𝐵 .

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 Line Segment – If a line has a starting and an endpoint then it is called a Line
Segment.
In the next figure below there is an illustration of a line segment. We will label this
line segment as ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 .

B. Distance
Now that we have given a basic description a line and line segment, let’s use some
properties of distance to find the missing length of a segment. In the next example we will
find the distance between two points. To find missing distances of a line segment, we use
a postulate called the segment addition postulate.

Segment Addition Postulate

̅̅̅̅ , then 𝐴𝐵
If point B lies between points A and C on 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ + 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ = 𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ .

Example 1.
Given AB = 2x + 3, BC = 3x +7, and AC = 25, find the value of x, AB, and BC.
Copy the link to
Solution.
see the solution
(2x + 3) + (3x + 7) > 25 or use sizzle:
https://poe.co
Simplifying the equation: m/s/HiBOqniA
5x + 10 > 25 VXOh5ojS76gD

Subtracting 10 from both sides:

5x > 15
Dividing both sides by 5:
x>3
Therefore, the value of x is greater than 3.
To find the values of AB and BC, we can substitute the value of x into the given
expressions:
AB = 2(3) + 3 = 9
BC = 3(3) + 7 = 16
So, AB = 9 and BC = 16.

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Example 2.
Given AB = 10, BC = 2x + 4, CD = 12, and AD = 36, find the length of BC.

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/QNF2usUZEhl3PniAWS2Q

C. Rays and Angles

Ray – If a line has a starting point and has no endpoint is called Ray.
A ray that has an endpoint at A and extends indefinitely through another point B
is denoted by 𝐴𝐵 . Here is an example of a ray with an endpoint A that lies in a plane.

An angle is the union of two rays with a common endpoint called a vertex.

In the diagram above the vertex of the angle is A.

Types of Angles
a. Acute Angle – An Acute angle (or Sharp angle) is an angle smaller than a right
angle i.e.. it can range between 0 – 90 degrees.
b. Obtuse Angle – An Obtuse angle is more than 90 degrees but is less than 180
degrees.
c. Right Angle – An angle of 90 degrees.
d. Straight Angle – An angle of 180 degrees is a straight angle, i.e. the angle formed
by a straight line.

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 D. Angle Measure
Angles can be measured in degrees and radians. In Euclidean Geometry angles are
measured in degrees and usually the smallest possible angle is 0 degrees, and the largest
possible angle is 180 degrees. Let’s briefly discuss how to measure angles using degrees.
The most common way to measure angles can is by a protractor. A protractor, shown
below, is a devise use to measure angles.

To measure an angle using a protractor, you place the protractor over the angle
and line up the center point of the protractor up with the vertex of the angle as shown in
next diagram. Next, you find the side of the angle that isn’t lined up with the base of the
protractor and read the angle measure from the protractor.

The measure of the angle in the above diagram would be 55 degrees.

E. Special Angle Pairs

There are two types of angle pairs which are complementary angles and
supplementary angles. A pair of complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90
degrees. Meanwhile, A pair of supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is 180
degrees. Adjacent Angles are two angles who share a common endpoint and common side
but share no interior points.
The Angle Addition Postulate
If point D lies in the interior of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, then 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 +
𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

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 F. Finding Missing Angle Values
To find the value of the missing angle, we will use the angle addition postulate
along with the definition of complementary angles and supplementary angles.
Example 3.
Find the complement of angle measuring 360 degrees.
Copy the link to see the solution:
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Example 4.
Find the supplement of angle measuring 860 degrees.
Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/D1eCIfX4Dw6bV7xYovcK

Example 5.
Given 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 54° and 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 112°, find 𝑚∠𝐷𝐶𝐵.
Solution.
Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/6SKSbCwTMRzkQlzRKh4X

Example 6.
Given that ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angle, find the value of x, 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐷, and 𝑚∠𝐷𝐵𝐶.
Solution.
m∠ABD + m∠DBC = 90°
Substituting the given expressions for m∠ABD and m∠DBC:
(x + 10) + (3x + 40) = 90
Simplifying the equation:
4x + 50 = 90
Subtracting 50 from both sides:
4x = 40
Dividing both sides by 4:
x = 10
So, the value of x is 10.
Now, we can find the measures of angles ABD and DBC:
m∠ABD = x + 10 = 10 + 10 = 20°
m∠DBC = 3x + 40 = 3(10) + 40 = 30 + 40 = 70°
Therefore, the value of x is 10, m∠ABD measures 20 degrees, and m∠DBC
measures 70 degrees.
Copy the link to see the solution:
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Example 7.
Use the Diagram below to find x.
Solution.
Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/waab8Qbz8kiWCCXRHSgZ

G. Axiomatic Systems
An Axiomatic system is a set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used
in conjunction to logically derive a system of Geometry. In an axiomatic system, all the
axioms that are defined must be consistent where there are no contractions within the
set of axioms. The first mathematician to design an axiomatic system was Euclid of
Alexandria. Euclid of Alexandria was born around 325 BC. Most believe that he was a
student of Plato. Euclid introduced the idea of an axiomatic geometry when he presented
his 13 chapters book titled The Elements of Geometry. The Elements he introduced were
simply fundamental geometric principles called axioms and postulates. The most notable
are Euclid five postulates which are stated in the next passage.
1. Any two points can determine a straight line.
2. Any finite straight line can be extended in a straight line.
3. A circle can be determined from any center and any radius.
4. All right angles are equal.
5. If two straight lines in a plane are crossed by a transversal, and sum the interior
angle of the same side of the transversal is less than two right angles, then the two
lines extended will intersect.
According to Euclid, the rest of geometry could be deduced from these five
postulates. Euclid’s fifth postulate, often referred to as the Parallel Postulate, is the basis
for what are called Euclidean Geometries or geometries where parallel lines exist. There
is an alternate version to Euclid fifth postulate which is usually stated as” Given a line and
a point not on the line, there is one and only one line that passed through the given point
that is parallel to the given line.” This is a short version of the Parallel Postulate called Fair
Play’s Axiom which is named after the British math teacher who proposed to replace the
axiom in all of the school’s textbooks. Some individuals have tried to prove the parallel
postulate, but after more than two thousand years it still remains unproven. For many
centuries, these postulates have assumed to be true. However, some mathematics
believed that the Euclid Fifth Postulate was suspect or incomplete. As a result,
mathematicians have written alternate postulates to the Parallel Postulate. These
postulates have led the way to new geometries called Non-Euclidean Geometries.

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Activity 1
1. Use the diagram below to find the value of x.

2. Given that ∠𝑀𝑂𝑁 is a right angle, find the value of x, 𝑚∠𝑀𝑂𝑃, and 𝑚∠𝑃𝑂𝑁.

3. Use the diagram below to find the value of x.

II. Perimeter and Area

A. Understanding Parametric
We encounter two dimensional objects all the time. We see objects that take on the
shapes similar to squares, rectangle, trapezoids, triangles, and many more. Did you every
think about the properties of these geometric shapes? The properties of these geometric
shapes include perimeter, area, similarity, as well as other properties. The first of these
properties that we will investigate is perimeter. The perimeter of an object can be thought
of as the distance around the object. In case of an object such as a square, rectangle, or
triangle, the perimeter of an object can be found by taking the sum of the sides of the
object. Here is an simple example of finding the perimeter of an object.

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Example 1.
Find the perimeter of the rectangle.
Solution.
P = 2L + 2W
P = (2 x 4) + (2 x 3)
P=8+6
P = 14 feet

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/62JhZjv2VFbAvAUTehUx
Example 2.
Find the perimeter of the following triangle.
Solution.

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/kzj7qfVsSNL3iqBizo8J

B. Understanding Area
The next property of two-dimensional objects we will investigate is area. The area
of an object is the amount of surface that the object occupies. The area of object depends
on its shape. Different shapes use different formulas to compute the area. We will start by
finding the area of a rectangle. The area of a rectangle can be found by multiplying the
length of the rectangle by the width of the rectangle. Let’s examine rectangles further to
see why the formula of a rectangle is length times width. Suppose we had a rectangle that
was 5 blocks by 4 blocks. This would mean that we would have 4 rows of blocks that each
have 5 blocks in them. We could count the number of blocks or find the area by multiply
the 4 rows of blocks by the 5 block that are in each row. Therefore, the formula to find the
𝑏ℎ
area of a triangle would be 𝐴 = .
𝟐

Using the formula of finding area of rectangle,

𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 = 5 × 4 = 20 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.

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Example 3.
Find the area of the square.
Solution.
A= side x side
A= 5 x 5
A= 25

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https://poe.com/s/ggQdKumlPGYExlHAxScm

Example 4.
Find area of triangle with a base of 4 meters and a height of 5 meters.
Solution.

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/j9yVRRtsA3WepA3nf9yD

Area can be used to calculate the square footage of a house or building. This in turn
can be used to help calculate the cost of renovations such as installing flooring or carpets.
In this next example, we will use the floor plans of one room of a house to calculate the
floor area of the house that will allow us to compute the cost to install new carpeting in
the room.
Example 5.
Suppose you wanted to install new carpet in one room in your house that is 15 feet
by 12 feet, how many square feet of carpet would you need? Suppose that price of carpet
at the store you are buying carpet from is ₱10.50 per square yard. Roughly, how much is
it going to cost to put carpet down in the room.
Solution.
Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/bTbD3jquX47m9SSQ1jVF

Example 6.
Suppose you wanted to put down hardwood floors in your living room which is
roughly 12 feet by 10 feet. If the cost of the hardwood flooring is ₱5.00 per square foot,
find the approximate cost not including labor to put down hardwood flooring in your
living room?
Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/TyI4N3ZhcwKNQF3vGXaZ

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Example 7.
Given the floor plans for the 1st floor of a house below, find the area or square footage of
the 1st floor of this house.
Solution.

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/ZDQIiWnwVnHj073sMqU7

C. Circles
A circle can be defined the set of all points that are
equidistance from a point called the center of the circle. Circles are
defined by the value of their radius and their center. The radius of
a circle is the defined as the straight-line distance from the center
of the circle to the edge of the circle. The diameter of a circle is a
line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has
endpoints that lie on the circle.
The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. The circumference
of a circle can think of as the perimeter of the circle. The circumference of a circle can be
found by the following formula: C= 2𝜋𝑟. The area of the circle is given by the formula: 𝐴
= 𝜋𝑟 2 where pi is approximately 3.1416. Pi is defined as the ratio between the
circumference of the circle and the diameter of the circle.

Example 8.
Find the area and circumference of the following circle.
Solution.
the area of the circle is 𝜋(4)2=16𝜋 square meters.
The circumference of the circle is 2π(4)=8π meters.

Copy the link to see the solution:

https://poe.com/s/XKM7lIMEst6j9os1PRMU

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Activity 2
1. Find the area of a rectangular shaped lot with a length of 40 yards and a width of
60 yards.
2. Find the area and perimeter of a square shaped lot with a length of 100 meters.
3. You want to put down hardwood floors in your living room that is roughly 18 feet
by 16 feet. If the cost of the hardwood flooring is ₱5.00 per square foot, find the
approximate cost not including labor to put down hardwood flooring in your
living room?
4. You want to put down carpet in your living room that is roughly 6 yards by 2 and
half yards. If the cost of the carpet is ₱4.00 per square yard, find the approximate
cost not including labor to put down hardwood flooring in your living room?
5. Given the floor plans for the 1st floor of a house
below, find the area or square footage on the 1st floor
of this house.

D. Understanding Volume
The main topic of this section is volume. You will specifically look at how to find
the volume of various three-dimension geometric objects such as rectangular solids and
cylinders. The volume of an object is the amount space occupied by the object. We will
use formulas to find the volume of an object in the same way we used formulas to find the
area of an object. Let’s begin by classifying three dimensional objects into two categories.
The two categories are prism and pyramids. A prism is a three-dimension object that has
two bases that are identical, and a pyramid is a three-dimensional object with just one
base.
1. Prisms
In the next diagram there are pictures of a rectangular solid, a prism with a
triangular base, and a cylinder. These are just a few of the many possibilities that we have
for objects that we classify as prisms. Notice that in each example, the objects have a base
at the top and the bottom are identical.
To find the area of any prism, we simply multiply the base of the prism by the
height of the prism. In next few examples, we will investigate how to find the volume of a
prism such as a rectangular solid or cylinder.

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Example 9.
Find the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 3 inches and height of 4 inches.
Solution.
The formula for the volume of a cylinder is V = πr2.h
In this case, r = 3 inches and h = 4 inches,
so the volume of the cylinder is
V = π(3^2)(4) = 113.097335529 cubic inches.

Copy the link to see the solution:

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2. Pyramids
Pyramids like prism can have number of different shapes provided the object has
only one base. Here is a diagram that illustrates a few of the types of pyramids that exist.

To find the volume of a pyramid, we multiply one third times the base multiplied
1
by the height. The formula to compute the volume of a pyramid is 𝑉 = 3 𝐵ℎ. In next few
examples, we will investigate how to find the volume of some pyramid.
Example 10.
Find the volume.
Solution.
ℎ
𝑽 = 𝜋𝑟 2 3
6
𝑽 = 𝜋(3)2 ∗ 3 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟕

E. Surface Area
Every three-dimensional object has surface area as well volume. The volume, as
stated earlier, measured the amount of space occupied by a three-dimension object. The
surface area of a three-dimension object measures amount of surface of the object. The
surface area of object such as a cube, rectangular solid, pyramid, or cylinder is found by

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finding the area of each face and then finding the sum of the faces. For example, suppose
you had to find the surface of a rectangular solid. You would have to find the area of top
face, bottom face, front face, the face in the back, and the two sides. Let’s try an example.
Example 11.
Find the area of a rectangular that has a length of 6 feet, height of 4 feet, and a width of 5
feet.
Solution.
A= 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
A= 2(6)(4) + 2(6)(5) + 2(4)(5)
A= 48 + 60 + 40
A= 148
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Example 12.
Suppose you want to mail a rectangular solid shaped package that measures 6
inches by 6 inches by 10 inches. How much postal wrap do you need to completely cover
the package? Provided that the package weighs less than 20 pounds, the postal rate is 2.5
cents per cubic inch. Find the postage charge on the package.
Solution. Copy the link to see the solution:
https://poe.com/s/PlAXzmVyhFTPphqmJHcr

Activity 3
1. Find the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 3 inches and height of 4 inches.
2. Find the volume of the following pyramid with a square base.

3. Find the volume of the following cone.

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 4. Find the volume of a cone with a radius of 6 centimeters and a height of 8
centimeters.
5. Suppose you have a cylinder-shaped hot water heater that has a height of 5 feet
and a radius of 1 foot. How water can the hot water heater hold in cubic feet and
gallons?
6. Find the volume of following rectangular solid.

7. A fish aquarium shaped like a rectangular solid is 30 inches wide, 20 inches long,
and 20 inches tall. How much volume could the fish aquarium hold?
8. A fish aquarium shaped like a rectangular solid is 20 inches wide, 25 inches long,
and 15 inches tall. How much volume could the fish aquarium hold in cubic
inches and gallons?
9. Suppose you want to mail a rectangular solid shaped package that measures 10
cm by12 cm by 12 cm. How much postal wrap do you need to completely cover
the package?
10. Find the surface area of a box that is 2 feet by 3 feet by 4 feet.

Performance Task
Create an art using equation to a graph on Desmos.
Example of graph on Desmos:
https://www.desmos.com/3d/f6dd6b2a47

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Tutorial:
For the tutorial of Desmos, copy https://youtu.be/
the link or scan the QR code: UOsvg0xksE0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Q https://youtu.be/
3JmWxubp0&ab_channel=MathMathX DxKZ2wPm34M

Your art work will be graded according to the given standards/ basis for grading:

References

A. (2023, January 24). What is Geometry? Plane & Solid Geometry | Formulas
& Examples. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/maths/geometry/

Auflrann, R.N., Lockwood J.S., Nation, R.D., and Clegg,D.K., 2013 Cengage Learning:
Mathematical
Excursions, 14"’ Edition Epp, S.S., 2011 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning: Discrete
Mathematics: An
Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, 1" Edition Reyes.N. Sr., 2018 Rex Book Store,
Inc.: Mathematics in the Modern World

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