4 Vector Spaces`

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4.1 Vectors in

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Objectives
▪ Represent a vector as a directed line segment.

▪ Perform basic vector operations in and

represent them graphically.

▪ Perform basic vector operations in

▪ Write a vector as a linear combination of other

vectors.

3
Vectors In The Plane

4
Vectors In The Plane (1 of 2)
Geometrically, a vector in the plane is represented by a
directed line segment with its initial point at the origin and
its terminal point at (x1, x2), as shown below.

5
Vectors In The Plane (2 of 2)
The same ordered pair used to represent its terminal point
also represents the vector. That is, x = (x1, x2). The
coordinates x1 and x2 are the components of the vector x.
Two vectors in the plane u = (u1, u2) and v = (v1, v2) are
equal if and only if

u1 = v1 and u2 = v2.

6
Example 1 – Vectors in the Plane (1 of 2)
a. To represent u = (2, 3), draw a directed line segment from
the origin to the point (2, 3), as shown in Figure 4.1(a).

Figure 4.1(a)

7
Example 1 – Vectors in the Plane (2 of 2)
b. To represent v = (−1, 2), draw a directed line segment
from the origin to the point (−1, 2), as shown in Figure
4.1(b).

Figure 4.1(b)

8
Vector Operations

9
Vector Operations (1 of 6)
One basic vector operation is vector addition. To add two
vectors in the plane, add their corresponding components.
That is, the sum of u and v is the vector

u + v = (u1, u2) + (v1, v2) = (u1 + v1, u2 + v2).

10
Vector Operations (2 of 6)
Geometrically, the sum of two vectors in the plane can be
represented by the diagonal of a parallelogram having u
and v as its adjacent sides, as shown in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2

11
Example 2 – Adding Two Vectors in the Plane

Find each vector sum u + v.

a. u = (1, 4), v = (2, −2)
b. u = (3, −2), v = (−3, 2)
c. u = (2, 1), v = (0, 0)

Solution:
a. u + v = (1, 4) + (2, −2) = (3, 2)
b. u + v = (3, −2) + (−3, 2) = (0, 0) = 0
c. u + v = (2, 1) + (0, 0) = (2, 1)

12
Example 2 – Solution
Figure 4.3 shows a graphical representation of each sum.

Figure 4.3

13
Vector Operations (3 of 6)
Another basic vector operation is scalar multiplication. To
multiply a vector v by a scalar c, multiply each of the
components of v by c. That is,

cv = c(v1, v2) = (cv1, cv2).

14
Example 3 – Operations with Vectors in the Plane

Let v = (−2, 5) and u = (3, 4). Perform each vector

operation.

Solution:
a. v = (−2, 5), so

b. By the definition of vector subtraction,

u − v = (3 − (−2), 4 − 5) = (5, −1).

15
Determine whether each vector is a scalar
multiple of z = (3, 2, −5).
9 15
a. v = ( , 3, − )
2 2
b. w = 9, −6, −15
Example 3 – Solution
c. Using the result of part (a),

Figure 4.5 shows a graphical

representation of these vector
operations.

Figure 4.5

17
Vector Operations (4 of 6)
Theorem 4.1 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in the Plane
Let u, v, and w be vectors in the plane, and let c and d be
scalars.
1. u + v is a vector in the plane. Closure under addition
2. u + v = v + u Commutative property
of addition
3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) Associative property of
addition

18
Vector Operations (5 of 6)
Theorem 4.1 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in the Plane
4. u + 0 = u Additive identity property
5. u + (−u) = 0 Additive inverse property
6. cu is a vector in the plane. Closure under scalar
multiplication
7. c(u + v) = cu + cv Distributive property
8. (c + d)u = cu + du Distributive property

19
Vector Operations (6 of 6)
Theorem 4.1 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in the Plane
9. c(du) = (cd)u Associative property of
multiplication
10. 1(u) = u Multiplicative identity property

20
Vectors in

21
Vectors in R caret n (1 of 8)
An ordered n-tuple represents a vector in n-space. For
instance, an ordered triple has the form (x1, x2, x3), an
ordered quadruple has the form (x1, x2, x3, x4), and a
general ordered n-tuple has the form (x1, x2, x3, ... , xn). The
set of all n-tuples is n-space and is denoted by

22
Vectors in R^n (2 of 8)
= 1-space = set of all real numbers
= 2-space = set of all ordered pairs of real numbers
= 3-space = set of all ordered triples of real numbers

= n-space = set of all ordered n-tuples of real numbers

An n-tuple (x1, x2, x3, ..., xn) can be viewed as a point in

with the xi’s as its coordinates, or as a vector x = (x1, x2,
x3, ... , xn) with the xi’s as its components.

23
Vectors in R^n (3 of 8)
Definitions of Vector addition and scalar Multiplication
in
Let u = (u1, u2, u3, ..., un) and v = (v1, v2, v3, ..., vn) be
vectors in and let c be a real number. The sum of u and v
is the vector
u + v = (u1 + v1, u2 + v2, u3 + v3, ..., un + vn)
and the scalar multiple of u by c is the vector
cu = (cu1, cu2, cu3, ..., cun).

24
Example 4 – Vector Operations in R^3

Let u = (−1, 0, 1) and v = (2, −1, 5) in . Perform each

vector operation.

a. u + v b. 2u c. v − 2u

Solution:
a. To add two vectors, add their corresponding
components.
u + v = (−1, 0, 1) + (2, −1, 5) = (1, −1, 6)

25
Example 4 – Solution (1 of 2)
b. To multiply a vector by a scalar, multiply each component
by the scalar.
2u = 2(−1, 0, 1) = (−2, 0, 2)

c. Using the result of part (b),

v − 2u = (2, −1, 5) − (−2, 0, 2)
= (4, −1, 3).

26
Example 4 – Solution (2 of 2)
Figure 4.6 shows a graphical representation of vector
operations in .

Figure 4.6

27
Vectors in R^n (4 of 8)
Theorem 4.2 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in

Let u, v, and w be vectors in , and let c and d be scalars.

1. u + v is a vector in Closure under addition

2. u + v = v + u Commutative property of
addition
3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) Associative property of
addition

28
Vectors in R^n (5 of 8)
Theorem 4.2 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in

4. u + 0 = u Additive identity property

5. u + (−u) = 0 Additive inverse property
6. cu is a vector in Closure under scalar
multiplication
7. c(u + v) = cu + cv Distributive property
8. (c + d)u = cu + du Distributive property

29
Vectors in R^n (6 of 8)
Theorem 4.2 Properties of Vector Addition and Scalar
Multiplication in

9. c(du) = (cd)u Associative property of

multiplication
10. 1(u) = u Multiplicative identity
property

30
Example 5 – Vector operations in R^4

Let u = (2, −1, 5, 0), v = (4, 3, 1, −1), and w = (−6, 2, 0, 3)

be vectors in . Find x using each equation.
a. x = 2u − (v + 3w)
b. 3(x + w) = 2u − v + x

Solution:
a. Using the properties listed in Theorem 4.2, you have
x = 2u − (v + 3w)
= 2u − v − 3w
= 2(2, −1, 5, 0) − (4, 3, 1, −1) − 3(−6, 2, 0, 3)

31
Example 5 – Solution (1 of 2)
= (4, −2, 10, 0) − (4, 3, 1, −1) − (−18, 6, 0, 9)
= (4 − 4 + 18, −2 − 3 − 6, 10 − 1 − 0, 0 + 1 − 9)
= (18, −11, 9, −8).
b. Begin by solving for x.
3(x + w) = 2u − v + x
3x + 3w = 2u − v + x
3x − x = 2u − v − 3w
2x = 2u − v − 3w

32
Example 5 – Solution (2 of 2)
Using the result of part (a),

33
Vectors in R^n (7 of 8)
Theorem 4.3 Properties of additive identity and additive
inverse

Let v be a vector in , and let c be a scalar. Then the

properties below are true.
1. The additive identity is unique. That is, if v + u = v, then
u = 0.
2. The additive inverse of v is unique. That is, if v + u = 0,
then u = −v.
3. 0v = 0

34
Vectors in R^n (8 of 8)
Theorem 4.3 Properties of additive identity and
additive inverse

4. c0 = 0
5. If cv = 0, then c = 0 or v = 0.
6. −(−v) = v

35
Linear Combinations of Vectors

36
Linear Combinations of Vectors (1 of 1)
An important type of problem in linear algebra involves
writing one vector x as the sum of scalar multiples of other
vectors v1, v2, ..., and vn. That is, for scalars c1, c2, ..., cn,

x = c1v1 + c2v2 + ... + cnvn.

The vector x is called a linear combination of the vectors

v1, v2, ..., and vn.

37
Example 6 – Writing a Vector as a linear combination of other Vectors

Let x = (−1, −2, −2), u = (0, 1, 4), v = (−1, 1, 2), and w = (3,
1, 2) in . Find scalars a, b, and c such that
x = au + b v + cw.

Solution:
Write

38
Example 6 – Solution
Equate corresponding components so that they form the
system of three linear equations in a, b, and c shown below.

− b + 3c = −1 Equation from first component

a + b + c = −2 Equation from second component
4a + 2b + 2c = −2 Equation from third component

Solve for a, b, and c to get a = 1, b = −2, and c = −1. As a

linear combination of u, v, and w,
x = u − 2v − w.

39
Write v as a linear combination of x and y
if v = (3,3), x = (1,2) and y = (1, −1)
Write z as a linear combination of u, v and w
if z = (10,1,4), u = (2, 3, 5), v = (1, 2, 4),
and w = (−2, 2,3)
Write z as a linear combination of u, v and w
if z = (10,1,4), u = (2, 3, 5), v = (1, 2, 4),
and w = (−2, 2,3)