SCIENCE

ATOMS Copper Copper (Cu) Blue

QUANTIZED – energy can only be absorbed and Chloride
emitted in a range of allowable values Lithium Lithium (Li) Red
ENERGY LEVEL – orbits or shells which assigned Carbonate
each number or letters
EXCITED STATE – if the electron received extra ATOMIC MODELS & THEORY TIMELINE
energy, it can jump into a higher energy level
GROUND STATE – excited state can return to its DEMOCRITUS
original lower energy level by releasing discreet • Proposed that matter could not be
amount of energy in the form of light divided into smaller pieces forever
ATOMIC ORBITAL – region around the nucleus • Small, hard particles that he called
where the electron is most likely to be found “atoms.”

ELECTRONS & ENERGY LEVEL DALTON

The atom isn’t visible to the naked eye. For the • Viewed atoms as tiny, solid balls
objects to be visible, light is needed. By • Made the very first atomic theory
wavelength and amplitude.
THOMSON
• “raisin bun model”
• Showed that the atom was made of even
smaller things

RUTHERFORD
CREST – highest point • Showed that atoms have (+) particles in
TROUGH – lowest point the center and are mostly empty space
WAVELENGTH – distance between two crests • Discovered protons and the nucleus
AMPLITUDE – the distance between these two
lines BOHR
• Proposed that electrons move around the
Each color has a specific wavelength nucleus in specific layers or shells
RED LIGHT – longest wave and lowest energy • Improved the Rutherford’s model
VIOLET LIGHT – shortest wave and highest
energy CHADWICK
• Working with Rutherford, discovered
METAL SALTS ELEMENT COLOR particles with no charge; called neutrons
GIVING FLAME
COLOR MODERN
Sodium Sodium (Na) Yellow • New atomic model has electrons moving
nitrate around the nucleus in a cloud
Barium Barium (Ba) Green • Work done since 1920 has changed the
Chloride model
Barium Barium (Ba) Green
Nitrate
Calcium Calcium (Ca) orange
Chloride
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 SCIENCE

ATOMIC ORBITALS & ELECTRON THREE RULES IN DERIVING THE ELECTRON

CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION

1. AUFBAU’S PRINCIPLE
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM
• Also known as building-up
principle
LUIS DE BROGLIE
• Said that electron that is said to be a
particle can be also considered a wave

SCHRODINGER
• Used the idea of Broglie and made
mathematical calculations to determine
the exact location of the electron around
the nucleus
2. PAULI’S EXLUSION PRINCIPLE
HEISENBERG • Electrons occupying the same
• “Uncertainty Principle” orbital
• Meaning the exact location of the electron
cannot be exactly known

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

3. HUND’S RULE OF MULTIPLICITY

• When electrons enter a sublevel
with more than one orbital, they
will spread out to the available
A sublevel is an energy level defined by the orbital with the same spin before
quantum theory. pairing
S = (Standard) max e-: 2
P = (Principal) max e-: 6
D = (diffuse) max e-: 10
F = (Fundamental) max e-: 14

ORBITAL DIAGRAM

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 SCIENCE

FORMATION OF IONS CHEMICAL BONDS

1. IONIC
PERIODS - Metal reacts with a non-metal
- Horizontal rows of the periodic table - Metals lose electrons and become
- Same number of electron shells or energy cations or positive ions
level 2. CONVALENT
- Arranged according to the increasing - Sharing of electrons
atomic number of the elements - When two positive nuclei attract
- Seven periods, ranging 1-7 the same electrons
- First period only two elements, each - When two or more atoms share
have only one electron shell electrons through covalent bonds,
a single, electrically neutral unit
GROUPS called a molecule is formed.
- Vertical columns - TWO TYPES OF COVALENT
- Ranging 1-18 Non-polar covalent – if the
- Same number of valence electrons, electronegativity difference is 0.4
similar chemical properties determined or less
by the outermost electrons Polar covalent bond – if the
electronegativity difference is less
ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND IONIZATION than 1.9 and more than 0.4
ENERGY
- Electronegativity is a measure of the MOLE CONCEPT
tendency of an atom to attract electrons
- The higher its value, the higher its Formula mass – total atomic mass of all the
tendency to attract electrons atoms in a formula unit which is expressed in
- Ionization energy; pull or remove one or atomic mass unit (amu)
more electron/s from a neutral atom by Molecular mass – mass of all atoms in a
breaking the attraction between the molecule which is also expressed in an atomic
nucleus and the valence electrons mass unit (amu)
- The lower the ionization energy the Molar mass – the mass of one mole of particles
easier it is to remove its valence which is expressed in grams/moles (g/mol)
electrons
EX:
Valence electrons are the outermost Carbon dioxide (CO₂), molecule with 1 carbon
electrons which are directly involved in atom and 2 oxygen atoms
(periodic table; C has 12 atomic mass units,
chemical bonding.
while O has 16 amu)

TWO TYPES OF BONDS MOLECULAR MASS (44 amu)

[(1 x 12 of C) + (2 x 16 of O)]
1. IONIC
- Involves valence electrons being MOLAR MASS (44 g/mol)
transferred between atoms [(1 x 12 of C) + (2 x16 of O)]
2. COVALENT
- Involves valence electrons being
shared between atoms
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 SCIENCE
Sodium chloride (NaCl) ionic compound with 1
sodium and 1 chlorine atom
(periodic table; Na has 23 atomic mass units,
while Cl has 35 amu)

FORMULA MASS (58 amu)

[(1 x 23 of Na) + (1 x 35 of Cl)]

MOLAR MASS (58 g/mol)

[(1 x 23 of Na) + (1 x 35 of Cl)]

COMPUTING MOLAR MASS (WITH

PARENTHESIS)

FORMULAS ON MOLE CONCEPT

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