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342 views160 pagesACL-CPL 02109 Pitman's Phonographic Phrase Book
phrase
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/ 160
PITMAN’S
PHONOGRAPHIC
LONDON
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., PARKER STREET, W.C.2
BATH: PHONETIC INSTITUTE
MELBOURNE: THE RIALTO, COLLINS STREET
TORONTO: 70 BOND STREET
NEW YORK: 2 WEST 451 STREET Pitman’s Shorthand Writers’
Phrase Books and Guides .
Eacn Phrase Book deals exclusively with one
particular trade or profession, an: is designed to
give the utmost possible assistance to the
Shorthand: Typist engaged therein.
The contents of cach includes: A Valuable List
of about 1,300 Technical Terms and Phrases with
Shorthand equivalents; a careful explanation of
the duties of the Shorthand- -Typist in the par-
ticular trade or profession concerned ; numerous
Exercises consisting cf original commercial letters.
Each in foolscap 8vo, about 90 pages.
Price 23, 6d. net.
BANKING. LEATHER.
| BUILDERS Ea LEGAL.
| _ CONTRACTORS. MOTOR.
| CHEMICAL & DROG. MUNICIPAL
CIVIL ENGINEERING. NAVAL & MILITARY.
COMMERCIAL PRINTING AND
DRAPERY. PUBLISHING.
ELECTRICAL AND RAILWAY.
ENGINEERING, SHIPPING. |
ESTATE AGENTS, STOCKBROKING AND
ARCHITECTS, AND FINANCIAL.
SURVEYORS. WHOLESALE
INSURANCE. PROVISION.
Others in preparation, PREFACE.
HE discovery of the possibility of employing phra-
seography in the practice of Pitman’s Shorthand
was not made till the system had been in extensive use
for some years, Its first introduction into the text-
books is to be found in the “ Manual” published by
the Inventor of Phonography in 1845. In this work it
is stated that ‘‘to promote expedition in writing, the
advanced phonographer may join two or more words
together, and thus sometimes express a phrase without
removing the pen.”” Examples are then given of over
fifty simple phrases, most of which have been used in
the system ever since, while a few—which did not
prove in every way satisfactory—never came into
general use.
In one of his contributions to the history of Phono-
gtaphy, the late Thomas Allen Reed has described the
feelings of pleasure he experienced on seeing the first
phraseogram, in a letter either from the Inventor of
Phonography or from his brother Joseph Pitman. It
was the now well-known phrase ......~., but it came upon
Mr. Reed as a revelation, and the possibilities which
this simple little outline opened out at once presented
themselves to Mr. Reed’s mind. But for a considerable
time after the introduction of ‘‘ Phraseography ”’ in the
““Manual,”’ the method was used sparingly and with
great caution by phonographers, and in works issued in
phonographic characters, phraseography is conspicuous
by its absence for several years subsequent to 1845.
iii iv PREFACE.
Ten years later, in 1855, Mr. Reed, who had devoted
considerable attention to the phraseographical powers
of Phonography since they were first introduced to his
notice, compiled ‘‘The Phonographic Phrase Book, a
General Explanation of the Principle of Phraseography;
or, the writing of entire phrases without lifting the pen,
as applied to Pitman’s Phonetic Shorthand: with several
thousand illustrations.” A note expressive of approval
of Mr. Reed's labours from the pen of Isaac Pitman was
included in the work. Subsequently the Inventor of
Phonography himself issued the ‘‘ Phrase Book,” in an
improved and enlarged form, and from time to time new
editions made their appearance down to the issue of the
present Centenary Edition.
The Phrase Book now offered to the phonographic
public contains a larger number of phrases than any
previous edition, and it may be remarked that the col-
lection is additional to the lists which appear in “‘ Pitman’s
Shorthand Instructor ” and “‘ Pitman’s Shorthand Primer,
Book 3,” etc.—with a few exceptions needful to ensure
the completeness of the present work.
A new and valuable feature of the present edition is
an exhaustive Introduction setting out the principles of
Phraseography. INTRODUCTION.
ITMAN’S SHORTHAND, or Phonography, like every
other invention, has been gradually developed. It
was not discovered till some years after it was first pub-
lished that, besides its manifold known advantages over
other shorthand systems, Phonography possessed, to a
greater extent than any other, the means of joining
together or combining words without endangering the
legibility of thé writing. Nor was the extent of this
phraseographic power at once ascertained. Phono-
graphers went cautiously to work, and were at first
_—
satished with such combinations as ._ J am, a you
well, 2 there 1s, Q I shall be. These and many
other similar phrases were certainly valuable additions
to the stenographic material previously in use; but it
was soon discovered that they were only a few com-
paratively insignificant veins of a rich mine of the same
material, which only needed careful working to yield an
abundant produce. Experience has shown that thon-
sands of common phrases, containing from two to seven
or eight words, may be advantageously written without
lifting the pen from the paper; and as each lifting of the
pen is equivalent to the making of a stroke, it is clear that
a great saving of time is effected whenever phraseography
is employed to any considerable extent.
Phraseography may be regarded as an @rs in arte, (an
art within an art,) and it requires some special attention
and practice before it can be judiciously employed. It is
used chiefly in note-taking, where the least saving of time
in writing is often of the greatest importance; it need not,
however, be confined to this branch of shorthand work,
but may be ‘used in all stages of shorthand study;
for with very little practice on the part of the reader, the
phracengraphic -combinations are found to be quite as
legible as the single words. Indeed when combinations
are well chosen, and correctly written, the words‘are more
easily read when united than when written separately.
v vi INTRODUCTION.
There is something characteristic about a phrasedgram
which usually distinguishes it from single words, and the
very compactness of its form enables the eye to decipher
it in less time than would be required to take in several
separate words, which occupy so much more space. In
the one case the eye rests upon a single outline, and in
the other it has perhaps to travel over half a line before
it can see the whole phrase. The phraseogram will most
probably be written more carefully than the separate
words, as it requires less time. More space is saved by
phraseography than would be imagined, and if the charac-
ters employed are caretully formed, they areas easily
read as they are compact’and bricf. Ask any experienced
phonographer whether he would rather read the following
sentence thus :-
Dp ON SN OS,
eo. ee N ONG
or grouped ina few compact phraseographic forms, thus:
MN AOL NNT
In this, as in many other instances which might be given,
a marked benefit accrues both to the reader and to the
writer from the use of phraseography.
It is, however, only when phrascography is judiciously
used that these benefits can be fully secured, for it is quite
possible to join forms together in such a way as to puzzle
alike the reader and the writer. If the combinations are
awkward, the writer gains no time by the junction, and if
they are not distinct the reader is perplexed in deciphering
them.
Even the best phraseograms are of no advantage to
the note-taker unless he can write and read them with
ease. Thorough familiarity with what have been found
to be safe and otherwise desirable phraseograms—par-
ticularly in the case of the more advanced phraseography
—can only be gained by persistent practice in both
writing and reading shorthand in the Advanced Style.
The habit of phrasing can best be cultivated when writing
at comparatively low speeds. It has not been attempted
in the following pages to enumerate all possible useful
phraseograms, but instances have been given of almost INTRODUCTION. vil
all kifids of legitimate joinings, the study of which, and
of this Introduction, will easily show how many others
may be formed. The student is recommended to write
out the list several times; he need not, of course, commit
the forms and phrases to memory, as in the case of the
grammalogues: the principle of the combinations rather
than the combinations themselves should be chiefly
studied: when this is clearly apprehended, the practice
becomes a comparatively easy task. It should be pointed
out, however, that before this work is taken in hand, the
student should have thoroughly mastered the Advanced
Style, as developed in Pitman's Shorthand Instructor and
other works, The student should, after practising the
general phraseograms dealt with in the /mstructor and
the present book, give special attention to phraseography
as applied to expressions of frequent occurrence in the
particular class of work upon which he will be engaged.
A series of about twenty volumes, under the title of
Shorthand Writers’ Phrase Books and Guides, each dealing
exclusively with one particular trade or profession, have
been issued by the Publishers, and particulars of these
will be found at the beginning of this volume.
THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRASEOGRAPHY.
1. The chief essentials of phraseography are, first,
legibility; secondly, easy joinings; and thirdly, lincality
in writing and moderate length.
LEGIBILITY.
2. To secure legibility, care must be taken that the
united signs are not likely to be mistaken, in their con-
nected form, for some single word or for another phrase.
Practice will enable the writer to decide almost instan-
taneously whether a particular phraseogram is safe.
It is not suggested that »o phraseogram must be used
which would represent a single word; for on this principle
some of the commonest and most useful forms would be
discarded, as in the case of L_ it can, whichr also repre-
sents take, took, etc. The best phraseograms are those
which are positively unmistakable in their forms, even
without reference to the context, as “TJ. J am sure,
IN should be, \ it would be. The next best are viii INTRODUCTION.
those which, if not absolutely unmistakable when stafiding
alone, are so when read with the context, as L does not
(descent), NS pave not (vignette), When a phrase
extends to the length of three or four words, it is almost
impossible that any mistake should be made.
3. It would sometimes be easy to join forms which
are better written separately. For instance, the separate
outlines ..... representing im distress could quite easily
be joined, but the resulting sign t might be read as
industrious. Similarly _._. .O in two cases, must be so
“Oo
written, as represents in all cases.
Some discretion must in particular be exercised in
joining logograms consisting of strokes which do not
Tepresent all the consonants of the words, as they thus
lose their distinctive features. For instance, such phraseo-
grams as 4 fo give tt, |. different man, ws several
things, . _ ¢an come, are inadmissible. On the other
hand, th are a good many useful phraseograms in
which such logograms may safely be joined, eg.,
N can be, Ne al liberty, in you will remember,
‘NN from me, Nex believe me, + because it ts,
These latter cases include phraseograms in which the con-
tracted logograms consist of characters which are never
or rarely used for any other purpose, and which are, there-
fore, easily recognized as representing their respective
grammalogues, e.g., great pleasure, < vising gener-
ation, \ I think it is, AVN whether it will be.
\ 4, Would, seem, unless joined to a preceding stroke
' @s in L. it would seem), should be written separately,
as g~ might, in fast writing, become confused with
o~ seem. (Compare the non-use of the prefix im- in
negative words, such as “SA. inhospitable.) INTRODUCTION. ix
5.*Logograms, containing all the consonants of which
the words are composed may generally be freely joined,
as % spirit, | trade, — great. *
-After another word, it is safer, however, not to phrase
— could, unless it is followed by not, in view of the
possibility of confusion with __ can; thus Pa =f
Nay :
could, but _._ I could not.
6. When the outlines of the following words are joined
to a preceding outline, a vowel should be inserted to
prevent ambiguity—
Him, himself, go, and say to prevent confusion with
me, myself, give, and see, as in ~~ to him (~~ to me),
3 to himself (> to myself), 4- would go (a would
give), fy you will say (f) you will see) ;
Men, when the outline might otherwise be read as
man—which, however, is seldom the case ;
No, when it might otherwise be read as any, as in
‘scacthsan in no way (_. many way), this being often
the case in a clause beginning with #f,;
Neither, as in ae in neither case SS" in
another case) ;
Did not, to distinguish from do not; thus, AA. we
did not (Al we do not) ;
Those (except when followed by who or whom), as-in
2. to those, being read as to these or to this ;
er
Might, as in... I might;
Note, leaving know unvocalized, as in SU we note
shat (f* we know that). “
as in VO very
Lately, leaving litle unvocalized,
lately oO very litle).
7.. Other miscellaneous instances in which a vowel
must be inserted are: At from whom, ty at home, x : INTRODUCTION.
x my own, Ga tf the same, & tt ¢s Most
probable, g-* at seems probable.
e
8. The vowel should be inserted in |. did when
preceding or following the logogram 4 he.
9. Phrases should consist of words that are gram-
matically# connected; such as pronouns and verbs, as
n~ you may, L w# is; prepositions and pronouns, as
by them; adjectives and nouns, as ——s
great men, - good deal; and several verbs, as
\ can be, ae may have been.
10. The following are instances in which words should
be written separately owing to their not being gram-
matically connected—
.““ He wondered how many there were going to accept ~
that doctrine,”
“In any case the amount must be paid.”
“The costs would, in all, probably amount to £15.”
11. The fact that the words are, properly, separated
by a punctuation mark is disregarded in the case“of a
few very common phrases, such as o yes, sir;
will, therefore; _ .. hear, hear. .
12. Any word or expression that is either emphasized
or quoted should be written separately; thus—
Can you reply to the enquiry?
oA) Aw Ly AN
His reply was: ‘‘ The same material will be suitable.”
Easy Jornincs.
13. No time is saved by the use of a phraseogram that
presents a difficult or awkward joining, and it is better
to write the words separately. Some phonographers INTRODUCTION. xi
appéar to think any joining admissible; for example,
which they, 4 let it, Cc they know, 5 you see,
oN weil you be, J and shall, etc.—forms which retard
rather than facilitate the progress of the writer, to say
nothing of the difficulty of deciphering.
14. Phrases in which the circle s will link words together
are especially valuable; as i #s necessary, in his own,
seems to me, he is not, etc.
LINEALITY AND MopDERATE LENGTH.
15. It is obvious that great inconvenience would arise
if the writer were allowed to run loose in his phraseo-
graphic junctions. It would be quite possible to connect
forms in such a way as to form a diagonal line from the
top left-hand corner of the page to the right-hand corner
at the bottom; but with what result to the reader, and
with how little profit to the writer, need hardly be said.
Even easy joinings should not be allowed to descend
more than two or occasionally three strokes‘below the
line. The phraseogram I think t# ts said that they,
does not present a single awkward joining, and, but
for the circumstance of its descending so low, it
would be quite admissible. Such a phrase is better
divided, thus, { p {Some limit should be assigned
to the length of a phraseogram, even if it is convenient
in form and keeps tolerably near the line. It will
rarely be found convenient to join more than four or
five word-outlines unless contracted, as fo’ of course
it ts necessary.
16. As an illustration of the abuse of phraseography,
take the following sentence. It contains eighteen words,
presents no difficult joinings, and descends but slightly
over two strokes below the line—
“If there is one thing more than another that you
should avoid, it is making very long phraseograms.””
In this sentence the pen should be lifted at least four
times, thus dividing it into convenient phraseograms. xii INTRODUCTION,
PostTIon OF PHRASEOGRAMS.
17, The first word-form of a phrascogram (generally
a logogram) must occupy the position in which it would
be" written if it stood alone. Thus, the phraseogram
how can they commences on the line.
18. A first-position logogram that does not contain a
full-length upward or downward stroke may, however,
be slighty raised or lowered to enable a following down-
stroke to be written in its own proper position, as—-
Lf with much, t that this, -& on these, __© in those.
* 19. Nore.—The word Saint, also, may ‘be written
above the line, so that a following name may be written
in its own position; thus, St. Paul.
?
Tick “ Tue.
20. Tick the should never be written in any direction
other than v or da , and is struck downward in
preference; thus, _>. by the, 2. of the, » is the,
but _b at the, } says the, \w about ‘the, C told the.
2), The tick should not be used after a loop, or after s
added to a hook (as in\ - proposed the, & « adjust
the, yas wins the, yy . earns the), or after oe (as in
o/ - Shows the), or after a half-length straight stroke
having no initial or final circle or hook (as “1 . noted the,
i . dated the, JA. . reached the, — . could the). It is
never used initially.
+
in the ;
22, ..... 0% the is written thus, in order to keep it quite
distinct from the logogram a I,and ae also has the
advantage of being more easily formed.
Tick “HL”
23. Tick h may be used medially in phraseograms
(though not in single words), thus Ne for. whom,
of her, with her.
“Or” ann “To.”
24. Of and o should, as a rule, not be phrased finally.
but the following are instances in which this is INTRODUCTION. xiii
e “4 Q
allowed: Na by means of, Sin the case of,
FER. LR. Rk
in the course of, _.. in want of, ....... because of,
Vo by reason of, Rm all sorts of; es hind of;
% in relation to, |, i addition to, de so good as to,
ought not to. (Of and fo, however, are sometimes
omitted—see par. 53.)
“ AnD.”
25. And is chiefly phrased initially, but it is used
medially in a few cases, €.g., ae hard and fast,
\F east and west, there and then. (And, however,
is also sometimes omitted—see par. 53.)
ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY.
_ 26. Subject to the general characteristics of-a good
phraseogram, as already indicated (see pars. 1-16), being
observed, one or more of the following methods may be
adopted to permit of the formation of an easily-wntten
phraseogram—
‘4. The ordinary outlines of words may be combined
or otherwise varied, abbreviating principles applicable
to single words often being applied, with certain
modifications, to phrases;
B. Outlines may be contracted, either by the omis-
sion of a hook or otherwise;
C. A preposition or other common word which is
necessary to complete the sense of a passage may be
omitted;
D. Words are often represented by intersected
strokes in the case of titles and frequently-occurring
business, technical, and other phrases, for which a
sufficiently brief sign is not otherwise obtainable.
A. ORDINARY SIGNS COMBINED OR OTHERWISE VARIED.
27. The Smart Circe, in addition to being used
for as, has, is and Ais, as in 4 it has been, L it is nol,
may also be used to represent us in frequently occyrring
phrases such as ow of us, ‘ from us, “Sy before us, xiv INTRODUCTION,
Aa against us, ( let us, S.... please let us ‘know,
p asking us, f tell us.
is leave us, ds
28. The Larce Circie may be used as follows—
oa) Initially only—to represent as we, as in
. aS we Can, ~. as we are, 4, as we trust ; or as w-
in 6 as well as, 6Ne as will be seen, etc.
To represent s-s, s-z, etc, (including gramma-
logues represented by the circle s), as in “ in this city,
b it is his, Qe @s soon as it ts, bo ib #$ seen, fp inis is
done.
29. The ““St'’ Loop may be used to represent the
. at first, k= at first cost, y very first,
30. The ‘“‘R’” and “‘L” Hooxs are used to repre-
we
sent the words our and all respectively in... in our,
XN by all, and tL at all.
word first, as in
31. The ““N"” Hook may be used to represent the
following words—
y
Been, as in \ have been, dL I had been, As atreaay
been, At recently been ;
a)
Than, as in —— more than, \ better than, \..- fewer
than ;
Own, as in Yy your own, 4 her own, 7. OUY OWN,
) their own (but note = representing
mine) ; . .
On, in such phrases as —~ carry on, 4 carried
my own,
on (compare the use of hook n in the words ) thereon,
» -hanger-on, etc); and »
One, in o> Some one.
32..The “F’ (V) Hoox may be used to represent
have after a straight sign written in the direction of v : INTRODUCTION. Xv
thus® / which have, ¢ who have (but LL can have,
/\_ we have, etc.); also to represent of in such phrases
state of affairs, fos stale
as <> cave of, |.
of things, rate of interest, “YW, get rid of ; also ‘ina
few cases to represent off, as c set off, ‘ paid off,
better off.
33. The “ Nst” Loop may be used to represent
the word ne. hy thus, ~7 Monday next, Sot Wednesday
next.
34. The “Snuun ” Hook may be used to represent
the word ocean, as in ho Allantic Ocean, — Pacific
_ Arctic Ocean.
35. The HaLvinc PRINCIPLE may sometimes be applied
for the addition of the word i or out; thus, 2 i which
at is, \N tf it be not, Xe, if it is found, depend upon tt,
~ make it clear, < I do not wish it to be,
—“* carried out; also of the word fo after able or
unable, thus, S able to, “~, unable to find.
Note.—The principal words to which #t is added by
halving are the grammalogues #ill, which, if, for, and
from, the full | being written in a will it, ~ tm tt,
{ think tt, » upon i, can it be, etc,
36. The Dousiinc Principle may, subject to the
ordinary rules for doubling in the case of single words,
be applied to express the addition of their or there ; thus,
=m their, 7 I am sure there ss, \ been there,
XQ above their, which have their, ~~” make
their way, L in which there are; also in the case of ~ xvi INTRODUCTION.
as in ~—___/ making their way, and a few phsaseo-
grams like — how can there be, N\A I hope there
will be, a I believe there will be, although not strictly
in accordance with such rules.
37. o~ some and, when following. another -stroke,
“ky or, may be made double length to add other; thus,
so —~ some other, one or other, for some
reason or other; but otherwise the doubling principle
is not applied for the addition of other except in a
few very common expressions, viz., =< in othey words,
Ao in other respects, and in \{. while the other. (With
regard to other phrases containing other, see par. 48.)
38, a my is made double length for the addition of
dear, ‘thus, ar my dear sir.
39. The disjoined Surrix \ may be used to
express the word ability, as in Se average ability; and
isjoined is employed in “7 im reality. The suf-
dis} 3 P|
fix / may be used to. represent the word ship, thus,
~/ new ship, Y several ships..
40. The usual signs for the following frequently-
i words, also, may often be altered, as shown,
for the purpose of phrasing—
appear-ed \ who appear, L it appeared
assure-d “¥) to assure, NS may be assured
fav 2 So far, x how far, %_ by far the most
hope = OX I hope, YN we hope
house XQ above house, 5 in the house INTRODUCTION. xvii
* ve
not oe you may not, _... I will not, A certainly
not, we tf you are not .
Note.— ~~ are not is s> written when
standing alone.
only ben it may only be, \. I have only just
part LL . later part, ew for my part
sir 4 Sir James, Co yes, sir
state-ment ..p_ to stale, EB another statement
therefore ) was therefore, Zo shall therefore
oN
time more time, rs valuable time, Ln at
one time, are modern times
war before the war, _|_ <<. during the war
6
was a that was, \ if i was not
week C sis week, ~_-— another week,
previous week, oro. some weeks ago,
Friday week, aco six weeks
weil NO very well, No 42 will be well
were ~ who were, A as # were, N\ what were the
will twit, L you wilt, (CN they will be
would ¢C they would, \, tf # would
41. (a) Much is generally written in full when the full
form will join conveniently to a preceding word; thus,
Lb so much, 4 there is much, 7 too much, 7 how
much ; but £ as much as, ./_ with much, fy we
much regret. °
2—(203) xviii INTRODUCTION,
(b) Suggested is also written in full in a few ca$es in
which / might, in fast writing, be mistaken for f Said ;
e.g., have suggested, as we have suggested,
42. The following are some miscellaneous instances in
which the ordinary outline of a word is varied: f set aside,
¢ other systems, oars into effect, to ai all events,
— as promised, > purchase agreement, « on this
occaston, b= for sale, A everywhere else, “ some-
thing like, Ng? best wishes,
Charta, =o tn what way.
43. When circle s occurs medially in a phraseogram,
it is generally written with the same motion as if the
outline represented a single word; thus, it has been,
x7 bo serve, Sex please accept, S__.... please make
. . mT ,
op Some lime since, _ my son, LL So soon,
—Xt=qy Palm Sunday. Between ~ and —~ the circle
is more conveniently written inside the stroke to which
oD
it belongs, as _~_..in Some cases, “FX in some places
(which is the practice followed in the case of derivative
and compound words, such as apy unseemly, ees tin-
smith). In the case, however, of —~ following ¢ the
ordinary practice with regard to a medial circle is departed
from, the —. being joined thus:
this man, — this
matter. (Compare HK loathsome.) INTRODUCTION. xX
4@ Joined vowel signs are generally retained in phrasing.
They are, however, omitted medially in a few cases to
facilitate the formation of a good phraseogram, e.g.,
DH it ts also, “he. in due course, \_. few more,
Lu few years.
45, In addition to the characteristics of a good phraseo-
gram being observed as previously mentioned, it is
understood that the outline of a word should only be
altered when some advantage is thus gained, and that
otherwise the original outlines should be joined without
alteration. Compare—
« on this occasion with f this generation
Lom,
my son av _ in some
Z I shall therefore ” -) I am therefore
g& just received, » be just now
> I have not recewwed ,, A have not been
dew there ave not many % /~ ave not found
«~~ more time ws DA little time
S, fellow -citizens ” \W™ fellow men
B. Orpinary Signs ConTRAcrep.
46. ABBREVIATED ForM or.” ‘‘T,"The second part
of the diphthong J may be omitted when it is joined
to a following —, —, —~, C (up), <7, ey j or 1.
or to an initially-hooked stroke to which the abbreviated
. _ Sail
form joins more conveniently; thus, ____ Ican, ...... I gave,
- I conider, I
ju
tried, _ I agree, NX I believe, t I told, _.. 7 call,
T quote, ‘ MR INTRODUCTION.
47: OMISSION oF ‘'T"’ oR “D."—T may be omitfed in
phraseograms as well as in single words when it occurs
between s and another consonant, and similarly d may
be omitted between zg and another consonant; thus,
“¥ past tense, ‘ best time, —~ amongst them,
wed enclosed receipt, Cee civilized world. The
omission of the ¢ or d when a vowel intervenes between it
and the succeeding consonant, although allowed only in
a few special instances in the case of single words, is more
often taken-advantage of in phrases, e.g., ™, immediate
steps, Le take steps, oo there is still, 7 must ask,
Vay
almost always, ~~ West End, St West Indies,
x postage’ stamp, vag medical student, ae very
pleased. indeed.
48. Omission oF A Hoox.—A hook may often be
omitted so as to permit of joining, thus—
INITIAL HOOK OMITTED:
oa ( any other, & in other places, “ws 4 other ways,
4 in other directions (see also par. 37}, \ every other,
-\ or the other, t on the other side, w and other-
wise, £ stand over, ww in forwarding, “NY sent
forward, \y carry forward, AK much more, in
this direction, he Home Secretary, tL in settlement.
FINAL HOOK OMITTED: 7
of ~ one thing, x“ one way, Yn at one time
(or -> in accordance with par. 40), &/ between which, <
Uw “between them, sad machine gun, foreign q INTRODUCTION. xxi
affair, \ tt has been said, LA, which has been returned,
WA it has not been forwarded (disjoin by WA
it ts not to be forwarded), LL taken place, [7 tele-
graph wire, qT telegraph office, fs station master.
49. Omission oF “ Con-."—Con- may sometimes be
omitted for the purpose of phrasing, particularly in the
case of the following words— ~
concerned es I am concerned CT ,
concluded Ww, we have concluded
conclusion a) in conclusion, EP satisfactory con-
aria 4 I will consider, shall be considered,
“t
convensent as soon as conventent
50. OmIssiIon OF REPEATED CONSONANT.—When the
same consonant occurs at the end of one word and at the
beginning of the next word, it is often safe to express it
once only; thus, 2 British ships, f Satisfactory results,
gy some measure, La take exception, ol” hardly likely,
~— short time
ek animal life, S polstical life,
ago, Nno Prime Minister. .
51, The usual outlines for the following words may
often be contracted, as shown, in phrases of frequent
occurrence—
afternoon Ss Wednesday afternoon
association Agriculiural Association, “e British
Association xxii INTRODUCTION,
British No «British Museum, om British
Empire
ND. .
consequence... im consequence, ‘Se bear the conse-
quences
.
evening “We Monday evening, a yesterday
evening
expense a great expense, XQ heavy expenses
—
fact . in fact, ~__— another fact
favour aw your favour, NR if you wll
: favour me
snSIreh ta OL I will instruct, “L I am instructed,
your instructions
kingdom “NU Kingdom of Prussia, oe United
Kingdom
life & this life, (_% long life
majesty 7 to His Majesty, ‘y Her Majesty
manager A stage manager, “=> goods manager
manner ao in this manner, Qe tn iske manner
month ¢ this month, “Ee next month (see par, 62)
objection I have no objection ~t another
objection
Parliament NT Act of Parliament, Na Member
of Parliament
possible NN if possible, SX as soon as possible
(Possibly should, however, be written in
full; thus, a which is possibly.) INTRODUCTION. xxiii
pressyre 4. high pressure, j 2. hydraulic pressure
AR
veceive-d shail be glad to receive, Ne I have
received
steps Le. take steps, wor necessary Steps
still Da there is still, Ss we are still
technical L technical education, Ly technical terms
word GY every word, “Cp in these words,
cm word for word
52. The following are some miscellaneous instances in
which word-outlines are contracted—
ee worth while, yy private secretary, © as regards,
“we personal experience, mane? am extremely sorry,
Np perfectly satisfactory, ae shorthand writer,
oe more favourable, —hy distinctly understood,
peg Sistinet understanding, aN yours respectfully,
eget musical instrument.
C. Worps OMITTED.
53. The following common words are frequently
omitted when they must be read in order to complete
the sense—
_ And, as in a} ladies and gentlemen, ~, Mr, and
Mrs., “y here and there, XY over and above,
= now and then, first and foremost, can hot and
cold, -? round and round, 4 larger and _larger,
YN tower and lower; XxIVv. INTRODUCTION.
Or, as in ) two or three, /* one or two, AV = eight
or wrong, C“~ whether or not, eo yes or no;
In, as in SN bear in mind, \* borne in mind,
hw notice in writing ;
Of, as in eo loss of life, Aye expression of
opinion, & City of London, .\.. point of view,
> years of age, o~. some of you, - some of them,
Oo first of all, t out of place ;
To, as in A expect to receive, ~ . needless
to say, 4 so to speak, x) I am sorry to say,
5 that is to say, 5 bound to say, — from year
to year:
[Nore.—To forming part of an infinitive may be
expressed by writing the verb close to the preceding
word, if it is not safe or convenient to join them;
thus, “ey I am glad to say.]
You, as in CNo will you please, NS tf you please,
WY if you would ;
A, asin for a time, F aim tess, CA. fora
moment, ie at a glance, hy in a few days, of asa
rule, Syohere ts a case, yV™ there ave a great many ;
- oN
The, as in |_ what is the matter, oS in the
circumstances, 7 under the circumstances, 4 on the
question, ~T in the world: INTRODUCTION. xxv
e [Notz.—The should not be omitted in the phrase
on the other side, as f. represents on esther side.)
Of the, asin S->.... facts of the case, Sf” > one of
“he
the matters, ||... out of the question, _‘'~o signs of the
times, ‘No President of the United States ;
Ne Ae
The... of, asin _ n the way of, ! at the
wo
request of, ____ in the hands of, Ka for the sake of,
an
“os in the event of, in the name of.
[Note.—The second preposition may generally be
safely omitted in writing such phrases as Nv by
Ve
way of, ~ » in connection with the, with
respect to my. In the case, however, of the expres-
sions in relation to and in addition fo, it is sometimes
better to join the logogram for to ; thus, G~ in
relation to my, =b- in addition to the.]
54. Have may be omitted when it precedes the word
been, if this is more convenient than to use GQ and if
have cannot be represented by the w hook; thus, Q
would have been, Y there have been.
\ is quite convenient in M I have been, GQ should .
have been, ae may have been, \ have been given,
Ab have been returned, etc.; and v hook is used, as
stated in par. 32, in such cases as A which have been,
& who have been.
55. To "have may be omitted in seems to have
been. oN xxvi INTRODUCTION.
56. The following are some miscellaneous examples in
which a word or words are omitted: _b side by side,
-\. point at issue, Sew neither more nor less, La taken
into account, SN up to the present, —x_ came to
the concluston, A I fave come to the conclusion,
~~ in nine cases out of ten.
D. INTERSECTIONS.
57, The practice of Intersection often affords, when
other means are not available, an easy method of
obtaining brief and distinctive forms for words of frequent
occurrence in business phraseology generally and in all
kinds of technical matter. Several titles (e.g., Earl,
Captain, Colonel, Major, Professor), followed by a proper
name, can also be represented by intersected strokes.
58. It is, of course, understood that the use of any
intersected stroke cannot be confined to the representa-
tion of one particular word, and the significance of an
intersected stroke varies according to the requirements
of the particular class of work in which it is being used;
for instance, in reporting a political speech, \ intersected
would be used to represent the word party; while in
matter relating to insurance it would be required for
policy.
59. Whem intersection is impracticable owing to the
direction of the strokes, the stroke which would otherwise
have been intersected may be written under or close to
the stroke through which it would have been struck.
60. The following words (which include examples given
in par. 262 of the Instructor) may, when practicable, be
expressed by intersected strokes as shown—
party =X garden party, sh partly leaders
policy ot insurance policy, < new policy,
2 o terms of the policy
bank Rag Savings Bank, x Bank rate
bill \Se Finance Bill, hyo Education Bit department
charge
gournal
company
council
captain
government
form-ed
forth
valuation
authority
month
society
sctentific
morning
” mark
major .
national
—_—_—
INTRODUCTION. xxvii
XG Bishop of Winchester, XY Bishop
of Ripon
t+ call atiention, XY special attention
Tf... Engineer's Depariment, Se another .
department
~ further charge, 4 extra charge
=f weekly journal, \fo Pitman’s Journal
7 Borough Council, NV Cabinet
Council
Nx Capt. Faber, —
= Indian Government,
ae Government official (see par. 61)
We another form, —-., K ~ quickly formed
acd call forth, Ne bring forth
le increased valuation, low valuation
wot necessary authority, “Ke sanitary
authorities
mK many months, oh some months
{see par. 62)
Ey. Literary Society, 8) Building Society
y7 scientific research, 0 Scientific
Capt. Cook
lecture
¢€ this morning, TR Monday morning
fe high water mark, private mark
ha, Major Jackson
+ National Debt, Ko national defences xxvii INTRODUCTION,
ceca, | at I shall tnquire, L they had inquyed,
enquive-d-y ™y further inquiry
Iiberal 7 Liberat Club, (f, liberal discount
Limited Af Jacksons, Lid.
arrange-d-ment__ a T shall arrange, Ah already arranged,
se ~“s make arrangements
railway WX Metropolitan Railway,
