8. --- months that he spent in Ooty did him a lot of good.

9. When I met him --- years after, he looked old and haggard.
10. --- short poems in the volume show signs of genius.
11. In --- words he expressed his gratitude to his friends.
12. --- Americans have their offices in Kolkata.
13. --- trinkets she has are not worth much.
14. --- poems he has written are all of great excellence.
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CHAPTER 14
ARTICLES
103. The words a or an and the are called Articles. They come before nouns.

104. There are two Articles - a (or an) and the.

105. A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the
person or thing spoken of; as, A doctor; that is, any doctor.

106. The is called the Definite Article, because it normally points out some particular
person or thing; as,

He saw the doctor; meaning some particular doctor. The indefinite article is used before
singular countable nouns, e.g.
A book, art orange, a girl

The definite article is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and
uncountable nouns, e.g., The book, the books, the milk

A or An
107. The choice between a and an is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with
a vowel sound an is used; as,
An ass, an enemy, an ink-pad, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man. An heir.

It will be noticed that the words hour, honest, heir begin with a vowel sound, as the initial
consonant h is not pronounced,

108. Before a word beginning with a consonant sound a is used; as,

A boy, a reindeer, a woman, a yard, a horse, a hole, also a university,, a union, a
European, a ewe, a unicorn, a useful article.

because these words (university, union, etc.) begin with a consonant sound, that of yu.
Similarly we say,

A one-rupee note, such a one, a one-eyed man.

because one begins with the consonant sound of w.

109. Some native speakers use an before words beginning with h if the first syllable is not
stressed
An hotel (More common: a hotel)
an historical novel (More common: a historical novel)
Use of the Definite Article
110. The Definite Article the is used-
(1) When we talk about a particular person or thing, or one already referred to (that is,
when it is clear from the context which one already referred to (that is, when it is clear
from the constant which one we mean); as,
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The book you want is out of print. (Which book? The one you want.)
Let's go to the park. (= the park in this town)
The girl cried, (the girl = the girl already talked about)

(2) When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as,

The cow is a useful animal.
[Or we may say, "Cows are useful animals."]
The horse is a noble animal.
The cat loves comfort.
The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
The banyan is a kind of fig tree.
[Do not say, "a kind of a fig tree". This is a common error.]

The two nouns man and woman can be used in a general sense without either article.
Man is the only animal that uses fire.
Woman is man's mate.

But in present-day English a man and a woman (or men and women) are more usual.
A woman is more sensitive than a man.

(3) Before some proper names, viz., these kinds of place-names:

(a) oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the black Sea
(b) rivers, e.g. the Ganga, the Nile
(c) canals, e.g. the Suez Canal
(d) deserts, e.g. the Sahara
(e) groups of islands, e.g. the West Indies
(f) mountain-ranges, e.g. the Himalayas, the Alps
(g) a very few names of countries, which include words like republic and kingdom (e.g.
the Irish Republic, the United Kingdom) also: the Ukraine, the Netherlands (and its seat
of government the Hague)

(4) Before the names of certain books; as,

The Vedas, the Puranas, the Iliad, the Ramayana.

But we say-
Homer's Iliad, Valmiki's Ramayana.

(5) Before names of things unique of their kind; as,

The sun, the sky, the ocean, the sea, the earth.
[Note-Sometimes the is placed before aCommon noun to give it the meaning of an
Abstract noun; as, At last the wamor(the warlike or martial spirit) in him was thoroughly
aroused.]
(6) Before a Proper noun when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining adjectival
clause; as,
The great Caesar : the immortal Shakespeare.
The Mr. Roy whom you met last night is my uncle.

(7) With Superlatives; as,

The darkest cloud has a silver lining.
This is the best book of elementary chemistry.

(8) With ordinals; as,

He was the first man to arrive;l
Page 39

(9) Before musical instruments; as,

He can play the flute.

(10) Before an adjective when the noun is understood; as,

The poor are always with us.

(11) Before a noun (with emphasis) to give the force of a Super lative; as,
The Verb is the word (= the chief word) in a sentence.

(12) As an Adverb with Comparatives; as,

The more the merrier.
(= by how much more, by so much the merrier)
The more they get, the more they want.

Use of the Indefinite Article

111. The Indefinite Article is used-
(1) In its original numerical sense of one; as,
Twelve inches make a foot.
Not a word was said.
A word to the wise is sufficient.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

(2) In the vague sense of a certain; as,

A Kishore Kumar (= a certain person named Kishore Kumar)
is suspected by the police.
One evening a beggar came to my door.

(3) In the sense of any, to single out an individual as the representative of a class; as,
A pupil should obey his teacher.
A cow is a useful animal.

(4) To make a common noun of a proper noun; as,

A Daniel comes to judgement! (A Daniel = a very wise man)

Omission of the Article

112. The Article is omitted-
(1) Before names of substances and abstract nouns (i.e. uncountable nouns) used in a
general sense; as,
Sugar is bad for your teeth.
Gold is a precious metal.
Wisdom is the gift of heaven.
Honesty is the best policy.
Virtue is its own reward.
Note:- Uncountable nouns take the when used in a particular sense (especially when
qualified by an adjective or adjectival phrase or clause); as,
Would you pass me the sugar? (= the sugar on the table)
The wisdom of Solomon is great.
I can't forget the kindness with which he treated me.

(2) Before plural countable nouns used in a general sense; as,

Children like chocolates.
Computers are used in many offices.
Page 40

Note that such nouns take the when used with a particular meaning; as,
Where arc the children? (= our children)

(3) Before most proper nouns (except those referred to earlier), namely, names of people
(e.g. Gopal, Rahim), names of continents, countries, cities, etc. (e.g. Europe, Pakistan,
Nagpur), names of individual mountains (e.g. Mount Everest), individual islands, lakes,
hills, etc.

(4) Before names of meals (used in a general sense); as,

What time do you have lunch?
Dinner is ready.

Note: We use a when there is an adjective before breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc. We use the
when we specify.
I had a late lunch today.
The dinner we had at the Tourist Hotel was very nice

(5) Before languages; as,

We are studying English.
They speak Punjabi at home.

(6) Before school, college, university, church, bed, hospital, prison, when these places are
visited or used for their primary purpose; as,
I learnt French at school.
We go to church on Sundays.
He stays in bed till nine every morning.
My uncle is still in hospital.

Note- The is used with these words when we refer to them as a definite place, building or
object rather than to the normal activity that goes on there; as,

The school is very near my home.

I met him at the church.
The bed is broken.
I went to the hospital to see my uncle.

(7) Before names of relations, like father, mother, aunt, uncle, and also cook and nurse,
meaning 'our cook', 'our nurse', as,

Father has returned.

Aunt wants you to see her.
Cook has given notice.
(8) Before predicative nouns denoting a unique position, i.e., a position that is normally
held at one time by one person only; as,
He was elected chairman of the Board.
Mr. Banerji became Principal of the College in 1995.

(9) In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb followed by its object; as,
to catch fire, to take breath, to give battle, to cast anchor, to send word, to bring word, to
give ear, to lay siege, to set sail, to lose heart, to set foot, to leave home, to strike root, to
take offence.

A work forms S.CHANDA & COMPANY LTD.

Page 41

(10) In certain phrases consisting of a preposition followed by its object; as,

at home, in hand, in debt, by day, by night, at daybreak, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at

night, at anchor, at sight, on demand, at interest, on earth, by land, by water, by river, by
train, by steamer, by name, on horseback, on foot, on deck, in jest, at dinner, at ease,
under ground, above ground.

Exercise in Composition 23
Complete the following sentences by filling in a or an or the as may be suitable:-

1. Copper is --- useful metal.

2. He is not --- honorable man.
3. --- able man has not always a distinguished look.
4. --- reindeer is a native of Norway.
5. Honest men speak --- truth.
6. Rustum is ---.
7. Do you see --- blue sky.
8. Varanasi is --- holy city.
9. Aladdin had --- wonderful lamp.
10. The world is --- happy place.
11. He returned after --- hour.
12. --- school will shortly close for the Puja holidays.
13. --- sun shines brightly.
14. I first met him --- year ago.
15. Yesterday --- European called at my office.
16. Sanskrit is --- difficult language.
17. --- Ganga is --- sacred river.
18. --- lion is --- king of beasts.
19. You are --- fool to say that.
20. French is --- easy language.
21. Who is --- girl sitting there?
22. Which is --- longest river in India?
23. Rama has come without --- umbrella.
24. Mumbai is --- very dear place to live in.
25. She is --- untidy girl.
26. The children found --- egg in the nest.
27. I bought horse, ox, and --- buffalo.
28. If you see him, give him --- message.
29. English is language of --- people of England.
30. The guide knows --- way.
31. Sri Lanka is --- island.
32. Let us discuss --- matter seriously.
33. John got --- best present.
34. Man, thou art --- animal.
35. India is one of --- most industrial countries in Asia.
36. He looks as stupid as --- owl.
37. He is --- honour to this profession.

Exercise in Composition 24
Insert Articles where necessary:-
1. While there is life there is hope.
2. Her knowledge of medicine had been acquired under aged Jewess.
3. Sun rises in east.
4. The brave soldier lost arm in battle.
5. The doctor says it is hopeless case. .
6. I like to live in open air.
7. Get pound of sugar from nearest grocer.
8. Set back clock; it is hour too fast.
9. The poor woman has no rupee.
10. You must take care.
11. Eskimos make houses of snow.
12. Where did you buy umbrella?
13. Have you never seen elephant?
14. Draw map of India.
15. Do not look gift horse in mouth.
16. Have you told him about accident?
17. Tagore was great poet.
18. How blue sky looks!
19. Who wishes to take walk with me?
20. What beautiful scene this is!
21. The musician was old Mussalman.
22.The river was spanned by iron bridge.
23. Moon did not rise till after ten.
Page 42

24. Like true sportsmen they would give enemy fair play.
25. They never fail who die in great cause.
26. There is nothing like staying at home for comfort.
27. He likes to picture himself as original thinker.
28. It is never thankful office to offer advice.
29. Umbrella is of no avail against thunderstorm.
30. I have not seen him since he was child.
31. For Brutus is honourable man.
32. Neil Armstrong was first man to walk on moon.
33. Man has no more right to say uncivil thing than to act one.
34. We started late in afternoon.
35. It is a strange thing how little, in general, people know about sky.
36. Scheme failed for want of support.
37. Tiger, animal equal to lion in size, is native of Asia.
38. Time makes worst enemies friends.
39. My favourite flower is rose.
40. Time we live ought not to be computed by number of years, but by use that has been
made of them.
41. Mumbai is largest cotton textile centre in country.
42. Men are too often led by astrayed- prejudice.
43. Only best quality is sold by us.
44. What kind of bird is that ?
45. Wild animals suffer when kept in captivity.
46. May we have pleasure of your company?
47. It was proudest moment of my life.
48. Andamans are group of islands in Bay of Bengal.
49. He started school when he was six years old.
50. He neglects attending church, though church is only few yards from his house.
51. March is third month of year.
52. Dr. Arnold was headmaster of Rugby.
53. Man cannot live by bread alone.
54. When will father be back?
55. Appenines are in Italy.

Repetition of the Article

113. If I say-
I have a black and white dog.
I mean a dog that is partly black and partly white.

But if I say-
I have a black and a white dog,
I mean two dogs, one black and the other white.
Hence when two or more adjectives qualify the same noun, the Article is used before the
first adjective only; but when they qualify different nouns, expressed or understood, the
Article is normally used before each adjective.

114. Compare:-
1. The Secretary and Treasurer is absent.
2. The Secretary and the Treasurer are absent.
The first sentence clearly indicates that the posts of Secretary and Treasurer are held by
one person.

The repetition of the article in the second sentence indicates that the two posts are held by
two different persons.

Hence we see that when two or more connected nouns refer to the same person or thing,
the article is ordinarily used before the
Page 43

first only; but when two or more connected nouns refer to different persons or things, the
Article is used before each.

Also examine the following sentences :-

Sir Surendranath was a great orator and statesman.
There are on the committee among others a great economist and a great lawyer.

115. We may either say-

The third and the fourth chapter.
[Or] The third and fourth chapters.

116. In expressing a comparison, if two nouns refer to the same person or thing, the
Article is used before the first noun only; as,
He is a better mechanic than clerk.
He is a better poet than novelist.
He is a better thinker than debater.
He would make a better engineer than lawyer.

But if they refer to different persons or things, the Article must be used with each noun;
as,
He is a better mechanic than a clerk (would make).
He would make a better statesman than a philosopher (would make).

CHAPTER 15
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
117. We may say-
Hari is absent, because Hari is ill.
But it is better to avoid the repetition of the Noun Hari, and say-
Hari is absent, because he is ill.

A word that is thus used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun {Pronoun means for-a-
noun.]
Def.- A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun.

118. Read the following sentences :-

I am young.
We are young.
You are young.
They are young.
He (she, it) is young.
I, we, you, he, (she, it), they are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for the three
persons.
(i) the person speaking. .