Qiyosiy tipologiya yakuniy savollari

1.What is the primary aim of comparative typology?

A) To describe and explain the common properties and structural diversity of the world's languages
B) To study the historical evolution of language families
C) To analyze phonetic features of different languages
D) To study the geographical distribution of languages

2.According to William Croft, what does the term "typology" refer to?
A) A classification of structural types across languages
B) A comparison of language families
C) A study of language acquisition
D) A method for studying the syntax of languages

3.What does the word "typology" originate from in Greek?

A) "Typos" meaning "type" and "logos" meaning "science"
B) "Typos" meaning "form" and "logos" meaning "meaning"
C) "Typos" meaning "structure" and "logos" meaning "study"
D) "Typos" meaning "word" and "logos" meaning "speech"

4.Which branch of science does comparative typology belong to?

A) General linguistics
B) Psychology
C) Political science
D) Philosophy

5.Which of the following is an example of non-linguistic typology?

A) Political typology
B) Phonetic analysis
C) Syntax comparison
D) Lexical studies

6.How does typological comparison differ from historical comparison?

A) Typology focuses on structural features of languages, while historical comparison deals with genetic
relationships
B) Typology compares the evolution of individual languages, while historical comparison compares
entire language families
C) Typology looks only at modern languages, while historical comparison studies ancient languages
D) Typology is concerned only with the meaning of words, while historical comparison looks at sound
changes

7.What is a key feature of typological studies?

A) They rely on representative samples from a wide range of languages to identify universal linguistic
features
B) They focus on comparing dialects of a single language
C) They look at only the historical aspects of language change
D) They are concerned only with the phonetic systems of languages

8.What is one of the main tasks of comparative typology?

A) To identify and explain structural similarities and differences between languages, regardless of their
genetic origin
B) To analyze the historical relationships between languages
C) To study the meaning of words in different languages
D) To identify the origins of language families

9.Why does comparative typology focus on "exotic" or non-studied languages?

A) They provide unique data that contribute to understanding language universals
B) They are structurally more complex than well-studied languages
C) They are easier to analyze than well-known languages
D) They are mostly spoken by large populations

10.Which of the following terms is used to describe the study of structural similarities and
differences across languages?
A) Comparative typology
B) Historical linguistics
C) Phonetic analysis
D) Sociolinguistics

11.What is the main focus of Dr. Buranov’s classification of the history of typological studies?
A) The identification of four periods in the development of typology
B) The historical evolution of phonetic features across languages
C) The development of the comparative historical method in linguistics
D) The role of bilingualism in shaping language structures

12.What characterizes the first period in the history of typological studies?

A) Spontaneous or evolutionary development, starting with early linguistic works in Ancient Greece
B) The establishment of the first scientific language comparison in Europe
C) The rise of comparative historical linguistics
D) The focus on genetic relationships between languages

13.Which work is considered a significant contribution to the second period of typological studies?
A) Port-Royal Grammar by Arnauld and Lancelot
B) Divan-Lugat At-Turk by Mahmud Kashgariy
C) Muhokamatul al-Lugatain by Alisher Navoi
D) "De Lingua Latina" by Varron

14.What was the major achievement of Port-Royal Grammar in the 17th century?
A) The comparison of French, Latin, Greek, and ancient Jewish languages based on a common
typological framework
B) The development of the comparative historical method
C) The classification of Indo-European languages into families
D) The analysis of phonetic units in Turkic languages

15.Which of the following was a major influence on the development of comparative typology in the
third period (mid-19th century)?
A) The development of comparative historical linguistics and genealogical classification
B) The translation of literary works across cultures
C) The influence of educational reforms in Europe
D) The rise of psycho-linguistics and cognitive approaches

16.In the fourth period, which significant change occurred in the field of typological studies?
A) The establishment of Comparative Typology as a separate science within General Linguistics
B) The shift from historical linguistics to sociolinguistics
C) The focus on psychological analysis of language acquisition
D) The introduction of structuralism in language comparison
17.What is the concept of "typological imitation" in the context of linguistic typology?
A) Using the grammar or structures of one language as a model for studying another language
B) The historical comparison of genetically related languages
C) The use of translation methods in studying foreign languages
D) The analysis of language acquisition through imitation of linguistic structures

18.How did the field of translation influence the development of comparative typology?

A) Translation led to the unconscious comparison of grammatical forms and linguistic units between
languages

B) Translation was seen as a purely literary activity with no linguistic relevance

C) Translation focused solely on lexical differences without concern for structure

D) Translation studies led to the rejection of typological comparison

19.What role did lexicography play in the development of comparative typology?

A) Lexicography contributed to the comparison of language units at all levels, such as phonetics,
grammar, and lexicon

B) Lexicography was mainly concerned with the historical development of words

C) Lexicography focused on the translation of foreign texts

D) Lexicography was not involved in comparative typology at all

20.Which factor contributed to the development of comparative typology through the study of
unknown languages and languages without a writing system?
A) The focus on studying languages in Latin America, Asia, and Africa
B) The rise of the Indo-European language family
C) The invention of writing systems for previously unwritten languages
D) The study of ancient languages like Sumerian and Egyptian

21.Which of the following is a key connection between comparative typology and the theory of
translation?

A) Both deal with the comparison of languages

B) Both focus on phonological similarities
C) They only compare vocabulary
D) Comparative typology disregards meaning in translation

22.In the context of comparative typology and the theory of translation, what is meant by "freedom
of choice"?

A) The translator's ability to choose variants without maintaining one-to-one system correspondence
B) The typologist's ability to compare unrelated languages
C) The freedom to ignore grammar when translating
D) The choice to translate without considering meaning
23.What is one of the fundamental differences between comparative typology and the theory of
translation?
 A) The theory of translation allows more flexibility in choosing variants
B) Comparative typology focuses solely on grammatical systems
C) Translation compares entire texts, while typology compares language systems
D) Comparative typology only works with related languages
24.In the methodology of teaching foreign languages, what is the role of comparative typology?

A) It helps identify interference between the native and target language systems
B) It simplifies translation processes
C) It focuses exclusively on phonological differences
D) It is used to create cultural content for language teaching
25.Which aspect of language does comparative typology help identify when it comes to teaching
foreign languages?

A) Interfering means between the native and foreign languages

B) The historical development of languages
C) Phonetic evolution over time
D) The emotional undertones of language
26.What is the relationship between comparative typology and lexicography?

A) Both compare equivalent units between languages

B) Comparative typology solely focuses on word meanings
C) Lexicography focuses on syntax, while typology focuses on phonology
D) Lexicography analyzes only historical language development
27.What is one of the key stages in the process of comparative lexicography?

A) Analysis of the linguistic systems of the compared languages

B) Translation of texts into multiple languages
C) Creation of new words in both languages
D) Evaluation of historical language structures
28.In the field of comparative typology and science of style, what is the role of stylistically marked
units?

A) They are expressive means of the language

B) They are non-essential elements in language comparison
C) They focus solely on grammatical accuracy
D) They are not analyzed in the comparative process
29.Which linguistic categories are studied under comparative stylistics?

A) Phonological, morphological, and lexical stylistics

B) Only lexical features of a language
C) Syntax and word order exclusively
 D) The development of languages over time
30.How does comparative typology contribute to the process of compiling bilingual dictionaries?

A) By analyzing the corresponding features between languages for accuracy

B) By creating cultural content for the dictionary
C) By focusing on the historical evolution of words
D) By ignoring phonetic similarities
31.What does phonetic and phonological typology primarily focus on?

A) The comparison of phonological units across languages

B) The grammatical structures of languages
C) The comparison of lexical items in different languages
D) The historical evolution of languages
32.Which linguist is considered the founder of the Typology of Phonological systems?

A) N.S. Trubetskoy
B) Ch. Hockett
C) I. Kramskoy
D) A. Martine
33.What is the primary focus of morphological typology?

A) The comparison of morphological units in languages

B) The study of phonological systems
C) The analysis of sentence structure
D) The identification of universal grammatical categories
34.Which of the following is a subfield of morphological typology?

A) Comparison of primary grammatical categories like nouns, adjectives, and verbs

B) Study of word stress and intonation patterns
C) Analysis of sentence types in languages
D) Classification of languages based on their phonemic structure
35.Syntactic typology compares which of the following?

A) Word combinations and sentences

B) Phonetic structures
C) Lexical units across languages
D) Grammatical markers and affixes
36.What is the focus of formal typology within comparative typology?

A) Identifying formal universals and structures of expression

B) Studying the deep structure of meaning in language
C) Defining grammatical categories like case and mood
 D) Comparing the sound systems of different languages
37.What is the ultimate goal of semantic typology?

A) Identifying semantic universals related to the deep structure of language

B) Classifying languages based on their syntactic structure
C) Comparing the formal structures of sentences
D) Analyzing word combinations and affixes
38.Which area of typology deals with the identification of formal features such as punctuation and
syllable structure?

A) Formal typology
B) Semantic typology
C) Phonetic typology
D) Syntactic typology
39.What is the primary concern of semantic typology compared to lexical typology?

A) Semantic typology operates with the units of the emic level, while lexical typology deals with the
lexical level
B) Semantic typology focuses only on word meanings, while lexical typology examines sentence
structures
C) Semantic typology ignores the cultural context of language use
D) Lexical typology focuses on phonological systems, while semantic typology does not
40.Which scholar contributed significantly to the development of syntactic typology?

A) I.I. Meshchaninov
B) N.S. Trubetskoy
C) L.N. Zasorina
D) P.L. Garvina
41.What is one of the most common language interference issues faced by Uzbek English learners?

A) Word order in sentences

B) Pronunciation of consonants
C) Use of auxiliary verbs
D) Use of articles in sentences
42.Which of the following is a key typological difference between English and Uzbek?

A) English is more analytical, while Uzbek is agglutinative

B) Both languages use compound nominal predicates
C) Both languages have fixed word order
D) Both languages do not use articles
43.What grammatical feature is expressed analytically in English, but agglutinated in Uzbek?

A) The category of person and number in verbs

 B) The use of reflexive pronouns
C) Agreement of the predicate with the subject
D) Sequence of tenses
44. What is a characteristic feature of the English language that is different from Uzbek?

A) The use of auxiliary verbs in forming tenses

B) The presence of a rich system of declension and conjugation
C) The absence of subject pronouns in sentences
D) The use of compound predicates only
45.Which type of errors are most commonly made by Uzbek English learners when using verbs in
English?

A) Incorrect use of tense forms

B) Incorrect word order in sentences
C) Use of reflexive pronouns after verbs
D) Overuse of auxiliary verbs
46.What does the term "language interference" refer to in the context of language learning?

A) The process of using native language structures in learning a new language

B) The influence of culture on language learning
C) The tendency to ignore native language rules when learning a foreign language
D) The effect of translation on language learning
48.What is a typical mistake Uzbek learners make when expressing the verb “to be” in English?

A) They omit the verb “to be” altogether

B) They overuse the verb “to be”
C) They use reflexive pronouns with “to be”
D) They use the verb "to be" in all tenses
48.In the example "He has written a letter," what grammatical feature is expressed?

A) Present Perfect Tense

B) Simple Present Tense
C) Future Tense
D) Past Tense
49.Which of the following is a common error in the sequence of tenses in English made by Uzbek
learners?

A) Using present tense in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in the past
B) Using past tense in the main clause while the subordinate clause remains in the present
C) Using future tense in both the main and subordinate clauses
D) Using infinitive forms instead of past participles
50.Why is word order a significant challenge for Uzbek learners of English?

A) English has a fixed word order, while Uzbek word order is more flexible
B) Uzbek word order is fixed, while English is more flexible
C) Both languages use exactly the same word order
D) Word order does not affect the meaning of sentences in either language
51. What is the smallest linguistic unit that can distinguish one word from another?
A) Phoneme
B) Word
C) Lexeme
D) Sentence
52. Which of the following linguists is associated with the idea of studying language as a system and
distinguishing it from speech?
A) Ferdinand de Saussure
B) V. Humboldt
C) A. Steinthal
D) Boduen de Curtene
53.What does the term "acoustic signs" refer to in phonology?
A) The quality and quantity of sound pronunciation
B) Standard states of speech organ movements
C) The pitch of a sound
D) The meaning associated with a sound
54.Which of the following is the primary distinction between language and speech in linguistics?
A) Language is a system of signs, while speech is its external manifestation
B) Speech is more structured than language
C) Speech is the system that organizes units, while language only expresses ideas
D) Language refers only to written communication, while speech refers to oral communication
55.Which unit of language serves to name and represent all phenomena and consists of a phonetic
and semantic structure?
A) Lexeme
B) Phoneme
C) Morpheme
D) Word
56.In agglutinative languages, what is the primary reason for the stability of the language
structure?
A) The agglutination of case morphemes to unchangeable root stems
B) The use of declension classes
 C) The development of case variants
D) The adoption of analytic sentence structures
57.What type of meaning is universally recognized and relates to the basic definition of a word?
A) Conceptual meaning
B) Associative meaning
C) Connotative meaning
D) Contextual meaning
58.In the sentence "Siz kecha menga bergan kitobingizni mamnuniyat bilan o’qidim," how is the
attribute expressed in Uzbek?
A) Through an extensive member of the sentence
B) By a noun phrase
C) By a participle
D) Through a verb
59.Which of the following types of languages is best characterized by a highly regular system of
affixes that attach to a root word without changing the word's form?
A) Agglutinative languages
B) Analytical languages
C) Synthetic languages
D) Isolating languages
60.Which of the following languages has undergone a significant shift from a synthetic to an
analytic structure?
A) English
B) Russian
C) Turkish
D) Japanese
61.What is the smallest meaningful unit of language that can stand alone as a complete utterance?
A) Word
B) Morpheme
C) Lexeme
D) Sentence
62.Which type of morpheme refers to function words like articles, conjunctions, and prepositions?
A) Grammatical morphemes
B) Lexical morphemes
C) Root morphemes
D) Derivational morphemes
63.What is the primary distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships in
language?
A) Paradigmatic refers to associative relationships in language, while syntagmatic refers to linear
relationships in speech
B) Paradigmatic refers to linear relationships in speech, while syntagmatic refers to associative
relationships in language
C) Paradigmatic refers to the grammatical structure of words, while syntagmatic refers to the meaning
of words
D) Paradigmatic and syntagmatic are synonyms for the same relationship
64.Which of the following is an example of a compound-derived word in English?
A) "do-it-yourself principle"
B) "unemployed"
C) "aimless"
D) "red"
65.What is the linguistic phenomenon where one word has multiple meanings based on context, as
seen in the word “treat”?
A) Polysemy
B) Homonymy
C) Synonymy
D) Antonymy
66.Which of the following words is a polysemantic word in English?
A) "blanket"
B) "dog"
C) "car"
D) "book"
67. What does the term "homonyms" refer to in language?
A) Words that are identical in sound or spelling but differ in meaning
B) Words that have multiple meanings due to proximity of notions
C) Words that are similar in meaning but different in sound
D) Words that have no meaning at all
68.Which of the following is an example of an antonym with a negative prefix in English?
A) "unsuccessful"
B) "beautiful"
C) "rich"
D) "ugly"
69.Which of the following types of morphemes is found in the word "disbelief"?
A) Derived morphemes
 B) Free morphemes
C) Inflectional morphemes
D) Root morphemes
70. Which type of antonym is formed by using a negative prefix such as "un-" or "dis-"?
A) Derivational antonyms
B) Absolute antonyms
C) Root antonyms
D) Syntactic antonyms
71. What does word formation in linguistics refer to?
A) The creation of a new word
B) The change in the meaning of a word
C) The formation of idiomatic expressions
D) The semantic development of a word
72.Which of the following is a major method of word formation in both English and Russian?
A) Affixing
B) Borrowing
C) Compounding
D) Clipping
73. In English, what is the classification of prefixes used in notional words?
A) Proper prefixes
B) Semi-bound prefixes
C) Root prefixes
D) Derived prefixes
74.Which of the following is an example of a prefix that denotes repetition or reversal actions in
English?
A) Re- (redo)
B) Ex- (ex-friend)
C) Un- (unhappy)
D) Pre- (pre-reading)
75. Which language among the three compared (English, Russian, and Uzbek) does **not** form
verbs by prefixation?
A) Uzbek
B) English
C) Russian
D) All of them form verbs by prefixation
76. Which of the following suffixes is used to form a noun in English?
 A) -er (teacher)
B) -able (capable)
C) -ly (quickly)
D) -ness (kindness)
77. In Russian, what does the suffix "-чик" (e.g., "учительчик") typically form?
A) A diminutive noun
B) A verb
C) An adjective
D) A plural noun
78. Which suffix in English forms adjectives and expresses quality?
A) -less (careless)
B) -ness (darkness)
C) -ment (enjoyment)
D) -er (worker)
79. Which of the following suffixes in Uzbek is used to form nouns?
A) -чи (sotuvchi)
B) -лик (чиройлик)
C) -и (жами)
D) -лаб (тошлаб)
80.Which type of suffix in all three languages (English, Russian, and Uzbek) changes the part of
speech of a word?
A) Part-of-speech suffixes
B) Diminutive suffixes
C) Place-forming suffixes
D) Verbalizing suffixes
81.What is the main object of genderology in linguistic studies?
A) Gender
B) Syntax
C) Phonetics
D) Semantics
82. Which school of thought emphasized the constitutive nature of discourse and significantly
impacted gender studies?
A) Post-structuralism
B) Structuralism
C) Behaviorism
D) Rationalism
83. According to Chris Weedon, language plays a role in:
A) Defining and contesting social organization
B) Purely conveying meaning
C) Analyzing grammar and syntax
D) Isolating linguistic structures
84.In gender linguistic analysis, what can be understood by "linguistic frequency" according to
V.A. Maslova?
A) Human beings live in a world shaped by linguistic concepts
B) The frequency of words used by different genders
C) The diversity of grammatical forms
D) The analysis of social structures through speech
85. Which of the following is a context in which gender can be analyzed according to Jane
Sunderland?
- A) Differences and similarities between genders
- B) The frequency of gendered words in a dictionary
- C) The phonetic structures used by different genders
- D) The historical development of gendered language
86.Which of the following is an example of a phraseological unit related to male features?
- A) "General's battle"
- B) "Lady of the house"
- C) "Girl Friday"
- D) "May Queen"
87. Which of the following is an example of a phraseological unit related to female features?
- A) "One's good lady"
- B) "Brother of the angle"
- C) "General's battle"
- D) "May Queen"
88. What does the term "Girl Friday" refer to in gender linguistics?
- A) A female employee with a wide range of duties
- B) A woman crowned on May Day
- C) A phrase denoting male superiority
- D) A woman seeking marriage
89.What is the hidden semantic feature of the phrase "May Queen" in English?
- A) Possessiveness
- B) Age
- C) Gender neutrality
 - D) Social hierarchy
90.Which of the following is an example of a possessive structural form in Uzbek gender language?
- A) "бекнингонаси" (wife of a bek)
- B) "May Queen"
- C) "Girl Friday"
- D) "General's battle"
91.When did the anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics begin to emerge?
- A) 1930s
- B) 1800s
- C) 1900s
- D) 2000s
92.What does the anthropocentric paradigm primarily focus on?
- A) The interrelation between humans and language
- B) The structural rules of language
- C) The historical development of languages
- D) Phonetic analysis of languages
93. Which of the following fields is cognitive science closely connected with?
- A) Mathematics, logic, philosophy, anthropology, and linguistics
- B) Syntax and morphology
- C) Phonetics and phonology
- D) Sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics
94. What is the primary aim of cognitive linguistics?
- A) To investigate language as a mechanism of cognition and categorization
- B) To study historical language changes
- C) To analyze the syntactic structure of languages
- D) To compare phonetic features of languages
95. Which paradigm replaced the structural paradigm in linguistics in the last century?
- A) Anthropocentric, functional, cognitive, and dynamic paradigms
- B) Historical-comparative paradigm
- C) Structuralism
- D) Poststructuralism
96. What is the main subject of analysis in linguaculturology?
- A) The relationship between language and culture
- B) Phonetic patterns in different languages
- C) The evolution of language families
 - D) Syntactic rules in different cultures
97. What does cognitive science include in its study?
- A) Learning processes, knowledge organization, and mental activity
- B) The historical development of linguistic families
- C) The phonetic systems of different languages
- D) The classification of syntax in world languages
98. In which area of research does comparative typology play a significant role?
- A) Communication, interaction, culture, habitus, cybernetics, and cognition
- B) Syntax and morphology comparison across languages
- C) Historical language shifts and etymology
- D) Gender roles and semantics
99. What does the anthropocentric paradigm shift the focus from and to?
- A) From the object of cognition to the subject (human being)
- B) From phonetics to syntax
- C) From historical changes to modern language use
- D) From culture to communication
100.Which scientific field does linguaculturology primarily deal with?
- A) The interconnection between language and culture
- B) The phonetic changes in language over time
- C) The syntactic structures across languages
- D) The history of language families

101. What is the basic unit of syntax in a language?

A) Sentence
B) Phrase
C) Word
D) Clause

102. According to the text, what is a key characteristic of a sentence?

A) It expresses a complete thought

B) It is always a question
C) It must be complex
D) It can only be a declarative statement

103. What term describes an utterance defined by the speaker’s intention and its effect on
the listener?

A) Speech act
B) Phrase
C) Intonation
D) Morpheme

104. What does predicativity in a sentence refer to?

A) The expression of thought in the sentence

B) The order of words in a sentence
C) The number of clauses in a sentence
D) The subject of the sentence

105. Which type of sentence consists of both a subject and a predicate?

A) Two-member sentence
B) One-member sentence
C) Elliptical sentence
D) Nominal sentence

106. In English, what does an impersonal sentence usually express?

A) A natural phenomenon, time, or distance

B) A personal opinion
C) A question directed at someone
D) An emotional response

107. Which type of sentence refers to general people and uses pronouns like "one," "you,"
or "we"?

A) Indefinite-personal sentence
B) Impersonal sentence
C) Complex sentence
D) Exclamatory sentence

108. What type of sentence states facts or opinions and ends with a period?

A) Declarative sentence
B) Interrogative sentence
C) Exclamatory sentence
D) Imperative sentence

109. Which type of sentence is most commonly used in communication to express a

statement or fact?

A) Declarative sentence
B) Imperative sentence
C) Interrogative sentence
D) Exclamatory sentence

110. In a declarative sentence, what is the usual word order in English?

A) Subject + Verb + Object

B) Verb + Subject + Object
C) Object + Subject + Verb
D) Subject + Object + Verb

111. What is one of the key distinctions between synthetic and analytic languages?

A) Synthetic languages express grammatical meanings within words, while analytic languages
express them outside of words.
B) Analytic languages use more affixes than synthetic languages.
C) Synthetic languages do not have grammatical categories.
D) Analytic languages have a highly developed system of cases.

112. Which of the following is a characteristic of synthetic languages?

A) They express grammatical meanings through inflection and word formation.

B) They rely primarily on word order to express grammatical meanings.
C) They use auxiliary verbs frequently.
D) They have a limited number of cases.

113. What does the term “agglutination” refer to in the context of language typology?

A) A type of affixation where affixes do not alter the root form.

B) The change of phonemes in the root of words.
C) The process of adding auxiliary words.
D) The fusion of words into one unit.

114. In what type of languages does affixation cause changes in the phonemic structure of
roots?

A) Inflected languages
B) Analytic languages
C) Agglutinated languages
D) Synthetic languages

115. Which of the following languages is considered a synthetic inflected language?

A) Russian
B) English
C) Finnish
D) Chinese

116. What type of sentence structure does English exhibit in terms of case and word order?

A) Analytic
B) Agglutinative
C) Synthetic inflected
D) Fusional

117. In languages like Russian, the case category expresses which of the following
meanings?

A) Objectness, gender, number, animate/inanimate

B) Tense, aspect, and mood
C) Person and number
D) Word order and function

118. The grammatical category of number in English, Russian, and Uzbek expresses what?

A) Quantitative relations between objects

B) Gender of nouns
C) Tense of actions
D) The singularity of objects

119. How is plurality expressed in English nouns?

A) By adding -s or -es
B) Through vowel changes within the root
C) By using auxiliary words
D) By changing the word order

120. Which of the following shows the typical case forms of nouns in Russian?

A) Objectness, gender, number, animate/inanimate

B) Nominative, accusative, genitive
C) Subject, predicate, object
D) Singular and plural forms only

121. In the Russian language, the case category is formed by what?

A) The declension system of nouns

B) The use of auxiliary verbs
C) Word order changes
D) The fusion of words

122. What type of morphological affixation does not cause changes in the phonemic
structure of words?

A) Agglutination
B) Inflection
C) Fusion
D) Suppletion

123. How is the grammatical category of gender expressed in Russian?

A) Through noun forms and agreement with adjectives and pronouns

B) By the addition of auxiliary verbs
C) By changing the verb tense
D) By changing the word order in a sentence

124. Which of the following languages has 14 case forms for nouns?

A) Finnish
B) English
C) Russian
D) French
125. In English, how are plural forms of nouns typically marked?

A) By adding -s or -es
B) By changing the vowel in the root word
C) Through a change in article
D) Through inflection at the end of verbs

126. What does the category of gender typically express in modern Indo-European
languages?

A) The grammatical gender of nouns, including masculine, feminine, and neuter

B) The number of objects in a sentence
C) The tense of the action
D) The word order in a sentence

127. In languages like Russian, which category expresses the meaning of animate and
inanimate objects?

A) Case
B) Gender
C) Number
D) Tense

128. In the comparison of grammatical categories, what method is used to analyze word
forms?

A) The transformational method (syntagmatic and paradigmatic opposition)

B) The morphological method
C) The phonological method
D) The syntactic method

129. Which of the following is NOT a primary grammatical category?

A) Word order
B) Parts of speech
C) Gender
D) Number

130. What typological category is formed by case forms consisting of sound combinations
or morphemes giving meaning to a word?
A) Case
B) Gender
C) Number
D) Tense

131. What is the primary focus of linguistic typology?

A) The classification and comparison of languages based on their structural features

B) The study of a single language in-depth
C) The phonetic analysis of speech sounds
D) The historical development of language families
132. Which of the following is a key goal of linguistic typology?

A) To identify universal patterns and structures across languages

B) To analyze the origins of specific vocabulary items
C) To examine the socio-cultural influences on language use
D) To study the evolutionary changes in individual languages

133. What is the main distinction between analytic and synthetic languages in typology?

A) Analytic languages use word order and auxiliary words, while synthetic languages rely more
on affixes.
B) Analytic languages have many cases, while synthetic languages have very few.
C) Analytic languages have a complex system of tenses, while synthetic languages do not.
D) Analytic languages rely more on intonation, while synthetic languages do not.

134. What is meant by the term "language typology"?

A) The classification of languages into types based on shared grammatical features

B) The historical study of the origins of language families
C) The social and cultural factors influencing language use
D) The analysis of individual phonemes across languages

135. What is an agglutinative language?

A) A language where affixes are added to a root word without changing its phonetic structure
B) A language that relies on word order for grammatical meaning
C) A language with no morphological changes in its word forms
D) A language where word meaning is derived from inflectional suffixes alone

136. In linguistic typology, what is meant by the "inflectional" type of language?

A) A language where word forms change according to grammatical categories like tense, case, or
number
B) A language that uses auxiliary words for expressing grammatical relations
C) A language where word meaning depends mainly on word order
D) A language with no grammatical gender or case system

137. Which of the following is an example of a language with a fusional morphological

type?

A) Russian
B) Chinese
C) Vietnamese
D) English

138. What does a "synthetic" language typically rely on for expressing grammatical
relationships?

A) Word morphology, such as affixes and inflection

B) Word order and auxiliary verbs
C) The use of prepositions only
D) The isolation of words with no grammatical marking
139. Which of the following is true about analytic languages?

A) They primarily express grammatical meanings through word order and auxiliary words.
B) They rely heavily on inflection and suffixation to express grammatical categories.
C) They typically have complex systems of noun declensions.
D) They often have few or no auxiliary verbs.

140. In terms of typological classification, what distinguishes a polysynthetic language?

A) A language that combines many morphemes into single words, often creating long word
forms
B) A language that uses only root words with minimal inflection
C) A language that has a simple sentence structure with subject-verb-object order
D) A language that depends on auxiliary verbs for grammatical structure

141. What is the primary focus of comparative typology in phonology?

A) The comparison of phonological systems across different languages

B) The study of the historical development of phonemes in a language
C) The syntactic structure of sentences in different languages
D) The use of intonation patterns in spoken language

142. How does the phonological system of Modern English compare to many other
European languages?

A) Modern English has a relatively large number of vowel sounds compared to many other
languages.
B) Modern English has no distinctive consonant sounds compared to other languages.
C) Modern English has a simpler consonant system than many other European languages.
D) Modern English phonology is characterized by the lack of any diphthongs.

143. In English, what is the main feature of vowel reduction?

A) Vowels in unstressed syllables tend to be pronounced as schwa /ə/ or a weak vowel sound.
B) Vowels in stressed syllables are always pronounced with full intensity.
C) Vowel sounds in English do not undergo reduction in unstressed syllables.
D) Vowel reduction only occurs in formal speech and not in casual speech.

144. Which of the following phonological features distinguishes English from many
languages with simpler systems?

A) The presence of a wide range of vowel sounds, including diphthongs.

B) The absence of aspiration in stop consonants.
C) The use of pitch to distinguish meaning in most contexts.
D) The lack of consonant clusters at the beginning of words.

145. How do consonant clusters in English compare to those in languages like Italian or
Spanish?

A) English has more complex consonant clusters, especially at the beginning of words.
B) English avoids consonant clusters altogether in the initial position of words.
C) English has no consonant clusters, relying on single consonants only.
D) Consonant clusters in English are limited to vowel-initial positions.

146. What is the significance of the "voicing" contrast in English consonants?

A) Voiced and voiceless consonants distinguish minimal pairs, such as in "bat" vs. "pat."
B) Voicing does not affect the meaning of words in English phonology.
C) English does not distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants.
D) Voicing contrast only exists in vowels in English phonology.

147. Which phonological feature of Modern English differentiates it from languages like
Japanese or Hawaiian?

A) The presence of complex consonant clusters and diphthongs.

B) The complete absence of vowel sounds in unstressed syllables.
C) The lack of a clear distinction between long and short vowels.
D) The simplification of its vowel system compared to other languages.

148. How does English phonology typically handle syllable structure compared to
languages like Mandarin Chinese?

A) English allows for more complex syllable structures with multiple consonants and vowels in a
syllable.
B) English syllables always consist of a single consonant followed by a vowel.
C) Mandarin Chinese has a more complex syllable structure than English.
D) English does not have syllables; it relies solely on isolated sounds.

149. Which phonetic feature is characteristic of English vowels in comparison to French

vowels?

A) English vowels tend to be more varied in terms of quality, including diphthongs.

B) English vowels are always shorter than French vowels.
C) English has fewer vowel distinctions compared to French.
D) English vowels are not affected by stress.

150. How does stress pattern in English compare to that in languages like Finnish or
Hungarian?

A) English has a stress-timed rhythm, where unstressed syllables are shortened in comparison to
stressed syllables.
B) English has a syllable-timed rhythm with equal timing for all syllables.
C) Finnish and Hungarian have a stress-timed rhythm similar to English.
151. What is the primary focus of typological categorization in linguistics?

A) The classification of languages based on shared grammatical structures.

B) The study of phonological changes over time in languages.
C) The classification of languages based on their vocabulary.
D) The study of individual languages without comparing them.

152. Which of the following is a key distinction between synthetic and analytic languages?
A) Synthetic languages express grammatical meanings within words, while analytic languages
express them outside words.
B) Analytic languages rely solely on affixation for grammatical meanings, while synthetic
languages do not.
C) Analytic languages do not use word order, whereas synthetic languages rely on it.
D) Synthetic languages do not use auxiliary verbs, whereas analytic languages do.

153. What is meant by "inner fusion" in the context of synthetic languages?

A) Grammatical meanings are expressed through changes in the phonemic structure of words.
B) Grammatical meanings are expressed by combining auxiliary verbs with notional words.
C) Grammatical meanings are expressed through the word order in a sentence.
D) Grammatical meanings are indicated by the repetition of words in a sentence.

154. According to E. D. Polivanov, how is affixation different in agglutinative and inflected

languages?

A) In agglutinative languages, affixation does not alter the phonemic structure of roots, while in
inflected languages it does.
B) In inflected languages, affixation causes no change in the root phonemes, while in
agglutinative languages, it does.
C) In both agglutinative and inflected languages, affixation causes changes in the root structure.
D) In agglutinative languages, affixation is not used at all.

155. Which of the following is an example of analytic grammatical means?

A) Using auxiliary verbs and word order to express grammatical meanings.

B) Changing the internal structure of a word to express grammatical relations.
C) Adding inflections to the root word to express grammatical relations.
D) Using changes in stress to express grammatical distinctions.

156. In the sentence "They don't want anything from us" (in English), which grammatical
method is used to express negation?

A) The use of auxiliary verbs and word order.

B) The addition of a negative affix to the verb.
C) The use of a word-final suffix to indicate negation.
D) The use of tone and pitch to signal negation.

157. What does the grammatical category of "case" primarily denote?

A) The relationship between objects, actions, and signs through word changes or prepositions.
B) The distinction between singular and plural nouns.
C) The way verbs are conjugated based on subject agreement.
D) The type of vowel sounds used in word forms.

158. In typology, what is a key characteristic of languages that have a case system?

A) They express grammatical relationships primarily through changes in the form of nouns and
pronouns.
B) They do not use word order to express grammatical meaning.
C) They rely exclusively on prepositions to convey grammatical meanings.
D) They lack a clear distinction between singular and plural nouns.

159. How do languages like English, Russian, and Uzbek express the grammatical category
of number?

A) By using special morphemes such as suffixes to indicate singular or plural forms.

B) By changing the internal phoneme structure of words without the addition of morphemes.
C) By modifying the word order to distinguish singular from plural.
D) By changing the position of the subject and verb in a sentence.

160. What is the grammatical category of "gender" concerned with in languages like
Russian?

A) The classification of nouns into masculine, feminine, and neuter categories.

B) The expression of verb tenses and their agreement with nouns.
C) The use of auxiliary verbs to express negation.
D) The way adjectives are placed in relation to nouns.

161. What is the main goal of comparative typology in linguistics?

A) To compare and classify languages based on their grammatical structures and typological
features.
B) To study the historical development of individual languages.
C) To investigate the social aspects of language use in different communities.
D) To examine the phonetic variations between dialects of a language.

162. How does comparative typology differ from historical linguistics?

A) Comparative typology focuses on the structural similarities and differences across languages,
while historical linguistics studies the evolution of languages over time.
B) Comparative typology is primarily concerned with word meanings, whereas historical
linguistics focuses on syntax.
C) Comparative typology examines language families, while historical linguistics only deals
with individual languages.
D) Comparative typology involves the study of language origins, whereas historical linguistics
focuses on social linguistics.

163. Which of the following best describes the relationship between typology and
phonology?

A) Typology examines how different languages structure sound systems, while phonology
focuses on the sound patterns within a single language.
B) Typology studies only the phonetic aspects of language sounds, while phonology deals with
syntax.
C) Typology and phonology are unrelated fields within linguistics.
D) Typology deals with the historical development of sound changes, while phonology focuses
on meaning.

164. What is one of the primary concerns of syntactic typology?

A) To categorize languages based on their sentence structures and word order.
B) To examine the historical relationships between different languages.
C) To classify languages based on their phonetic systems.
D) To study the sociolinguistic aspects of sentence construction.

165. In what way is morphological typology connected to syntax?

A) Morphological typology examines the structure of words, while syntax focuses on how these
words are arranged in sentences.
B) Morphological typology is primarily concerned with phonetic changes, whereas syntax
analyzes meaning.
C) Morphological typology and syntax study the evolution of languages over time.
D) Morphological typology focuses on speech sounds, while syntax looks at vocabulary usage.

166. How does comparative typology contribute to the study of language universals?

A) It helps identify common linguistic features across different languages, contributing to the
understanding of universal language properties.
B) It focuses solely on regional dialects, with no interest in language universals.
C) It examines the historical development of languages but does not address universals.
D) It focuses on how languages evolve over time rather than universal features.

167. What role does comparative typology play in the study of language acquisition?

A) It provides insights into how children acquire different grammatical structures across
languages.
B) It studies the relationship between language and cognition.
C) It primarily focuses on the development of phonetic systems in children.
D) It examines social factors influencing language learning in children.

168. What is a key concern of sociolinguistics in relation to typology?

A) Sociolinguistics examines how social factors influence language variation and structure,
which can complement typological studies of language features.
B) Sociolinguistics is mainly concerned with the historical relationships between languages.
C) Sociolinguistics focuses exclusively on the phonetic aspects of language.
D) Sociolinguistics studies only the grammatical rules of individual languages.

169. How is comparative typology related to pragmatics?

A) Comparative typology examines structural differences between languages, while pragmatics

focuses on language use in context, influencing how linguistic features are applied.
B) Comparative typology deals only with written languages, whereas pragmatics studies spoken
language.
C) Comparative typology and pragmatics are completely separate fields with no overlapping
concerns.
D) Pragmatics is concerned with historical language change, whereas comparative typology
studies language use in social contexts.

170. How does the study of language typology influence the development of artificial
languages (like Esperanto)?
A) It informs the creation of language structures that are simple, efficient, and adaptable to
different linguistic backgrounds.
B) It focuses on historical languages, with no connection to artificial languages.
C) It emphasizes phonetic variation and ignores syntax and morphology.
D) It is primarily concerned with the sociocultural aspects of language use.

171. What is the main focus of historical typology in linguistics?

A) To classify languages based on their historical development and evolution over time.
B) To study the phonetic systems of languages in different historical periods.
C) To analyze the sociocultural contexts of language change.
D) To focus solely on the syntactic structures of ancient languages.

172. How does historical typology contribute to understanding the periodization of a

language?

A) It divides the history of a language into different periods based on significant typological
changes, such as shifts in phonology or morphology.
B) It examines only the syntactic evolution of language over time.
C) It focuses on the social contexts in which languages have evolved.
D) It categorizes languages according to their geographic distribution.

173. Which of the following is a key aspect of historical typology?

A) Analyzing language changes in terms of their typological characteristics, such as shifts from
synthetic to analytic structures.
B) Investigating the historical relationships between distinct language families.
C) Studying the development of vocabulary in a language over time.
D) Focusing exclusively on the phonetic changes in a language's sound system.

174. How does historical typology differ from synchronic typology?

A) Historical typology focuses on language change over time, while synchronic typology
analyzes languages at a specific point in time.
B) Historical typology examines only the phonological changes in a language, whereas
synchronic typology studies grammar.
C) Historical typology deals with individual languages, while synchronic typology focuses on
language families.
D) Historical typology is concerned with dialects, whereas synchronic typology is concerned
with language universals.

175. What role does historical typology play in understanding language families?

A) It helps identify common typological features across related languages and track their
historical development.
B) It focuses solely on the vocabulary differences between languages in a family.
C) It categorizes languages based on their geographical location rather than typological features.
D) It is mainly concerned with the study of dialects within a language family.

176. In historical typology, what is meant by the term "periodization"?

A) The classification of the history of a language into distinct periods based on significant
typological and structural changes.
B) The identification of dialects within a language.
C) The analysis of phonetic changes in a particular language.
D) The study of the social and cultural history of speakers of a language.

177. What is one of the primary goals of historical typology?

A) To trace the changes in grammatical structures, phonology, and syntax over time within a
language.
B) To investigate how languages influence each other through contact.
C) To map the geographical spread of languages over time.
D) To examine the lexicon of ancient languages.

178. How does historical typology help in the study of language evolution?

A) It highlights the shifts in typological features such as morphology, syntax, and phonology,
showing how languages evolve structurally over time.
B) It only examines changes in phonology, disregarding grammar and syntax.
C) It focuses on the cultural and social aspects of language change rather than structural
evolution.
D) It investigates how languages borrow vocabulary from each other over time.

179. How does historical typology relate to the study of language universals?

A) It helps in identifying language universals by comparing typological changes across different

languages in history.
B) It focuses on the vocabulary and word usage of historical languages.
C) It examines the historical development of language families without reference to universals.
D) It investigates the influence of social change on language structure over time.

180. What does historical typology reveal about the relationship between analytic and
synthetic languages?

A) It tracks the shift from synthetic to analytic language structures over time, revealing patterns
in language evolution.
B) It focuses on the pronunciation differences between analytic and synthetic languages.
C) It only studies how analytic languages influence each other.
D) It ignores the transition between these language types, focusing only on modern languages.

181. How do English and Uzbek numerals generally differ in terms of structure?

A) English numerals tend to be more analytic, while Uzbek numerals often involve
agglutination.
B) English numerals are inflected for case, while Uzbek numerals are not.
C) Uzbek numerals have no plural forms, unlike English numerals.
D) English uses no compound numerals, whereas Uzbek uses many.

182. Which numeral system is used by both English and Uzbek?

A) Both languages use a decimal numeral system (base 10).

B) English uses base 12, while Uzbek uses base 10.
C) English uses base 20, while Uzbek uses base 10.
D) Both languages use a binary numeral system.

183. How are the tens expressed differently in English and Uzbek?

A) In English, tens are combined with units (e.g., twenty-one), while in Uzbek, there is often no
combination (e.g., yigirma bir).
B) In English, the tens are combined with hundreds (e.g., one hundred twenty), while in Uzbek,
tens and hundreds are separate.
C) English uses a distinct word for each decade (e.g., twenty, thirty), while Uzbek uses a single
word for all tens.
D) English uses only the word for "ten" to express multiples, while Uzbek has separate words for
multiples of ten.

184. In English and Uzbek, how are numbers from 1 to 10 expressed?

A) Both languages have distinct words for each numeral from 1 to 10.
B) English uses a root number and an affix for numbers, while Uzbek uses a single root for all.
C) Uzbek uses one word for all numbers, while English has distinct words.
D) English uses two words for each number, while Uzbek uses only one.

185. What is a key difference in the way large numbers (hundreds, thousands) are formed
in English and Uzbek?

A) English typically combines terms (e.g., "two hundred"), while Uzbek uses a more
agglutinative structure (e.g., ikki yuz).
B) English uses separate words for large numbers, while Uzbek uses a single word for all.
C) In English, large numbers use suffixes; in Uzbek, they use prefixes.
D) English has a unique form for each hundred, while Uzbek uses a single form.

186. How does the order of numerals differ between English and Uzbek when counting
objects?

A) English generally follows a numeral + noun order, while Uzbek places the noun first and the
numeral second.
B) English places the noun and numeral in any order, while Uzbek uses the same word order as
in English.
C) In both languages, numerals and nouns must always be reversed.
D) English and Uzbek both use the noun first, then the numeral.

187. In terms of numeral usage, what is a similarity between English and Uzbek?

A) Both languages use separate numerals for ordinal and cardinal numbers.
B) English uses a base-10 system, but Uzbek uses base-20.
C) In English, the numeral for “two” changes in different contexts, while in Uzbek it does not.
D) Both languages have identical words for all numbers from one to ten.

188. How do English and Uzbek differ in the formation of compound numerals?

A) English compounds numbers using hyphens (e.g., twenty-one), while Uzbek uses a more
straightforward combination (e.g., yigirma bir).
B) English forms compound numerals by combining words into one, while Uzbek keeps them
separate.
C) In both languages, compound numerals are formed with special prefixes and suffixes.
D) English uses no compound numerals, while Uzbek does.

189. In terms of grammatical gender, how do numerals in English and Uzbek compare?

A) English numerals are gender-neutral, while Uzbek numerals agree with the gender of the
noun they modify.
B) English numerals change based on gender, while Uzbek numerals do not.
C) Both languages have distinct forms for masculine and feminine numerals.
D) Neither language assigns gender to numerals.

190. What is a common feature of numerals in both English and Uzbek?

A) Both languages use specific terms for multiples of ten (e.g., twenty, thirty in English;
yigirma, o'ttiz in Uzbek).
B) Both languages have unique systems for expressing fractions.
C) English and Uzbek numerals are completely unrelated in form.
D) In both languages, numerals for numbers above 10 are formed by adding a suffix to the
number one.

191. How does the basic word order in English simple sentences differ from that in some
native languages (e.g., Uzbek)?

A) English typically follows SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order, while some native languages
like Uzbek follow SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) order.
B) English uses VSO (Verb-Subject-Object) order, while native languages follow SVO order.
C) Both English and native languages strictly follow SVO order.
D) English sentences do not have a fixed word order, while native languages follow a strict
order.

192. What is the main typological feature of simple sentences in English?

A) English simple sentences typically rely on word order and auxiliary verbs to express
grammatical relations.
B) English simple sentences use a complex system of case markings to express syntactic
relations.
C) English sentences rely heavily on morphological changes rather than word order.
D) English uses postpositions rather than prepositions in simple sentences.

193. How do simple sentences in English and native languages generally differ in terms of
verb conjugation?

A) In English, verbs are conjugated to express tense, aspect, and agreement with the subject,
while in some native languages like Uzbek, verb conjugation may reflect subject, object, and
case.
B) English verbs are not conjugated, while native languages like Uzbek use extensive verb
conjugation.
C) Both languages have identical systems of verb conjugation, with no differences in tense or
aspect.
D) In both English and native languages, verbs do not change for tense, aspect, or agreement.
194. What typological difference is observed in the use of auxiliary verbs in English
compared to some native languages?

A) English uses auxiliary verbs to form tenses, negation, and questions, while many native
languages, like Uzbek, do not use auxiliary verbs in the same way.
B) Native languages use auxiliary verbs more extensively than English for tenses and questions.
C) Both English and native languages use auxiliary verbs in the same way to form tenses,
negation, and questions.
D) Neither English nor native languages use auxiliary verbs.

195. How are negations typically expressed in simple sentences in English and native
languages?

A) English uses auxiliary verbs (e.g., "do not"), while native languages like Uzbek use negation
particles attached to the verb.
B) English uses suffixes for negation, while native languages use auxiliary verbs.
C) Both English and native languages use a similar word order to express negation.
D) English does not use negation in simple sentences, while native languages do.

196. How does the typology of simple sentences in English differ from languages like
Russian in terms of case usage?

A) English uses word order (SVO) to express grammatical relations, while languages like
Russian use case markings in the sentence.
B) English uses a system of prepositions instead of case, while Russian does not use
prepositions.
C) Both English and Russian use case markings in the same way to express grammatical
relations.
D) English has no case system, while Russian uses only prepositions.

197. How are subject and object expressed in simple sentences in English and some native
languages like Uzbek?

A) In English, subject and object are typically marked by word order (SVO), while in languages
like Uzbek, subject and object may be marked by case or postpositions.
B) English uses case markers for subject and object, while languages like Uzbek use word order.
C) Both English and Uzbek use prepositions to mark subjects and objects in simple sentences.
D) Neither English nor Uzbek uses case markers or word order to distinguish subject and object.

198. In terms of sentence structure, how does English handle word order in simple
declarative sentences compared to languages like Uzbek?

A) English typically follows a fixed SVO order in simple declarative sentences, while Uzbek
follows a flexible SOV order depending on emphasis.
B) English uses a flexible word order, while Uzbek uses a fixed SVO order.
C) Both languages follow a strict word order without flexibility.
D) English follows an SVO word order, while Uzbek follows VSO order.

199. What role do adverbs play in the typology of simple sentences in English compared to
native languages?
A) In English, adverbs usually appear after the verb, while in some native languages like Uzbek,
they may appear before or after the verb depending on emphasis.
B) Both English and native languages place adverbs in the same position in the sentence.
C) In English, adverbs can only be placed at the end of the sentence, while in native languages
they can only be placed at the beginning.
D) English does not use adverbs in simple sentences, while native languages like Uzbek use
them frequently.

200. How do simple sentences in English and native languages like Uzbek express
questions?

A) English uses auxiliary verbs ("do", "does") to form questions, while in Uzbek, the sentence
structure changes, often with question particles or intonation.
B) Both English and Uzbek use auxiliary verbs to form questions in the same way.
C) English does not have a distinct form for questions, while Uzbek uses auxiliary verbs.
D) In English, questions are formed by changing word order, while in Uzbek, they are formed
with an auxiliary verb.