JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

KAKINADA

ELECTRIC VEHIClES
An internship report submitted to the
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
KAKINADA
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

BY
PARISA PRUDHVI - (21H75A0242)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship report entitled“ELECTRIC

VEHICLES”submitted by PARISA PRUDHVI (21H75A0242) to the DVR & Dr. HS
MIC College of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a
bonafide record of work. The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been
submitted to any other Institute for the award of any Degree.

Mr. S. RAVI KANTH, M. Tech. Dr. P. PRADEEP, M. Tech, Ph. D.,

Internship Coordinator Head of the
Department Dept. of E.E.E Dept. of E.E.E

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I sincerely salute our esteemed institution DVR & Dr. HS MIC
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY for giving this golden opportunity to fulfill our warm
dreams of becoming engineers.

I hereby express my sincere gratitude to our CEO Sri D. PANDURANGA RAO and
principal Dr. T. VAMSEE KIRAN, for their consistent encouragement and facilities
provided during the course of internship.

I am thankful to our Head of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering department, Dr.
P. PRADEEP, who has rendered his consistent encouragement and valuable support
throughout the internship successfully.

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to our
coordinator Mr. S. RAVI KANTH, and our staff for their exemplary guidance,
monitoring, consistent encouragement, and co-operation in completing the internship
successfully.

Student
PARISA PRUDHVI

(21H75A0242)
 I hereby declare that the material included in this internship report is the genuine work
done by me and has not been submitted to any other university/institute for the fulfilment
of the requirement of any other course of study.

Student
 PARISA PRUDHVI

(21H75A0242)
 ABSTRACT

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising technology for achieving a

sustainable transport sector in the future, due to their very low to zero
carbon emissions, low noise, high efficiency, and flexibility in grid operation
and integration. This chapter includes an overview of electric vehicle
technologies as well as associated energy storage systems and charging
mechanisms. Different types of electric-drive vehicles are presented. These
include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid
electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. The topologies for each
category and the enabling technologies are discussed. Various power train
configurations, new battery technologies, and different charger converter
topologies are introduced. Electrifying transportation not only facilitates a
clean energy transition, but also enables the diversification of
transportation’s sector fuel mix and addresses energy security concerns. In
addition, this can be also seen as a viable solution, in order to alleviate
issues associated with climate change. Furthermore, charging standards and
mechanisms and relative impacts to the grid from charging vehicles are also
presented. Transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles to
innovative technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs), can be a crucial
pathway to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other negative
externalities arising from fossil-fueled vehicles. Nonetheless, successful
market penetration of electric vehicles in urban areas, such as cities, may
not only rely on the characteristics of available technology but also on the
business models available on the market. This chapter illustrates the concept
of business models and their application to the auto industry as well as to the
promotion of EV deployment in urban areas. It is clear that in order to
achieve a transition to electric vehicles existing vehicle manufacturers and
their traditional suppliers need to adapt to new competences and skills,
innovative knowledge, based on their experience. The term of integrated
innovative business models for EVs is being introduced. Finally, many case
studies of business models employed worldwide as well as relative impacts
are presented (car leasing, car sharing, vehicle-to-grid, battery second
usage, etc.).
As transport is currently highly dependent on oil, emissions from internal
combustion engine (ICE) vehicles contribute significantly to increasingly
serious environmental issues, such as climate change. Greenhouse gas
emissions are produced by the combustion of these fossil-derived, petroleum-
based products, which include petrol, diesel fuel, kerosene, and fuel oils.
Advanced fuel and vehicle technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs) are a
promising technology for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change in
urban areas as well as in achieving a sustainable transport sector in the
future. The electrification of the transport sector requires a shift away from
internal combustion engine vehicless to alternative technologies such
as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and battery
electric vehicles. However, to varying degrees, these technologies must
overcome a wide variety of barriers, including technological, infrastructural,
and behavioral factors, to their adoption. In this direction, this chapter
investigates the main challenges faced by the deployment of EVs in urban
areas. The corresponding solutions are discussed; the potential benefits in
terms of climate change mitigation as well as relative impacts of each life
cycle analysis (LCA) stage are analyzed. This chapter evaluates this effect in
detail by presenting a case-driven LCA for EVs deployed in road transport.
The findings of this study indicate that high vehicle utilization is a favorable
condition for an environmentally beneficial deployment of EVs.
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPERT I...........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction of IOT...........................................................................1
1.1.1 Components used in IOT...........................................6
1.1.2 Description of Networking........................................9
1.1.3 Sensors and Actuators...............................................15
1.1.4 Difference between sensors and actuators.................18
1.1.5 Arduino IDE..............................................................20
1.1.6 NodeMCU.................................................................23
1.1.7 ThingSpeak................................................................25
1.1.8 Adafruit IO................................................................26
1.1.9 Integration of Google assistant, IFTTT.....................28
and Adafruit IO
1.2 Object Identification System.............................................................33
1.2.1 Objective...................................................................33
1.2.2 Problem Statement....................................................34
1.2.3 Significant of project.................................................34
1.2.4 Scope of project.........................................................34
1.3 Overview...........................................................................................34
1.3.1 Cost of project...........................................................35
CHAPTER II.........................................................................................36
2.1 Literature Review..............................................................................36
2.1.1 Object Identification System using...........................36
ultrasonic sensors and Arduino
2.1.2 A computerized travel aid for the active...................36
guidance for the blind pedestrians

2.1.3 A multidimensional walking aid visually..................36

Impaired using ultrasonic sensors
with voice guidance
2.1.4 Obstacle detection, Artificial vision and...................37
Real-time assistance via GPS
2.1.5 Implementation of Microcontroller Based................37
Mobility Aid for Visually Impaired People
CHAPTER III.......................................................................................38
3.1 Methodology.....................................................................................38
3.1.1 Background...............................................................38
3.1.2 Planning of project....................................................38
3.1.3 Gannt chart................................................................38
3.1.4 Flow chart..................................................................39
3.1.5 Block diagram...........................................................39
3.2 List of components............................................................................41
CHAPTER IV........................................................................................43
4.1 Result and discussion........................................................................48
4.1.1 Project analysis..........................................................48
4.2 Layout specification..........................................................................48
4.2.1 Complete project design............................................48
4.3 Discussion.........................................................................................50
4.4 SOP of operation to use the object identification system.................52
4.4.1 Objective...................................................................52
4.4.2 Scope.........................................................................52
4.4.3 Caution.......................................................................52
4.4.4 Procedure...................................................................52
CHAPTER V.........................................................................................53
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................53
REFERENCES.......................................................................................54
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 1.1 Key aspects of IoT.......................................1

Fig 1.2 Components of IoT......................................7
Fig 1.3 Major components used in IoT....................9
Fig 1.4 Types of networks........................................10
Fig 1.5 Network topologies......................................11
Fig 1.6 Network protocols........................................12
Fig 1.7 Network devices..........................................13
Fig 1.8 Network security…......................................14
Fig 1.9 Sensor...........................................................15
Fig 1.10 Actuator.......................................................16
Fig 1.11 Sensor to Actuator flow…...........................18
Fig 1.12 Arduino UNO…..........................................20
Fig 1.12 NodeMCU…................................................23
Fig 3.1 Gannt chart…...............................................38
Fig 3.2 Flow chart....................................................39
Fig 3.3 Block diagram..............................................39
Fig 3.4 Schematic diagram.......................................40
Fig 3.5 Project design…...........................................40
Fig 3.6 Arduino UNO R3….....................................41
Fig 3.7 Relay module…...........................................42
Fig 3.8 Light emitting diode…................................42
Fig 3.9 Buzzer..........................................................44
Fig 3.10 Ultrasonic sensor..........................................44
Fig 3.11 GSM module...............................................45
Fig 3.12 GPS module….............................................46
Fig 3.13 Light dependent resistor..............................47
Fig 4.1 Complete project design…..........................48
Fig 4.2 Front view....................................................49
Fig 4.3 Side view.....................................................49
Fig 4.4 Internal view................................................49
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

Table 1.1 Required components.................................35

Table 3.1 Specifications of Arduino UNO R3…........40
Table 3.2 Specifications of LED.................................42
Table 3.3 Specifications of GPS module....................46
 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

1.1 Introduction of IOT CHAPTER I

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles,
appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that
enables them to collect and exchange data over the internet. In simple terms, it is the
concept of connecting everyday objects and enabling them to communicate and interact
with each other and with humans.

Here are key aspects and characteristics of IoT:

FIG 1.1 : KEY ASPECTS OF IOT

1. Connectivity: IoT devices are connected to the internet, either directly or through a
gateway or intermediary device. They can use various communication technologies
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, or low-power wireless protocols like
Zigbee or LoRa.

2. Sensing and Data Collection: IoT devices are equipped with sensors and actuators
that allow them to collect data from their environment. Sensors can detect various
parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, or location, while
actuators enable them to perform actions or control other devices.

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3. Data Communication and Processing: IoT devices transmit the collected data to
cloud platforms or local servers for storage and analysis. This data can be
processed, aggregated, and combined with other data sources to derive meaningful
insights and enable intelligent decision-making.

4. Automation and Control: IoT enables automation and control of devices and
systems. For example, a smart thermostat can adjust the temperature based on
occupancy and weather conditions, or a smart irrigation system can water plants
based on soil moisture levels.

5. Interconnectivity and Integration: IoT aims to integrate various devices and

systems into a unified network. It enables communication and interaction between
devices, allowing them to work together and share information seamlessly.

6. Applications and Use Cases: IoT has a wide range of applications across
industries and domains. Some common use cases include smart homes, industrial
automation, healthcare monitoring, agriculture optimization, transportation
systems, and smart cities.

7. Security and Privacy: With the increasing number of connected devices and data
exchange, security and privacy become crucial considerations. Protecting IoT
devices from unauthorized access and ensuring secure data transmission are
significant challenges in the IoT ecosystem.

8. Scalability and Expansion: IoT systems can scale from a few devices to a massive
network of interconnected objects. The scalability allows for easy expansion and
integration of new devices or functionalities.

In summary, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of connected devices that collect
and exchange data, enabling automation, data analysis, and improved decision-making. It
encompasses various technologies, protocols, and applications across industries, with the
aim of creating a more connected and efficient world.

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Here are some additional details about the Internet of Things (IoT):

1. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication: IoT devices are designed to

communicate with each other without human intervention, known as machine-to-
machine (M2M) communication. This enables devices to share data, coordinate
actions, and perform tasks autonomously, leading to increased efficiency and
automation in various domains.

2. Big Data and Data Analytics: IoT generates vast amounts of data from connected
devices. This data, often referred to as Big Data, presents both opportunities and
challenges. Data analytics techniques and tools are used to extract valuable insights
from the collected data, enabling businesses to make informed decisions, optimize
processes, and create new services.

3. Wearable Technology: IoT has significantly influenced the development of

wearable technology, which includes smartwatches, fitness trackers, smart clothing,
and medical devices. Wearables collect and transmit data about the wearer's health,
activities, and location, providing personalized insights, remote monitoring
capabilities, and enhancing the user experience.

4. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): IIoT refers to the application of IoT in

industrial settings, such as manufacturing plants, supply chains, and utilities. It aims
to improve efficiency, productivity, and safety by connecting machines, sensors,
and systems. IIoT enables predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and
optimization of industrial processes, leading to cost savings and improved
operational performance.

5. Smart Cities: IoT plays a crucial role in the development of smart cities, where
connected devices and systems are used to enhance urban infrastructure,
transportation, energy management, and public services. IoT technologies enable
efficient traffic management, intelligent lighting, waste management,
environmental monitoring, and citizen engagement, leading to sustainability and
improved quality of life.

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6. Energy Efficiency: IoT contributes to energy conservation and efficiency by

enabling smart grid systems, intelligent energy management, and monitoring of
energy consumption. Connected devices, such as smart meters, allow utilities to
collect real-time data, optimize energy distribution, and encourage consumers to
make informed choices about their energy usage.

7. Health and Healthcare: IoT has transformative applications in healthcare,

enabling remote patient monitoring, telemedicine, and personalized healthcare
services. Connected devices and wearable sensors collect health data, transmit it to
healthcare providers, and facilitate timely interventions, chronic disease
management, and preventive care.

8. Agriculture and Farming: IoT technologies are increasingly adopted in

agriculture to optimize crop management, irrigation, and livestock monitoring.
Smart farming solutions utilize sensors, drones, and data analytics to monitor soil
conditions, crop growth, weather patterns, and animal health. This leads to
improved resource utilization, higher yields, and reduced environmental impact.

9. Consumer Applications: IoT has a significant impact on consumer products and

services. Smart homes, for example, leverage IoT to automate and control various
functions, such as lighting, heating, security systems, and entertainment devices.
Connected appliances and voice assistants enable seamless integration and remote
control, enhancing convenience and energy efficiency.

10. Privacy and Security Challenges: IoT presents privacy and security challenges
due to the vast amount of data collected and the interconnected nature of devices.
Protecting personal data, ensuring secure communication, and preventing
unauthorized access are critical concerns. Robust security measures, encryption,
and privacy regulations need to be implemented to mitigate risks.

These are just some of the additional details regarding IoT, highlighting its wide-
ranging applications and impact on various industries and aspects of everyday life.

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Here are some deeper details about integration possibilities within the Internet of
Things (IoT):

1. Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI): IoT can be integrated with AI

technologies such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning to enable intelligent
decision-making and automation. By analyzing large amounts of IoT data, AI
algorithms can uncover patterns, make predictions, and adapt to changing
conditions. This integration allows for advanced analytics, anomaly detection,
predictive maintenance, and autonomous decision-making capabilities within IoT
systems.

2. Integration with Blockchain: Blockchain technology can be integrated with IoT

to enhance security, transparency, and trust in data transactions. By leveraging the
decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, IoT applications can establish
secure and tamper-proof data exchanges between devices. This integration is
particularly useful in scenarios where data integrity and provenance are critical,
such as supply chain management, smart contracts, and asset tracking.

3. Integration with Cloud Computing: IoT devices often rely on cloud computing
platforms for data storage, processing, and analysis. Cloud integration allows for
scalable infrastructure and centralized management of IoT deployments. Cloud
services can provide real-time data ingestion, data storage, and advanced analytics
capabilities, enabling organizations to handle large-scale IoT deployments
efficiently.

4. Integration with Edge Computing: Edge computing brings data processing and
analytics closer to IoT devices, reducing latency, enhancing real-time capabilities,
and conserving network bandwidth. By performing data processing and analysis at
the edge of the network, IoT systems can respond quickly to critical events, reduce
reliance on cloud connectivity, and ensure data privacy by processing sensitive
information locally.

5. Integration with Robotics: IoT can be integrated with robotics to create advanced
robotic systems with enhanced sensing, decision-making, and connectivity
capabilities. By connecting robots to IoT networks, they can gather data from
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various

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sources, interact with other devices, and perform tasks in a more context-aware and
efficient manner. This integration is crucial for applications such as autonomous
vehicles, industrial automation, and smart manufacturing.

6. Integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS): IoT data can be

integrated with GIS platforms to visualize and analyze spatial data in real time. By
combining location information from IoT devices with GIS technologies,
organizations can gain valuable insights into spatial patterns, optimize resource
allocation, and make informed decisions based on geographical context. This
integration is particularly relevant for applications like asset tracking,
environmental monitoring, and urban planning.

7. Integration with Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): IoT can be
integrated with AR and VR technologies to create immersive and interactive
experiences. By combining IoT data with AR/VR environments, users can visualize
and interact with real-time information from IoT devices. For example, AR glasses
can display contextual information about objects or places, while VR simulations
can provide training and remote monitoring capabilities for IoT-enabled systems.

8. Integration with Social Media and Web Services: IoT can be integrated with
social media platforms and web services to enable user interaction, data sharing,
and crowd- sourced information. This integration allows IoT devices to interact with
social media networks, trigger events based on user activity or location, and enable
users to control and monitor their devices remotely through web interfaces or
mobile apps.

1.1.1 Components used in IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the integration of various components that work
together to enable connectivity, data exchange, and intelligence. Here are the major
components used in IoT:

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FIG 1.2 : COMPONENTS OF IOT

1. Devices/Things: Devices, also referred to as "things," are at the core of IoT. These
can be physical objects embedded with sensors, actuators, and communication
capabilities. IoT devices can range from simple sensors to complex systems, such
as smart appliances, wearables, industrial machinery, vehicles, and environmental
monitoring devices. These devices collect and generate data, interact with the
environment, and communicate with other components of the IoT ecosystem.

2. Sensors and Actuators: Sensors are essential components of IoT devices as they
enable the collection of data from the physical environment. Sensors can measure
various parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light, motion,
proximity, and more. Actuators, on the other hand, are responsible for taking
actions based on the data received. They can control physical processes or devices,
such as turning on/off lights, opening/closing valves, or adjusting motor speeds.
Sensors and actuators play a vital role in enabling IoT devices to interact with the
physical world.

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3. Connectivity: IoT devices require connectivity to communicate and exchange data

with other devices and systems. Various communication technologies are used in

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IoT, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G), Zigbee,
Z- Wave, LoRaWAN, and more. These connectivity options allow IoT devices to
connect to the internet or form local networks, enabling seamless data exchange
and control.

4. Networks: Networks serve as the infrastructure that enables communication

between IoT devices and facilitates data transfer. IoT devices can be connected
through local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), or through the
internet. Networks also provide the necessary protocols for secure and reliable data
transmission, such as TCP/IP, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport),
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol).

5. Cloud Platforms: Cloud platforms provide the infrastructure and services required
for storing, processing, and analyzing the vast amount of data generated by IoT
devices. Cloud platforms offer scalable storage, computing power, and data
analytics capabilities. They enable organizations to store and access data, run
analytics algorithms, and extract valuable insights from the collected data. Cloud
platforms also provide tools for managing and monitoring IoT deployments, as well
as enabling remote device management.

6. Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Data analytics and AI

technologies play a crucial role in extracting insights and value from the collected
IoT data. Analytics techniques such as descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive
analytics are applied to analyze data patterns, detect anomalies, and make informed
decisions. AI techniques, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning,
enable IoT systems to learn from data, make predictions, and automate processes.

7. Security: Security is a vital component in IoT to ensure the privacy, integrity, and
confidentiality of data exchanged between devices. IoT security involves
authentication and authorization mechanisms to ensure only authorized devices can
access the network and exchange data. Encryption techniques are used to protect
data during transmission. Additionally, measures such as access control, firewalls,
and
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intrusion detection systems are implemented to safeguard IoT systems from cyber
threats.

8. User Interfaces and Applications: User interfaces (UIs) provide a means for users to
interact with IoT devices and systems. This can include mobile apps, web portals,
dashboards, and voice-controlled interfaces. User interfaces allow users to monitor and
control IoT devices, view data analytics, and configure system settings.

FIG 1.3 : MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN IOT

These major components work together to form a cohesive IoT ecosystem, enabling
seamless connectivity, data exchange, intelligent decision-making, and automation.

1.1.2 Description of Networking

Networking is the practice of connecting and linking computing devices together to

facilitate communication and data sharing. It enables devices to exchange information,
access shared resources, and collaborate in various ways. Networking plays a crucial role
in modern computing environments, including local area networks (LANs), wide area
networks (WANs), the internet, and cloud-based infrastructures. Here is some complete
information about networking:

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1. Types of Networks:

FIG 1.4 : TYPES OF NETWORKS

o Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that spans a limited

geographical area, such as a home, office building, or campus. LANs
typically use Ethernet or Wi-Fi technologies to connect devices within the
area, allowing for high-speed communication and resource sharing.

o Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN covers a larger geographical area and
connects multiple LANs. WANs can be established using technologies like
leased lines, MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), or internet
connections. They enable communication between devices and networks
over long distances.

o Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN covers a larger area than a

LAN but smaller than a WAN, typically serving a city or metropolitan
region. MANs are often used by organizations or service providers to
connect multiple LANs or provide internet access to a specific area.

o Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN is a secure network connection

established over a public network, such as the internet. It enables remote
users or branch offices to access a private network securely, encrypting data
and ensuring privacy.

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o Wireless Networks: Wireless networks use radio waves or infrared signals

to connect devices without the need for physical cables. Wi-Fi networks are
common examples of wireless LANs, while cellular networks provide
wireless WAN connectivity.

2. Network Topologies:

FIG 1.5 : NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

o Bus Topology: Devices are connected to a common backbone or

communication line, with data transmitted in both directions.

o Star Topology: Devices are connected to a central hub or switch, with data
transmitted through the hub.

o Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular arrangement, with data

flowing in one direction around the ring.

o Mesh Topology: Devices are connected to each other in a fully

interconnected manner, enabling multiple paths for data transmission.

3. Network Protocols: Network protocols define a set of rules and conventions for
communication between devices. Some common network protocols include:

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FIG 1.6 : NETWORK PROTOCOLS

o TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The

foundational protocol suite of the internet, responsible for reliable data
transmission and addressing.

o HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A protocol used for transferring

hypertext documents over the internet, commonly used for web browsing.

o DNS (Domain Name System): A protocol that translates domain names into
IP addresses, allowing users to access websites using memorable domain
names.

o DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): A protocol that

dynamically assigns IP addresses and network configuration settings to
devices on a network.

o SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): A protocol used for

network device management and monitoring.

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4. Networking Devices:

FIG 1.7 : NETWORK DEVICES

o Switches: Switches are networking devices that connect devices within a

LAN, enabling devices to communicate with each other by forwarding data
packets based on MAC addresses.

o Routers: Routers connect multiple networks together, directing data packets

between them based on IP addresses. They enable communication between
devices on different LANs or WANs.

o Firewalls: Firewalls are security devices that monitor and control incoming
and outgoing network traffic, protecting networks from unauthorized access
and threats.

o Access Points: Access points (APs) are devices that provide wireless
connectivity, allowing devices to connect to a wireless network, such as a
Wi- Fi network.

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o Modems: Modems convert digital signals from computers or networks into

analog signals for transmission over communication lines, and vice versa.

5. Network Security: Network security involves protecting networks, devices, and

data from unauthorized access, threats, and vulnerabilities. It includes various
measures such as:

FIG 1.8 : NETWORK SECURITY

o Access Control: Ensuring that only authorized users and devices can access
the network, often achieved through authentication mechanisms like
passwords or digital certificates.

o Encryption: Encrypting data to prevent unauthorized interception and

ensuring its confidentiality during transmission.

o Firewalls: Implementing firewalls to filter network traffic and block

unauthorized access attempts.

o Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Monitoring network

traffic for suspicious activity and taking preventive measures against
potential attacks.

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o Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Establishing secure and encrypted

connections over public networks, enabling secure remote access to private
networks.

Networking forms the backbone of modern communication and enables various

technologies and services we rely on daily. It plays a crucial role in connecting devices,
facilitating data exchange, and providing secure and reliable communication across local
and wide area networks, as well as the internet. Networking is used in a wide range of
areas and industries to enable communication, data sharing, and resource access.

1.1.3 Sensors and Actuators

Sensors and actuators are essential components in many technological systems,

including IoT, automation, robotics, and various industries. They work together to enable
devices to interact with and respond to their environment. Here's a brief introduction to
sensors and actuators:

Sensors: Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical quantities or environmental
conditions. They convert physical stimuli such as light, temperature, pressure, humidity,
motion, or sound into electrical signals that can be processed and analyzed. Sensors
provide critical input for monitoring, control, and decision-making in various applications.

FIG 1.9 : SENSOR

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Types of Sensors: There are numerous types of sensors available, each designed to detect
specific physical quantities. Some common types include:

1. Temperature sensors: Measure temperature variations.

2. Light sensors: Detect light intensity or presence.

3. Pressure sensors: Measure pressure or force.

4. Accelerometers: Detect acceleration or vibration.

5. Proximity sensors: Detect the presence or proximity of objects.

6. Gas sensors: Detect the presence and concentration of gases.

7. Humidity sensors: Measure humidity or moisture levels.

8. Motion sensors: Detect movement or motion.

9. pH sensors: Measure acidity or alkalinity of a liquid.

10. Force sensors: Measure applied force or load.

Actuators: Actuators are devices that convert electrical or other forms of energy into
physical action or movement. They are responsible for controlling or influencing the
environment based on input signals from sensors or control systems. Actuators allow
devices to perform actions or manipulate objects.

FIG 1.10 : ACTUATOR

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Types of Actuators: There are various types of actuators available, depending on the
desired output or motion. Some common types include:

1. Electric motors: Convert electrical energy into rotational motion.

2. Solenoids: Generate linear motion or control valves.

3. Pneumatic actuators: Use compressed air to create linear or rotary motion.

4. Hydraulic actuators: Use fluid pressure to create motion.

5. Piezoelectric actuators: Use the piezoelectric effect to generate precise and fast
motion.

6. Electromagnetic relays: Control electrical circuits or switch between different

electrical connections.

7. Stepper motors: Provide precise positioning by converting electrical pulses into

incremental motion.

Applications: Sensors and actuators find applications in various fields, including:

1. Industrial automation and control systems.

2. Robotics and autonomous systems.

3. Environmental monitoring and weather forecasting.

4. Healthcare and medical devices.

5. Automotive systems and driver assistance technologies.

6. Home automation and smart devices.

7. Aerospace and aviation systems.

8. Agriculture and farming technologies.

9. Energy management and conservation.

10. Security systems and surveillance.

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Sensors and actuators play a vital role in gathering information, enabling devices to
interact with their surroundings, and performing automated actions. They form the
backbone of many technological advancements and innovations, facilitating increased
efficiency, safety, and functionality in numerous domains.

Sensors play a critical role in the Internet of Things (IoT) by collecting real-time data
from the physical world and enabling smart and automated systems.

Actuators are essential components in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem as they
enable physical actions based on the data collected from sensors. While sensors gather
information from the environment, actuators act upon that information to bring about
physical changes.

Actuators, together with sensors, form a critical component of the IoT infrastructure,
enabling the conversion of digital information into physical actions. They provide the
means to interact with the physical world and bring about tangible changes based on the
data collected from sensors, ultimately enabling automation, control, and enhanced
functionality in IoT applications.

FIG 1.11 : SENSOR TO ACTUATOR FLOW

1.1.4 Difference between Sensors and Actuators

Sensors and actuators are two distinct components that serve different functions in a
system. Here's a breakdown of the key differences between sensors and actuators:

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1. Function:

 Sensors: Sensors detect and measure physical quantities or environmental

conditions. They convert physical stimuli (such as light, temperature, pressure, or
motion) into electrical signals or other forms of output that can be processed and
analyzed.

 Actuators: Actuators are devices that cause physical action or movement based on
input signals. They convert electrical or other forms of energy into mechanical,
electrical, or thermal actions to control or manipulate the environment.

2. Input vs. Output:

 Sensors: Sensors provide input to a system by detecting and measuring physical

quantities or environmental conditions. They capture information from the
surrounding environment and convert it into a readable form for further processing.

 Actuators: Actuators receive output signals from a system or control unit and
produce physical actions or responses. They act upon the instructions received and
cause a change in the environment, such as moving a motor, opening a valve, or
turning on a light.

3. Detection vs. Action:

 Sensors: Sensors are focused on detecting and measuring physical phenomena or

conditions. They monitor the environment and provide information about the state
of the system or surroundings.

 Actuators: Actuators are responsible for executing actions or responses based on

the received signals. They physically interact with the environment to produce a
desired effect or perform a specific task.

4. Examples:

 Sensors: Examples of sensors include temperature sensors, light sensors, pressure

sensors, motion sensors, proximity sensors, humidity sensors, and gas sensors.
Each

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sensor specializes in detecting a specific physical quantity or environmental

condition.

 Actuators: Examples of actuators include electric motors, solenoids, pneumatic

actuators, hydraulic actuators, piezoelectric actuators, and electromagnetic relays.
Actuators generate mechanical motion, control valves, switch electrical circuits, or
perform other physical actions.

1.1.5 Introduction to Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software platform
specifically designed for programming and developing applications for Arduino boards. It
provides an easy-to-use interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino
microcontrollers. Here's an introduction to Arduino IDE:

FIG 1.12 : ARDUINO UNO

1. Programming Language:

 Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of the C and C++ programming languages.
It provides a set of predefined functions and libraries that make it easier to interact
with the Arduino hardware.

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2. Code Editor:

 Arduino IDE offers a code editor where you can write your Arduino sketches
(programs). It provides features like syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, and code
suggestions to help you write code efficiently.

3. Library Management:

 Arduino IDE comes with a built-in library manager that allows you to easily add,
update, and manage external libraries. Libraries contain pre-written code that
simplifies complex tasks and provides additional functionality for your Arduino
projects.

4. Board Selection:

 Arduino IDE supports a wide range of Arduino boards, from basic microcontrollers
like Arduino Uno to more advanced boards like Arduino Mega and Arduino Nano.
You can select the appropriate board from the Tools menu in the IDE, which
ensures that the code is compiled and uploaded correctly for the selected board.

5. Code Compilation and Uploading:

 Once you have written your Arduino sketch, you can click the "Verify" button to
compile the code. The IDE checks for any syntax errors or compilation issues. If
there are no errors, you can proceed to upload the code to your Arduino board by
clicking the "Upload" button. The IDE communicates with the board via a USB
connection or other appropriate interface to transfer the compiled code.

6. Serial Monitor:

 Arduino IDE includes a serial monitor tool that allows you to communicate with
your Arduino board. You can send and receive data between your board and the
computer using the serial communication feature. This is helpful for debugging,
monitoring sensor values, or displaying messages during runtime.

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7. Community and Resources:

 Arduino IDE has a large and active community of users and developers. There are
numerous online resources, forums, and tutorials available that provide guidance,
troubleshooting help, and project ideas. The community contributes libraries, code
examples, and additional functionality, which further extends the capabilities of
Arduino IDE.

To create a sketch and start coding in the Arduino IDE (Integrated

Development Environment), follow these steps:

1. Download and Install Arduino IDE: Visit the official Arduino website at
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software and download the Arduino IDE appropriate for
your operating system. Install the IDE by following the provided instructions.

2. Launch Arduino IDE: Once installed, open the Arduino IDE on your computer.

3. Select Board and Port: From the "Tools" menu, select the appropriate board that
you are using (e.g., Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega) under the "Board" option. Also,
select the correct port your Arduino board is connected to under the "Port" option.
If you're unsure about the port, check the Device Manager (Windows) or System
Information (Mac) to find the port your Arduino board is connected to.

4. Create a New Sketch: Click on "File" and then "New" to create a new sketch.

5. Write Your Code: In the Arduino IDE, you will see a blank sketch with a setup()
and loop() function. The setup() function is called once when the Arduino starts,
and the loop() function runs repeatedly. Write your code inside these functions.

Here's an example of a simple sketch that blinks an LED connected to Pin 13 on an

Arduino board:

c++Copy code

// Pin for the LED int ledPin = 13; // Setup function void setup() { // Initialize the
LED pin as an output pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); } // Loop function void loop() { //

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Turn on the LED digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second // Turn
off the LED digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second }

6. Verify and Upload: Before uploading your code to the Arduino board, click on the
"Verify" button (checkmark icon) to compile your code and check for any errors. If
there are no errors, proceed to upload the code by clicking on the "Upload" button
(arrow icon). The Arduino IDE will compile your code again and upload it to the
connected Arduino board.

7. Monitor Serial Output (Optional): If your code includes serial communication,

you can open the Serial Monitor by clicking on the magnifying glass icon or
selecting "Tools" -> "Serial Monitor". Set the baud rate to match the one specified
in your code. You can use the Serial Monitor to view messages or debug your
Arduino code.

That's it! You have created a sketch and started coding in the Arduino IDE. You
can explore more examples, libraries, and documentation available in the Arduino
ecosystem to expand your knowledge and build various projects using Arduino boards.

1.1.6 Introduction to Node MCU

FIG 1.13 : NODEMCU

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1. Microcontroller:

 NodeMCU is powered by the ESP8266 microcontroller, which is based on the

Tensilica Xtensa LX106 architecture.

 The microcontroller operates at a clock frequency of 80 MHz.

2. Memory:

 NodeMCU has 4MB of integrated flash memory for program storage and data
storage.

 The flash memory is used to store the firmware, Lua scripts, and other data.

3. GPIO Pins:

 NodeMCU features a total of 11 General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins.

 These GPIO pins can be used for various purposes, including reading digital inputs,
controlling digital outputs, and communicating with other devices using protocols
like I2C, SPI, and UART.

4. Analog Input:

 NodeMCU has one analog input pin (A0) that can measure voltages between 0 and
1V.

 The analog input pin can be used to read analog sensors or other voltage levels.

5. USB Connectivity:

 NodeMCU has a micro USB port that allows it to be connected to a computer for
programming and power supply.

 The USB port is also used for serial communication with the computer and can be
used for debugging purposes.

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6. Power Supply:

 NodeMCU can be powered through the micro-USB port or via an external power
source connected to the VIN pin.

 The recommended operating voltage is 3.3V.

 It is important to note that NodeMCU operates at 3.3V logic levels, so care must be
taken when interfacing with devices that operate at 5V logic levels.

7. Wi-Fi Connectivity:

 One of the key features of NodeMCU is its built-in Wi-Fi module, based on the
ESP8266.

 The module supports 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi standards, allowing for wireless
connectivity and communication with other devices and internet-based services.

NodeMCU is a popular development board based on the ESP8266 microcontroller that

supports the Lua programming language. It provides built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, making it
suitable for IoT projects that require wireless connectivity.

1.1.7 Introduction to ThingSpeak

ThingSpeak is an open-source IoT platform that allows you to collect, analyze, and
visualize data from connected devices or sensors. It provides an easy-to-use interface and a
set of APIs to enable IoT developers to build applications and services based on real-time
data. Here's an introduction to ThingSpeak:

1. Data Collection:
 ThingSpeak enables you to collect data from various sources such as IoT devices,
sensors, social media, web services, and more.
 You can send data to ThingSpeak using RESTful APIs, MQTT (Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport) protocol, or through direct integration with popular IoT
platforms and devices.

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2. Channels and Fields:

 In ThingSpeak, you create channels to organize and store your data. Each channel
consists of multiple fields that represent different data parameters or measurements.
 For example, if you have a weather monitoring system, you can create a channel
with fields for temperature, humidity, wind speed, and so on.

3. Data Visualization:
 ThingSpeak provides built-in tools to visualize your data in real-time. You can
create customizable charts, gauges, maps, and other visualizations to display your
data.
 These visualizations help you analyze trends, patterns, and anomalies in your data
and gain insights from it.

ThingSpeak is an IoT platform and cloud service that allows you to collect, analyze,
and visualize sensor data in real-time. It provides a range of features and capabilities that
make it useful for various IoT applications.

1.1.8 Introduction to Adafruit IO

Adafruit IO is a cloud-based platform designed specifically for Internet of Things (IoT)
projects. It provides an easy-to-use interface and a set of APIs that allow you to securely
send, receive, and visualize data from connected devices or sensors. Here's an introduction
to Adafruit IO:

1. Data Feeds:
 In Adafruit IO, data is organized into feeds. Feeds are containers that hold your
data and can represent different measurements, states, or values from your IoT
devices.
 For example, you can have a feed for temperature readings, another feed for
humidity values, and so on.

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2. Data Visualization:
 Adafruit IO offers built-in visualization tools to display and analyze your IoT data.
You can create customizable dashboards with widgets like graphs, gauges, maps,
and more.
 These visualizations help you understand your data trends, patterns, and anomalies,
making it easier to gain insights.

3. Data Publishing and Subscribing:

 With Adafruit IO, you can publish data to feeds using its simple RESTful API or
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol.
 Devices or applications can subscribe to specific feeds to receive real-time updates
whenever new data is published.

4. Triggers and Alerts:

 Adafruit IO provides a feature called "Triggers" that allows you to set up rules
based on your data. You can define thresholds or conditions and trigger alerts or
actions when those conditions are met.
 For example, you can set up an alert to send you a notification when the
temperature exceeds a certain value.
5. Integration with IoT Devices and Services:
 Adafruit IO offers libraries and APIs for various IoT platforms and devices, making
it easy to integrate with popular hardware and software tools.
 It supports connectivity with devices like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, and
more, allowing seamless data exchange between your devices and Adafruit IO.

Adafruit IO is an IoT platform that provides cloud-based services for collecting,

storing, and visualizing data from connected devices. It offers a range of features and
capabilities that make it suitable for a variety of IoT applications.

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1.1.9 Integration of Google assistant, IFTTT and Adafruit IO

Integration of Google Assistant, IFTTT, and Adafruit allows you to create powerful and
automated IoT workflows. Here's an overview of how these platforms can be integrated:

1. Google Assistant:

 Google Assistant acts as the voice-activated interface for controlling and interacting
with your IoT devices.

 You can use Google Assistant commands to trigger actions or retrieve information
from connected devices or services.

2. IFTTT (If This Then That):

 IFTTT is a web-based automation platform that allows you to create applets

(previously called recipes) based on the "if this, then that" logic.

 IFTTT acts as a bridge between Google Assistant and Adafruit, enabling you to
create custom triggers and actions.

3. Adafruit IO:

 Adafruit IO serves as the cloud based IoT platform where you can collect, store,
and visualize data from your connected devices.

 It provides MQTT and RESTful APIs for data communication and integration with
other services.

Integration Steps:

1. Connect Google Assistant to IFTTT:

 Link your Google Assistant account to IFTTT by enabling the Google Assistant
service on the IFTTT website or mobile app.

 This allows IFTTT to listen for specific voice commands or phrases from Google
Assistant.

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2. Create Applets in IFTTT:

 In IFTTT, you can create applets that define the trigger and action based on specific
conditions.

 Set Google Assistant as the trigger service and configure the specific voice
command or phrase that will activate the applet.

3. Connect Adafruit to IFTTT:

 Connect your Adafruit IO account to IFTTT by enabling the Adafruit service on the
IFTTT website or mobile app.

 This allows IFTTT to send or receive data to and from your Adafruit feeds.

4. Create Actions in IFTTT:

 In IFTTT, set Adafruit as the action service and choose the specific action you want
to perform, such as publishing data to an Adafruit feed or retrieving data from
Adafruit.

5. Test and Execute:

 Test your integration by using the predefined voice command or phrase with
Google Assistant to trigger the applet.

 IFTTT will then execute the defined action, such as updating the data in your
Adafruit feed or retrieving data from Adafruit to perform a specific task.

With this integration, you can use voice commands with Google Assistant to trigger
actions in Adafruit IO through IFTTT. For example, you could say "Hey Google, turn on
the lights," and Google Assistant would send the command to IFTTT, which would then
publish a specific value to an Adafruit feed to control your lights.

This integration enables you to build customized automation and IoT workflows by
combining the voice control of Google Assistant, the automation capabilities of IFTTT,
and the data management of Adafruit IO.

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To control an LED with Google Voice Assistant using NodeMCU, IFTTT, and
Adafruit IO, you can follow these steps:

1. Set up Adafruit IO:

o Create an Adafruit IO account at https://io.adafruit.com/.

o Create a new feed for the LED control, let's say "led-control".

o Take note of your Adafruit IO username, key, and the name of the feed.

2. Connect the NodeMCU to Adafruit IO:

o Connect the NodeMCU board to your computer via USB.

o Open the Arduino IDE and install the Adafruit MQTT library by going to
"Sketch" -> "Include Library" -> "Manage Libraries" and search for
"Adafruit MQTT".

o Open the example "Adafruit MQTT Library" -> "mqtt_esp8266" from the
Examples menu.

o Modify the code to include your Wi-Fi credentials and Adafruit IO

credentials (username and key).

o Replace the "io_username" and "io_key" placeholders with your Adafruit

IO credentials.

o Upload the sketch to your NodeMCU.

3. Set up IFTTT:

o Go to https://ifttt.com/ and create an account if you don't have one.

o Create a new applet by selecting "Create" -> "If This Then That".

o Choose "Google Assistant" as the trigger service.

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o Select the "Say a phrase with a text ingredient" trigger.

o Set up the trigger phrase and any additional customization.

o For the action service, choose "Adafruit IO".

o Select the "Send data to Adafruit IO" action.

o Set the "Feed Name" to the name of the feed you created in Adafruit IO
("led- control").

o Set the "Data Type" to "Text Ingredient".

o In the "Value" field, enter "ON" or "OFF" (corresponding to turning the

LED on or off).

o Save and enable the applet.

4. Connect the LED to NodeMCU:

o Connect the positive leg (anode) of the LED to a digital pin on the
NodeMCU (e.g., D1).

o Connect the negative leg (cathode) of the LED to a current-limiting resistor

(220-470 ohms).

o Connect the other end of the resistor to the ground (GND) pin on the
NodeMCU.

5. Update the NodeMCU code:

o Modify the code on the NodeMCU to subscribe to the feed you created in
Adafruit IO.

o When receiving the message "ON" or "OFF", control the LED by turning
the corresponding digital pin HIGH or LOW.

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6. Upload the updated code to NodeMCU:

o Make sure the NodeMCU is still connected to your computer via USB.

o Open the updated sketch in the Arduino IDE.

o Verify and upload the sketch to the NodeMCU.

Now, when you use the Google Voice Assistant and say the trigger phrase you set
up in IFTTT, it will send the command to Adafruit IO, which will publish the data to the
"led- control" feed. The NodeMCU, subscribed to the same feed, will receive the data and
control the LED accordingly.

Make sure the NodeMCU is connected to the internet, and the LED is connected
correctly to the NodeMCU. You can monitor the serial output on the Arduino IDE for
debugging purposes.

Note: This is a high-level overview of the process. Detailed code implementation

and wiring connections may vary based on your specific setup.

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1.2 OBJECT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Nowadays, visually impaired people are suffering from serious visual

impairments preventing them from travelling independently. Accordingly, they need to
use a wide range of tools and techniques to help them in their mobility. One of these
techniques is orientation and mobility specialist who helps the visually impaired and
blind people and trains them to move on their own independently and safely depending
on their other remaining senses. Recently, many techniques have been developed to
enhance the mobility of blind people that rely on signal processing and sensor
technology. According to the literature, the mainly classified into two major aspects:
sonar input (infrared signals, or ultrasonic signals). The way these devices operate just
like the radar system that uses ultrasonic fascicle or sonar to detect the obstacle of fixed
and moving objects. The distance between the person and the obstacles is measured by
the time of the wave travel. However, all existing systems inform the blind of the
presence of an object at a specific distance in front of or near to him. Information about
the object characteristics can create additional knowledge to enhance space
manifestation and memory of the blind. To overcome the above- mentioned limitations,
this work offers a simple, efficient, configurable electronic guidance system for the
blind and visually impaired persons to help them in their mobility regardless of where
they are, outdoor or indoor. The originality of the proposed system is that it utilizes an
embedded vision system of three simple ultrasonic sensors and brings together all
reflective signals in order to codify an obstacle through PIC microcontroller (Arduino
Uno R3). Hence, in addition to distance the proposed guidance system enables the
determination of two main characteristics of the obstacle which are material and shape.
Furthermore, to assist in tracking the location, this object identification system utilizes
GPS to determine the location and send it via SMS to locate the location of the user
Object Identification System.

1.2.1 OBJECTIVE
1. To develop a prototype hardware for Object Identification System.
2. To help the blind people navigate the route at their best.
3. To reduce the risk of injuries and lost for the visually impaired person.
4. To creating a suitable software for the visually impaired person.

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1.2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. Blind people can’t easily recognize obstacles or stairs while using normal blind
stick.
2. No safety features on the normal blind stick.
3. Can’t locate the location of the normal blind stick user when they are having an
emergency problem or lost in a public area.

1.2.3 SIGNIFICANT OF PROJECT

 To prevent and reduce the risk of injuries and loss of the visually impaired person.

1.2.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Currently, we can see blind people is scared to walk at the busy road because
they can’t navigate freely. With this fear, blind people can’t live their life freely. They
are also a human; they need to live as a normal person. The main problem is, they can’t
navigate and detect an obstacle with the faster way. With their normal blind stick, they
must use the stick to navigate on the road slowly. Usually, visually impaired person
difficult to identify a hole on the road. Beside that the normal blind stick doesn’t have
safety features. For example, at night, car driver or motorcycle can’t see them at the
road. This is a big dangerous for them.

1.3 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this project is to detect the obstacle and route by using ultrasonic
sensor that can detect a hole or stair with maximum range about 2 meters. With our
idea, we want to help this kind of people to live their life freely. This object
identification system has a several feature that surely can help this blind people to
navigate and detect an obstacle that surely can make their life routines easier. The user
just needs to use the blind the normal blind stick, the different is, visually impaired
person can detect a hole or stair faster and easily. Besides that, guardian or parent can
locate the location of the stick user using GPS and GSM module by sending SMS to the
stick.

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1.3.1 COST OF PROJECT

COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE(RM)

Arduino Uno + Data Cable 1 40.00

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 1 3.00

GPS Module 1 19.00

GSM Module 1 35.00

LED Strip 1 4.00

Vibration Motor 1 2.00

Ultra Sonic Sensor 1 8.00

Relay 1 2.00

Buzzer 1 2.00

Jumper Wire 1 5.00

Switch 1 2.00

Battery Holder 1 3.00

Component Box Battery 1 5.00

Blind Stick 1 50.00

Battery 2 40.00

TOTAL 16 220.00

TABLE 1.1 : REQUIRED COMPONENTS

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CHAPTER II

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 Object Identification System using ultrasonic sensors and Arduino

The function of a microcontroller that have code protected so its security bridge
cannot be override except the vendor or owner. It produces different Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) based on the sensors output to operate pager motor. The easy way
to use the stick and it’s maintained, cheap and it is very comfortable to use for blind
people. The approach with subsystems fundamentally sensor based with integral
scheme is designed with a circuitry fundament on a PIC microcontroller. The power
consumption is low and can be operated easily. The stick is very economic over the
conventional one. The Smart Stick acts as a basic platform for the coming generation of
more aiding devices to help the visually impaired to navigate safely both indoor and
outdoor. It is effective and affordable. It leads to good results in detecting the obstacles
on the path of the user in a range of three meters. This system offers a low-cost,
reliable, portable, low power consumption and robust solution for navigation with
obvious short response time.

2.1.2 A computerized travel aid for the active guidance for the blind pedestrians
The stick which allowed a sighted assistant to steer the Guide Cane remotely. A
sightless subject would then walk with the Guide Cane, “steered” by the assistant radio-
control joystick. It is focused on how to steer the stick, so the sensor head is mounted
on a steerable with two unpowered wheeled steering axle. The approach with the
ultrasonic sensors that detect any obstacle in a 120o wide sector ahead of the user.
Using UM’s previously developed, patented obstacle avoidance technique called
“Vector Field Histogram” (VFH) in combination with UM’s patented “Error
Eliminating Rapid Ultrasonic Firing” (EERUF) method for firing the sonars, allows for
travel at fast walking speeds.

2.1.3 A multidimensional walking aid visually impaired using ultrasonic sensors

with voice guidance
The voice can being consequently activate by microcontroller when detect any
obstacle to warn the sightless subject. The approach using with a 40 KHz signal sent
out by the ultrasonic transmitter. This will be reflected back to the ultrasonic receiver in
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case

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there is an obstacle along the pathway of the stick, and this activates one of the input
pin of the microcontroller. Once this happened, the microcontroller will consequently
activate the voice recording microchip which then gives the relevant output via the
speaker. It is focused on how to make the voice guidance as a platform to ease and help
the sightless subject.

2.1.4 Obstacle detection, Artificial vision and Real-time assistance via GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is to identify the position and orientation
and location of the blind person any of those solutions rely on GPS technology. It is
focused on the GPS to make use of the data stored to compare with the destination
location of the user. By this it can trace out the distance from the destination and
produce an alarm to alert the user in advance. The proposed combination of various
working units makes a real-time system that monitors position of the user and provides
dual feedback making navigation more safe and secure. The approach with
Microcontroller that integrated using Global Positioning System (GPS).

2.1.5 Implementation of Microcontroller Based Mobility Aid for Visually

Impaired People
The LDR gives a very high resistance value ranging up to 2MΩ and in the
daytime or when there is sun light, it gives a low resistance ranging to 100Ω and
sometimes below. From the voltage divider network at daytime the voltage from the
LDR is lower there by making pin 2 lower than pin 3 of the comparator giving an
output voltage of 0V and at night the VLDR is high making pin 2 greater and the
comparator output 5V. It is focused on how LDR can function on white cane with the
proper circuit. The system consists of an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection, a and
a light dependent resistor for dark detection. Each sensor is differentiated from one
another through pattern of sounds.

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CHAPTER III
3.1 METHODOLOGY

3.1.1 BACKGROUND

The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which
research is to be undertaken and among other things, identifies the methods to be used
in it. These methods, described in the methodology, define the means or modes of data
collection or, sometimes how a specific result is to be calculated.
For our project the information about the visually impaired people has been
collected throughout every source that leads to our project. All of this information has
been used to do project which is Object Identification System.

3.1.2 PLANNING OF PROJECT FOR OBJECT IDENTIFICATION

SYSTEM

In ensuring the Object identification system can be done appropriately, a project

planning by using Gantt charts has been prepared. In this Gantt chart, schedule of plan
and subsequently report progress within the project environment has been stated
clearly. Initially, in this project, the scope is defined with the appropriate methods for
completing the project are determined.

3.1.3 GANTT CHART

FIG 3.1 : GANTT CHART

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3.1.4 FLOW CHART

FIG 3.2 : FLOW CHART

3.1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

I. Block Diagram

GP
S

FIG 3.3 : BLOCK DIAGRAM

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II. Schematic Diagram

FIG 3.4 : SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

III. Project Design

FIG 3.5 : PROJECT DESIGN

1. Arduino UNO R3 4. LED 7. GSM Module

2. Relay Module 5. Buzzer 8. GPS Module
3. Jumper Wires 6. Ultrasonic Sensor 9. LDR Module

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3.2 LIST OF COMPONENTS

1. Arduino UNO R3

FIG 3.6 : ARDUINO UNO R3

The Arduino UNO R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-

inline-package (DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be use as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as
computer program. The Arduino has an extensive support community, which makes
it a very easy way to get started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the
third and latest revision of the Arduino UNO.

Specifications:

TABLE 3.1 : SPECIFICATIONS OF ARDUINO UNO R3

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2. Relay Module

FIG 3.7 : RELAY MODULE

Relay Module is an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or off,

letting the current go through or not, and can be controlled with low voltages, like
the 5V provided by the Arduino pins. Controlling a relay module with the Arduino
is as simple as controlling any other output.

Specifications:

 5V 4-Channel Relay interface board.

 Requires 15-20mA signal drive Current.
 TTL logic compatible.
 High-current AC250V/10A, DC30V/10A relay.
 Status LED.
 Equipped with 3.1mm screw holes for easy installation.
 61g.
 75 x 55 x 19.3mm (2.95 x 2.16 x 0.76″)

3. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

FIG 3.8 : LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with
electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained
by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.

Specifications:

WAVELEN COLOUR VF @ MATERIAL

20MA
GTH
RANGE
(NM)
< 400 Ultraviolet 3.1 - 4.4 Aluminium nitride
(AlN) Aluminium
gallium nitride
(AlGaN)
Aluminium gallium indium nitride
(AlGaInN)
400 - 450 Violet 2.8 - 4.0 Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
450 - 500 Blue 2.5 - 3.7 Indium gallium
nitride (InGaN)
Silicon carbide (SiC)
500 - 570 Green 1.9 - 4.0 Gallium phosphide (GaP)
Aluminium gallium indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Aluminium gallium phosphide
(AlGaP)
570 - 590 Yellow 2.1 - 2.2 Gallium arsenide phosphide
(GaAsP) Aluminium gallium
indium phosphide (AlGaInP)
Gallium phosphide (GaP)
590 - 610 Orange / 2.0 - 2.1 Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
amber Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
(AlGaUInP) Gallium phosphide (GaP)
610 - 760 Red 1.6 - 2.0 Aluminium gallium arsenide
(AlGaAs) Gallium arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)
Aluminium gallium indium
phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium
phosphide (GaP)
> 760 Infrared < 1.9 Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)

TABLE 3.2 : SPECIFICATIONS OF LED

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4. Buzzer

FIG 3.9 : BUZZER

A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to ad sound features to our

project/system. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily
used on breadboard, Perf Board and even on PCB which makes this a widely used
component in most electronic applications. This Buzzer can be used by simply
powering it using DC power supply ranging from 4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery
can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V or +6V DC supply.

Specifications:

 Rated Voltage: 6V DC.

 Operating Voltage: 4-9V DC.
 Rated current: <30mA.
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep.
 Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz.
 Small and neat sealed package.
 Breadboard and Perf board friendly.

5. Ultrasonic Sensor

FIG 3.10 : ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine the distance of an

object just like the bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high
accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1”
to
13 feet. The operation is not affected by sunlight or black material, although
acoustically, soft materials like cloth can be difficult to detect. It comes complete
with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.

Specifications:

 Power Supply :+5V DC

 Quiescent Current : <2mA
 Working Current: 15mA
 Effectual Angle: <15°
 Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft
 Resolution : 0.3 cm
 Measuring Angle: 30 degree
 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
 Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

6. GSM Module

FIG 3.11 : GSM MODULE

A GSM Module is basically a GSM Modem (like SIM 900) connected to a PCB
with different types of output taken from the board – say TTL Output (for Arduino,
8051 and other microcontrollers) and RS232 Output to interface directly with a PC
(personal computer). The board will also have pins or provisions to attach mic and
speaker, to take out +5V or other values of power and ground connections. These
types of provisions vary with different modules.

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Specifications:

 Dual-Band 900/ 1800 MHz

 GPRS multi-slot class 10/8GPRS mobile station class B
 Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
 Dimensions: 24*24*3 mm
 Weight: 3.4g
 Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
 Supply voltage range : 5V
 Low power consumption: 1.5mA (sleep mode)
 Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °

7. GPS Module

FIG 3.12 : GPS MODULE

The heart of the module is a NEO-6M GPS chip from u-blox. It can track up to
22 satellites on 50 channels and achieves the industry’s highest level of sensitivity
i.e. -
161 dB tracking, while consuming only 45mA supply current. The u-blox 6
positioning engine also boasts a Time-To- First-Fix (TTFF) of under 1 second. One
of the best features the chip provides is Power Save Mode(PSM). It allows a
reduction in system power consumption by selectively switching parts of the
receiver ON and OFF. This dramatically reduces power consumption of the module
to just 11mA making it suitable for power sensitive applications like GPS
wristwatch. The necessary data pins of NEO-6M GPS chip are broken out to a "0.1″
pitch headers. This includes pins required for communication with a microcontroller
over UART.

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Specifications:

TABLE 3.3 : SPECIFICATIONS OF GPS MODULE

8. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

FIG 3.13 : LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

The LDR Sensor Module is used to detect the presence of light / measuring the
intensity of light. The output of the module goes high in the presence of light and it
becomes low in the absence of light. The sensitivity of the signal detection can be
adjusted using potentiometer.

Specifications:

 Input Voltage: DC 3.3V to 5V

 Output: Analog and Digital
 Sensitivity adjustable

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CHAPTER IV
4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1.1 PROJECT ANALYSIS

After we designed and programmed the Object identification system to the
needed standard, this innovation product has been functioning well. We tested the
Object identification system with certain obstacles, hazard, range and distance and it
work successfully as we programed the Object Identification System.

Analysis about the point of view about the visually impaired person walk at the
public. First analysis is the visually impaired person to walk at the public
independently. Second, the real time location of the visually impaired person at the
public. Third, the safety of the visually impaired person at the public. The analysis
shows the problems as the visually impaired person the risk when walking at the public.

4.2 LAYOUT SPECIFICATION

4.2.1 COMPLETE PROJECT DESIGN

HOLDER

SWITCH

COMPONENT
BOX

LED STRIP

ULTRASONIC
SENSOR

FIG 4.1 : COMPLETE PROJECT DESIGN

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1. External view

FIG 4.2 : VIEW FROM FRONT

FIG 4.3 : VIEW FROM SIDE

2. Internal view

LDR BUZZER

LED
GSM

GPS VIBRATION
MOTOR
ARDUINO
JUMPER WIRE
UNO

RELAY
SWITCH

FIG 4.4 : INTERNAL VIEW

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4.3 DISCUSSION

Based on the theory, Visual impaired person or also known as vision

impairment or vision loss, is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems
not fixable by usual means, such as glasses Some also include those who have a
decreased ability to see because they do not have access to glasses or contact lenses.
Visual impairment is often defined as a best corrected visual acuity of worse than either
20/40 or 20/60. The term blindness is used for complete or nearly complete vision loss.
Visual impairment may cause people difficulties with normal daily activities such as
driving, reading, socializing, and walking.

The most common causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected

refractive errors (43%), cataracts (33%),and glaucoma (2%). Refractive errors include
near- sightedness, far-sightedness, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Cataracts are the most
common cause of blindness. Other disorders that may cause visual problems include
age- related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, childhood
blindness, and a number of infections. Visual impairment can also be caused
by problems in the brain due to stroke, premature birth, or trauma among others.
These cases are known as cortical visual impairment. Screening for vision problems in
children may improve future vision and educational achievement. Screening adults
without symptoms is of uncertain benefit. Diagnosis is by an eye exam.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of visual

impairment is either preventable or curable with treatment. This includes cataracts,
the infections river blindness and trachoma, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy,
uncorrected refractive errors, and some cases of childhood blindness. Many people with
significant visual impairment benefit from vision rehabilitation, changes in their
environment.

As of 2015 there were 940 million people with some degree of vision loss. 246
million had low vision and 39 million were blind. The majority of people with poor
vision are in the developing world and are over the age of 50 years. Rates of visual
impairment have decreased since the 1990s. Visual impairments have considerable
economic costs both directly due to the cost of treatment and indirectly due to
decreased ability to work.
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The solution for visually impaired person to walking is by using ‘White Cane’.
A white cane is a device used by many people who are blind or visually impaired. A
white cane primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles or
orientation marks, but is also helpful for onlookers in identifying the user as blind or
visually impaired and taking appropriate care.

While the white cane is commonly accepted as a "symbol of blindness",

different countries still have different rules concerning what constitutes a "cane for the
blind". In the United Kingdom and also in Malaysia, the white cane indicates that the
individual has a visual impairment but normal hearing; with red bands added, it
indicates that the user is deafblind.

Based on our research, many visually impaired people suffer from serious visual
impairments preventing them from travelling independently. They need to use a wide
range of tools and techniques to help them in their mobility. One of these techniques is
orientation and mobility specialist who helps the visually impaired and blind people and
trains them to move on their own independently and safely depending on their other
remaining senses.

Nowadays, as a parent or guardian, we don’t want our children or our care’s get
into trouble when walking at public or somewhere else. Vision loss has a significant
impact on their lives for those who experience it as well as on their families, their
friends, and society. The complete loss or the deterioration of existing eyesight can feel
frightening and overwhelming, leaving those affected to wonder about their ability to
maintain their independence, pay for needed medical care, retain employment, and
provide for themselves and their families. It’s a high risk to live in a lifetime.

So, we create a product that can help the visually impaired person to walk at the
public independently. The Object identification system function is to help the visually
impaired person walk more easier and more independent. Object identification system
also can help this blind people to navigate routes and detect an obstacle that surely can
make their life routines easier. To assist in tracking the location, this Object
identification system utilizes GPS to determine the location and send it via SMS to
locate the location of the user Object Identification System.

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4.4 SOP OF OPERATION TO USE THE OBJECT IDENTIFICATION

SYSTEM

4.4.1 OBJECTIVE:
 Develop a hardware prototype for Object Identification System.
 To help the blind people navigate the route at their best.
 Design and construct the stick to build a “object identification system”.
 Build software that suitable with the blind people.

4.4.2 SCOPE:
 Visual impaired person that having trouble to navigate.

4.4.3 CAUTION:
 BEFORE READING THE PROCEDURE, MAKE SURE READ EVERY
LINE FOR THE OBJECT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMTO WORK
PROPERLY

4.4.4 PROCEDURE:

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
1. Make sure the stick has been put the enough power supply.
2. Is easier to use the stick at the crowd place.
3. Make sure the led turn red to make sure the system is ready.
4. Make sure the GSM and GPS is activated to locate the location.
5. To change the “MODE” pull the switch button.
6. Object identification system buzzer will sound when the system is started.
7. Object identification system will sound when it detects a hole.
8. The LED will be on when at the dark place.
9. To locate the location, send SMS to the Object Identification System.
10. Make sure both SIM have enough credit to get the feedback.

TURNING OFF THE OBJECT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

11. To turn off the object identification system, just pull of the power supply.
12. Put it at the safe place to avoid any accident.

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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

I conclude that my project is useful to the visually impaired person and family or
guardian that have visually impaired kids. This project helps the visually impaired
person to walk at the public more easily and safely. With safety features, I can reduce
the risk of the visually impaired walk in public. Therefore, I create this project to help
the visually impaired person to live as a normal person.

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REFERNCES

1) https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198799
2) http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/IJOR/article/view/2068/2425
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor
4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch
5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
6) https://techatronic.com/smart-blind-stick-using-arduino-and-ultrasonic-sensor/
7) https://projecthub.arduino.cc/hadi1234/arduino-blind-stick-b3157a
8) https://how2electronics.com/blind-walking-stick-arduino-ultrasonic-sensor/
9) https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=smart+blind+stick+project
10) https://nevonprojects.com/ultrasonic-blind-walking-stick-project/

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