1.

CLASSIFICATION 2
1

 Classification is the orderly Significance/ importance / necessity of

arrangement of organisms into classification.
groups based on their similarities. 1. It groups together living organisms
 Those organisms with similar with similar characteristics but
characteristics are put into the same separates those with different
group or taxon (plural-taxa). features.
 The science of classification is called 2. Helps in placing living organisms
taxonomy. into their correct groups for easy
 The modern method of classification reference.
was devised by . 3. Helps to arrange the information
 Organisms are given are given two about living organisms in an orderly
names in a scientific system called manner to avoid chaos and
binomial nomenclature. confusion.
4. Helps to understand the
evolutionary relationships between
different organisms.
5. It makes it easier for scientists to
communicate since the whole world
uses the same groupings.
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE The taxa of classification.

 This is a scientific system of giving  The taxa of classification include:
organisms two names, generic/ genus 1. Kingdom
name and specific/ species name. 2. Phylum/Division.
Rules of binomial nomenclature. 3. Class
1. The generic/genus name always 4. Order
starts with a capital letter/upper 5. Family
case letter while the
6. Genus
specific/species name is written in
letter/lower case letter. 7. Species
2. When hand written/typed the
names are underlined separately
and when printed they are
italicized.
 Examples:
 Maize- Zea mays

 Lion – Felis leo

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Species. KINGDOMS OF
 Species refer to a group CLASSIFICATION
of organisms that freely 1. Monera
and naturally 2. Protoctista/protista
interbreed to give rise
3. Fungi
to a viable offspring.
4. Plantae
Characteristics of species.
5. Animalia
i. Are morphologically
similar.
ii. Freely interbreed.
iii. Give rise to a
fertile/viable offspring.
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1. KINGDOM- MONERA vi. Most of them are heterotrophic

 Consists of blue green algae and
i.e. depend on already
bacteria. manufactured food materials.
vii. Others are autotrophic e.g. blue
General characteristics.
green bacteria/algae.
i. They are microscopic.
viii. Some are saprophytic while others
ii. They are unicellular. are symbiotic e.g. nitrogen fixing
iii. They lack membrane bound cell bacteria and others parasitic.
organelles e.g. mitochondria and ix. Most of them are mobile.
chloroplasts.
x. They are found in most habitats.
iv. Their nuclear material is not
xi. They appear in different shapes
surrounded by a nuclear
membrane hence they are called e.g. spherical, rod shaped.
prokaryotes. xii. They reproduce through binary
v. They have a cell wall made of fission.
proteins and sugars instead of
cellulose.

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Economic importance of monera/

prokaryotes.
1. Used to manufacture of
antibiotics. Production of
vitamins B12 and K.
2. Used in silage formation.
3. Manufacture of butter and cheese.
4. Fermentation of milk to make
yoghurt.
5. Curing of tea and tobacco.
6. Retting flax.
7. Manufacture of enzymes e.g.
amylase and invertase and
hormones e.g. insulin.
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8. Formation of vinegar, acetic 13. Symbiotic bacteria in

acid and lactic acid. herbivores help the digestion
9. Septic tanks/ modern process by producing the
sewage works make use of cellulose enzyme.
bacteria in treatment of 14. Some cause decay/ spoilage
sewage. of food.
10. Some are parasites that 15. Denitrifying bacteria reduce
cause diseases e.g. Salmonella soil fertility by converting
typhi causes typhoid and nitrates to free nitrogen.
Vibrio cholera causes cholera.
11. Production of biogas.
12. Nitrogen fixing and
nitrifying bacteria increase
soil fertility by making
nitrates available to plants.
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2. KINGDOM- PROTOCTISTA iii. They reproduce asexually.

 It consists of: iv. They are heterotrophic e.g.
A. Protozoa protozoa or autotrophic e.g.
algae.
v. Most protozoa and unicellular
B. Algae
algae are mobile moving by
pseudopodia, cilia or flagella
General characteristics of while multicellular algae are
protoctista. sessile/immobile.
i. They are eukaryotes i.e. their
nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear membrane.
ii. They are either unicellular or
multicellular e.g. spirogyra.

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Amoeba Paramecium

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Trypanosome Spirogyra

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Euglena Chlamydomonas

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3. KINGDOM- FUNGI. iii. They store carbohydrates in form of

 It consists of:
glycogen and lipids in form of oil
droplets.
i. Mushrooms.
iv. Most of them have cell wall made
ii. Toad stools. up of chitin or cellulose.
iii. Moulds e.g.Rhizopus. v. They have a network of
iv. Yeast. hyphae/mycelia.
v. Smut. vi. They reproduce asexually by means
vi. Penicillin. of spores (sporulation) and budding
in yeast.
General characteristics of Fungi
Similarities between fungi and plants.
i. They are multicellular.
i. The cells of both are enclosed by a
ii. They are heterotrophic i.e. cell wall.
parasitic or saprophytic.
ii. Both have vacoules and granules
that contain stored food.

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General characteristics of moulds. v. Hyphae that grow vertically are

i. They consist of long filamentous called sporangiosphores and
structures called hyphae and the form reproductive structures
whole structure is called called sporangia (singular-
mycelium. sporangium) that bear/carry
spores.
ii. The hyphae are enclosed by a
cell wall made of chitin/fungal Functions of rhizoids
cellulose. i. Provide anchorage/support.
iii. Hyphae that lie on the surface ii. Absorption of soluble
are called stolons. substances.
iv. Hyphae that support the iii. Produce enzymes which digest
mycelium to the surface of the organic materials in the
substrate are called rhizoids substrate.
(parasitic fungi have haustoria). N/B
 Rhizoids differ from plant roots in
that they lack vascular bundles.
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Sporangiosphore

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Yeast
14

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Study question Economic importance of fungi.

 A student left a piece of bread on an 1. Saprophytes decompose dead
open place accidentally. 3 days later matter increasing soil fertility and
he observed some black substance contributes to recycling of
developing. Explain how the black nutrients.
substance was formed. 2. Cause decay or spoilage of food.
Answer. 3. Some cause diseases e.g. ring
 Spores of bread mould deposited on worm in human beings cause
the damp bread which germinated athlete’s foot disease.
into hyphae. When mature the 4. Some cause plant diseases e.g.
hyphae grew into sporangiosphores. wheat rust, soft rot and potato
Sporangia developed on the tip of the blight thus reducing the
sporangiosphores. Spores formed in productivity of plants.
the sporangia which turned black as
they matured and dried up. 5. Yeast is a source of vitamin B.
6. Yeast is used in brewing and
baking industries.
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7. Some are used in the 10. Some are used in the

production of antibiotics production of organic
e.g. chloromycin and acids.
streptomycin, penicillin 11. Some e.g. mildew can
from penicillium fungus. ruin clothing, books and
8. Some are used as food other materials.
for humans e.g.
mushrooms.
9. Mycorrhizal associations
help plants in the
intake/ absorption
minerals from the soil.

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4. KINGDOM PLANTAE. PLANT DIVISIONS.

General characteristics.  They include:
1. They are multicellular organisms A. Bryophyta.
2. They have eukaryotic cells. B. Pteridophyta.
3. The plant body is differentiated C. Spermatophyta.
into leaves, stems and roots/root-
like structures. A. BRYOPHYTA.
4. They are autotrophic/contain  It consists of smallest form of
chlorophyll. plants which are tiny and green in
5. Their cells have cellulose cell colour. They grow on damp
walls that give them a definite surfaces of walls and on back of
shape. trees.
6. They reproduce sexually and  They include:
asexually.
 Mosses.

 Liverworts.

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Moss Liverwort

Stalk/seta

Leafy
shoot

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General characteristics of bryophyta. Alternation of generation/ Process of

fertilization in Bryophyta.
1. They are thin and green in colour.
 Fertilization depends on water. The
2. They are autotrophic/contain sporophyte/capsule produces spores
chlorophyll. which germinate to form a gametophyte.
3. They lack vascular bundles.  The gametophyte has antheridia which
4. They are thaloid i.e have produces male gametes and archegonia
undifferented body as in liverworts which produces female gametes.
or differentiated into simple leaf-like,  The mobile sperms/male gametes swim in
stem-like and root-like structures water to fertilize the egg in the archegonia
(rhizoids). to form a zygote.
 The zygote develops into a young
5. They are terrestrial growing on damp
sporophyte which grow upwards while still
places. attached to the gametophyte.
6. They show alternation of generation.  The sporophyte is the dormant stage while
7. They reproduce sexually and asexually. gametophyte is dominant stage.
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Study question (ii) With reference to the

The photograph below represents photograph, state three
a plant in a certain division. observable features of the
Division named in (a) (i) above.
(3mks)


1. (i) Name the Division to

which the plant belongs.

(1mk)


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2. Name the parts 3. Explain how the part

labeled N and P. labeled Q is adapted
(2mks) to its functions.
(2mks)


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B. PTERIDOPHYTA. General characteristics of ferns.

 It consists of more 1. Plant body is differentiated
advanced plants than into roots, stems and leaves
bryophytes because: but no flowers
i. They show greater ability 2. Have large compound leaves
to inhabit land. called fronds. Fronds have
ii. They show clearly defined leaf stalk called rachis.
sexual reproduction. Attached to the rachis are
iii. Fertilization does not called pinna. On the
depend on water. underside of the pinna
 It includes: there are structures called
 Ferns sori (singular-sorus) which
carry sporangia that contain
 Horse tails spores.
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3. Have chlorophyll/are Process of fertilization /Alternation

autotrophic. of generation in ferns.
4. A sporophyte has underground  A sporophyte produces spores in the
stem called Rhizome from which sori.
leaves and roots arise.
 The spores later germinate in the
5. Have clearly defined vascular ground into a thin gametophyte
system. (prothallus).
6. They reproduce sexually and  The prothallus/gametophyte has
asexually. Antheridia(which produces male
7. They show alternation of gametes/sperms) and Archegonia
generation (where the sporophyte (which produces eggs/ova/female
is a dominant stage). gametes).
 The gametes fuse to form a zygote
which grows to form a sporophyte
after which the gametophyte dies.

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Rachis Pinna Pinna

Sorus

Prothallus
SPOROPHYTE
GAMETOPHYTE

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C. SPERMATOPHYTA. 3. Plant body differentiated into

 It consists of: roots, stems, leaves and seed
 Herbs e.g. grasses producing structures/flowers.
 Shrubs e.g. hibiscus 4. Reproduce sexually and
 Trees . asexually.
General characteristics of 5. They are heterospores i.e.
spermatophyta.
produce two types of gametes,
1. They produce seeds. female gamete enclosed in the
2. Have well developed ovule and male gametes in the
vascular bundles.
pollen sac.
6. Have support tissues
(collenchyma, sclerenchyma,
and xylem).
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Sub-divisions of spermatophyta. 3. They produce seed bearing

 They include:
structures called cones.
4. They produce two types of
A. Gymnospermae e.g. Pines
and Cypress. cones i.e. small male cones
that produce pollen grains
B. Angiospermae e.g. Maize, and larger female cones
Beans, Jacaranda. where seeds are formed.
A. General characteristics of 5. They have xerophytic
gymnospermae. characteristics e.g. needle
1. Seeds are not enclosed in shaped leaves, waxy cuticle,
the ovary/ seeds are naked. sunken stomata.
2. They do not produce 6. Xylem consists of tracheids
flowers. only.
7. Phloem does not have
companion cells.
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General characteristics of Differences between

angiospermae. gymonspermae and
1. Seeds are enclosed in angiospermae.
the ovary. Gymnospermae Angiospermae
i. Seeds are i. Seeds are
2. They produce bisexual naked. enclosed.
flowers. ii. Bear cones ii. They bear
3. Their xylem consists of where flowers where
tracheids and vessels. gametes gametes
develop. develop.
4. They show double iii. Xylem vessels iii. Xylem has
fertilization. absent. both vessels
and tracheids.
5. The phloem has iv. Phloem lack iv. Phloem has
companion cells. companion companion
cells. cells.
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CLASSES OF ANGIOSPERMAE. 6. Have vascular cambium.

 They include: 7. Xylem in the roots is star
A. Dicotyledonae. shaped and located at the
centre with phloem within the
B. Monocotyledonae. arms.
General characteristics of 8. Floral parts are arranged in
dicotyledonae. fours or fives or in their
1. The seed has two cotyledons. multiples.
2. The leaves are broad. 9. Leaves have a petiole/leaf
3. Have taproot system. stalk.
4. The leaves has network of
veins.
5. Vascular bundles in the stem
are arranged in a ring.

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General characteristics of 7. Floral parts are in threes or

monocotyledonae. multiple of threes.
1. Seeds have one cotyledon. 8. The leaf petiole is modified
2. Have fibrous root system. into a sheath.
9. In the root, vascular
3. Leaves have parallel veins.
bundles are arranged in a
4. Vascular bundles are ring with xylem alternating
scattered within the cortex with a phloem.
of the stem.
5. Roots have a pith.
6. They lack vascular
cambium.

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5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA. A. ARTHROPODA

General characteristics of  It is the largest phylum whose
animalia. members live in water, soil
i. They are multicellular. and on land.
 Members in this phylum are
ii. Have eukaryotic cells.
called arthropods.
iii. Their cells lack a cell wall.
Economic importance of
iv. They are heterotrophic. arthropods.
v. Reproduce asexually and 1. Some are ectoparasites.
sexually.
2. Some act as pollinators.
vi. Most of them locomote but
3. Some are used as food.
a few are sessile.
4. Some are disease vectors.
PHYLA OF ANIMALIA
5. Some are crop pests.
A. Arthropoda.
B. Chordata/vertebrata.
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General characteristics of 5. Their bodies are divided

arthropoda. into three parts i.e. head,
1. Have jointed thorax and abdomen but
appendages. in some the head and
thorax are fused to form
2. Their body is covered cephalothorax.
with exoskeleton/cuticle
made of chitin. 6. Gaseous exchange is
through tracheal system,
3. They have segmented gills or book lungs.
bodies.
7. They have bilateral
4. They have open symmetry i.e. the body
circulatory system. can be divided into two
parts only.

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CLASSES OF Characteristics/
ARTHROPODA. features that are used to
 They include: group Arthropoda into
A. Diplopoda. classes.
B. Chilopoda. 1. The number of
C. Insecta. legs/legs
2. Presence or absence of
D. Crustacea.
antennae.
E. Arachnida.
3. Number of antennae.
4. Number of body parts.
5. Type of eyes.

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A. DIPLOPODA- It consists of 8. Has anterior genital aperture.

millipedes.
9. Gaseous exchange is through
General characteristics
tracheal system.
1. Cylindrical body.
2. Has many simple eyes.
3. Two pairs of legs per
segment
4. Head has short antennae.
5. No/lacks poison claws.
6. Has 9-100 segments.
7. Has three body parts (head,
thorax and trunk).

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B. CHILOPODA-it consists of 8. Has posterior genital

centipedes. aperture.
General characteristics 9. Gaseous exchange is through
1. Flattened body. the tracheal system.
2. Has one pair of simple eyes.
3. One pair of legs per
segment.
4. Head has long antennae.
5. Has poison claws.
6. Has 15-21segments.
7. Has two body parts (head
and trunk).

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CENTIPEDE/CHILOPODA MILLIPEDE/DIPLOPODA
1. Flattened body. 1. Cylindrical body.
2. Has many simple eyes.
2. Has one pair of simple eyes.
3. Two pairs of legs per
3. One pair of legs per segment.
segment.
4. Head has long antennae. 4. Head has short antennae.
5. Has poison claws. 5. No poison claws.
6. Has 15-21segments. 6. Has 9-100 segments.
7. Has two body parts (head 7. Has three body parts (head,
and trunk). thorax and trunk).
8. Has posterior genital 8. Has anterior genital aperture.
aperture.

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C. INSECTA -it consists of 6. The exoskeleton has a layer

insects. of wax making it water
General characteristics proof.
1. Body divided into three 7. Mouth parts modified to
parts i.e. head, thorax and feeding habits.
abdomen. 8. Have one or two pairs of
2. Have one pair of antennae. wings arising from the
3. Have one pair of compound thorax.
eyes and several simple eyes. 9. Gaseous exchange is
4. Have three pairs of legs. through tracheal system.
10. Excretion is through
5. They breathe through
spiracles. malpighian tubules.

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Reasons why insects are adapted to many

habitats.
1. Hard exoskeleton which supports the
insect above the ground.
2. Water proof layer on the exoskeleton
which reduces evaporation hence
conserving water.
3. Excretion of uric acid which reduces
water loss.
4. Efficient tracheal system for gaseous
exchange.
5. Internal fertilization, which eliminates
the need for water to achieve successful
reproduction.
6. Ability to fly.

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5. Has a pair of compound eyes.

D. CRUSTACEA- It includes 6. First pair of limbs modified for
arthropods found in defence or holding prey.
water/aquatic habitat e.g.
Crabs, Cray fish, Lobsters, 7. Has three pairs of mouth parts
Prawns, Shrimps (consisting of labial
pulps/maxillae).
General characteristics.
1. The cephalothorax is covered/
protected by carapace.
2. Gaseous exchange through
gills.
3. Has two pairs of antennae.
4. Has five or more pairs of
limbs/five to twenty pairs of
limbs.

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E. ARACHNIDA- It consists 6. Has chelicerae to produce

of Scorpions, Spiders, Ticks. poison to paralyze the prey/
General characteristics. are carnivorous.
1. The body is divided into 2
parts (cephalothorax and
abdomen).
2. Have four pairs of walking
legs and each leg ends with
toothed claws.
3. They lack antennae.
4. Has 8 simple eyes.
5. Gaseous exchange through
book lungs or tracheal
system.

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B. PHYLUM CHORDATA/ 7. Have closed circulatory

VERTEBRATA.
General characteristics. system.
1. Have a notochord. 8. Have a tail or remains
2. Have endo or internal
skeleton.
of a tail.
3. Have bilateral symmetry. Classes of chordata
4. Have a nervous system  They include:
(brain and spinal cord).
5. The brain is enclosed by a A. Pisces.
skull.
B. Amphibia.
6. Have a muscular heart
to pump blood. C. Reptilia.
D. Aves.
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E. Mammalia.
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A. PISCES.-It consists of 5. Have external fertilization.

fish. 6. Have a lateral line for
General characteristics sensitivity.
1. Have gills for gaseous 7. Have single circulatory
exchange. system with 2 heart
2. Their bodies are chambers (auricle and
covered with scales. ventricle).
3. They move by means of 8. Have a streamlined body.
fins. 9. Their eyes are covered
4. Are with nictating membrane.
poikilothers/ectotherm
s.
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B. AMPHIBIA- It consists of 5. Have 3 chambered heart(2 atria

amphibians that live on both and one ventricle).
land and water e.g. frogs,
6. Live partly in water and partly
toads, newts and
salamanders. on land.
7. Have four limbs for movement.
General characteristics.
8. Has 2 eyes and ear drum.
1. Their bodies lack scales.
9. Are poikilotherms/ectotherms.
2. Gaseous exchange is through
moist skin, mouth/buccal
cavity, lungs and gills (for
young amphibians).
3. Have external fertilization.
4. Have double circulatory
system.

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C. REPTILIA. It consists of 6. They are poikilotherms/ectotherms.

reptiles e.g. Snakes, Tortoises, 7. Some have limbs while others crawl
Turtles, Crocodiles, Lizards, on the ground.
Chamelions. 8. Some are aquatic and others are
General characteristics terrestrial.
1. Have dry scaly skin. 9. They are homodonts (have teeth of
2. Lack external ear. the same shape and size).
3. Show internal fertilization
with eggs enclosed in a shell.
4. Gaseous exchange is through
the lungs.
5. Have double circulatory
system.

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D. AVES. 6. Gaseous exchange is through

lungs.
General characteristics
7. Have double circulation with
1. Bodies are covered with feathers a four chambered heart.
for insulation and flight. 8. Are
2. Have beaks for feeding. endothermic/homoithermic.
9. Fertilization is internal.
3. Legs/hind limbs are covered with
10. Have hollow bones.
scales.
11. Are terrestrial (live on land),
4. Forelimbs are modified to form arboreal (live on trees) and
wings. others are aquatic (live in
water).
5. The sternum/breast bone is
12. Have air sacs which store air
modified to form keel for
used to lower the body
attachment of flight muscles. density.

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E. MAMMALIA. -It consists of mammals 8. They give birth to young ones/

e.g. Bat Man,Cows, Apes, Dolphines, does not lay eggs.
Whales, Lions, Elephants. 9. Have double circulation with
General characteristics four chambered heart.
10. Have sweat glands.
1. The skin is covered with fur,
hair/wool. 11. Have four limbs.
2. Have mammary glands. 12. They are heterodont/ have four
3. Have 2 external ears (pinnae). types of teeth.
4. Show internal fertilization. 13. Have 7 cervical vertebrae.
5. Are homoithermic/endothermic.
6. They use lungs for gaseous exchange.
7. Their brain is highly developed.

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DICHOTOMOUS KEY. 3. Following the order of numbers, for each

 This is a set of instructions used to identify of the characteristic construct two
unknown organisms by using description of contrasting statements that enable you to
observable features. separate the organisms into two groups.
Rules used in the construction of a dichotomous 4. For each of the statements, use identical
key. forms of words. The two statements
1. Note down the morphological should be positive and where a negative
characteristics of the organisms to be statement cannot be avoided the first
identified. statement should be in positive form e.g.
2. Number the characteristics starting with a) Animal without wings.
the one showing major variation and b) Animal without wings.
proceed progressively with
characteristics that show lesser Points to note.
variations e.g. 1. Avoid generalizations e.g.
i. Type of leaf. a) Tall plants.
ii. Leaf venation b) Short plants
iii. Leaf margin

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- A compound leaf may be:

A. Leaves
i. Trifoliate- the leaf is
1. Leaf type.
made up of three leaflets.
- The leaf can either be simple
ii. Pinnate- leaf with several
or compound.
leaflets arranged along
- In simple leaves, the lamina the petiole.
is not divided and is attached
iii. Bipinnate- each leaflet is
directly to the petiole.
further subdivided.
- A simple leaf can either be
iv. Digitate- the leaflets all
palmate (with 5 tip sections)
arise from the tip of the
and lobed/bilobed (with 2 tip
petiole.
sections)
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2. Leaf venation.
 This is the arrangement of veins
in a leaf.
 Monocotyledons have parallel
venation meaning that veins are
arranged in a parallel fashion e.g.
maize plant, grass etc.
 Dicots have network venation e.g.
bean plant

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3. Leaf margin. 4. Leaf tip/apex.

 The leaf margin is either smooth/  The tip/apex can either be round or
entire or serrated. pointed.

Pointed but lobed

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5. Arrangement of leaves around the

stem (leaf phyllotaxy).
- The point where a leaf or leaves are
attached to the stem is called node.
- Arrangement of the leaves can be:
i. Whorl: Three or more leaves arise
at the same node around the stem.
ii. Opposite: Two leaves are attached
opposite to each other on the
same node.
iii. Alternate: A single leaf arises from
each node while the leaf in the
next node arises on the opposite
side.

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6. Leaf attachment on the 9. Leaf colour- green or

stem. variegated.
i. Petiolate- the leaves have a
petiole/leaf stalk.
ii. Sessile- the leaves do not
have a leaf stalk/petiole/
have leaf sheath.
7. Presence of leaf sheath/
petiole
8. Leaf texture- rough or
smooth.
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B. ROOT SYSTEMS. D. FLOWERS.

 There are two major types of root  Flowers are classified on the
systems: following basis:
i. Fibrous root system- which consists of i. Colour of the flowers: In some
several main roots of about the same plants, the flowers are brightly
size. coloured while in others they are
 This type is mainly seen in dull.
monocotyledons. ii. Single flowers or inflorescence: In
ii. The tap root system- which consists some plants flowers occur singly
of one main root from which smaller while in others many flowers are
branches arise. borne on the same branch
forming an inflorescence.
 This is found in dicotyledons.
C. STEMS.
 Stems are classified as either horizontal
(growing along the ground) or vertical
(growing upwards).
 They may also be classified as herbaceous
(non-woody) or woody.
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i. Body shape and size- iii. Body covering- e.g.

small/ simple or large. scales, feathers, hair/fur,
ii. Body symmetry- Most shell.
animals are bilaterally iv. Locomotory organs e.g.
symmetrical i.e. they can legs, fins, wings.
be divided into similar v. Body support
right and left halves but structures-
in one plane only. endoskeleton,
 Other animals are exoskeleton or
radially symmetrical i.e. hydroskeleton.
they can be divided into
right and left halves
along several vertical
planes.
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EXAMPLE 1 i. Simple or compound

 Below are photographs leaves;
showing some ii. Leaf venation;
observable features of iii. Leaf margin;
leaves.
iv. Arrangement of leaves
 Using the features in the on the stem;
order given below,
v. Pinnate or trifoliate
construct a dichotomous
nature of leaves.
key that can be used to
identify the specimens.
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1a. Simple leaf 1a. Simple leaf ………………

b. compound leaf b. compound leaf…………
2a. Leaf with parallel venation 2a. Leaf with parallel venation….
b. Leaf with net work venation……
b. Leaf with net work venation
3a. Leaf with smooth margin..
3a. Leaf with smooth margin
b. Leaf with serrated margin………
b. Leaf with serrated margin
4a. Alternate arrangement of
4a. Alternate arrangement of leaves leaves………..
b. Opposite arrangement of leaves b. Opposite arrangement of leaves…..
5a. Pinnate leaf 5a. Pinnate leaf…………..
b. Trifoliate leaf b. Trifoliate leaf……………….

© Sam obare 10-Jan-21

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66

EXAMPLE 2
3a) With four pairs of walking legs..go to 4
- Examine the drawing of the organisms
shown below. Using features that are clearly
b) With more than four pairs of walking
visible, construct a dichotomous key that
can be used to identify them. legs…………….go to 5
1a) Animal with wings…………..go to 2
4a) With antennae……………….Crayfish
b) Animal without wings…………go to 3
b) Without antennae…………………Spider
2a) With one pair of wings…………Housefly
5a) One pair of legs in each body
b) With two pairs of wings………….Bee
segment…………Centipede

b) Two pairs of legs in each body

segment………Millipede
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EXAMPLE 3 Key
 Examine the drawings of 1a) Leaf simple…………..go to 2
the leaves and the b) Leaf compound……go to 5
dichotomous key shown 2a) Leaf parallel-
below. Using the key, veined……Commelinaceae
identify each of the leaves b) Leaf network-veined…..go to
A-H into their respective 3
families. In each case, give 3a) Leaf margin smooth……go
the sequence of steps to 4
followed to arrive at the
b) Leaf margin
identity and fill the table serrated……….Verbenaceae
below.

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4a) Leaf apex 6a) Bipinnate compound

acute…Nyctaginaceae leaf………….Bignoniacea
b) Leaf apex e
emarginated…………Fab b) Unipinnate compound
aceae leaf………………go to 7
5a) Palmately compound 7a) Leaf with terminal
leaf……Malvaceae leaflet………….Rosaceae
b) Pinnately compound b) Leaf without terminal
leaf……….go to 6 leaflet………Papillionace
ae

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Steps followed Identity
A 1b, 5a Malvaceae
B 1a, 2a Commelinaceae
C 1a, 2b, 3a, 4a Nyctaginaceae
D 1a, 2b, 3a, 4b Fabaceae
E 1a, 2b, 3b Verbenaceae
F 1b, 5b, 6a Bignoniaceae
G 1b, 5b, 6b, 7a Rosaceae
H 1b, 5b, 6b, 7b Papillionaceae
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EXAMPLE 4 1. a) Animal with a

 Using the pictures of backbone…go to 2
animals provided below, b) Animal without
complete the construction backbone…
of the dichotomous key by 2. a) Animal with
filling the blank spaces. wings…………
b) Animal without
wings………
3. a) Animals which live in
water all the
time…………………
b) Animal which live in water
some time…………………
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4. a) Animal with 7. a) Animals with a

scales………….. shell……Snail.
b) Animals without b) Animals without a
scales…………. shell……
5. a) Animal with 8. a) Animals with a jelly-
legs……………… like body……
b)Animal without b)Animals without a
legs…….go to 7 jell-like body…..
6. a) Animals with six 9. a) Animals with a
legs……Butterfly segmented body……
b) Animals with eight b) Animals without a
legs………… segmented
body………Octopus
© Sam obare 10-Jan-21

Fish Earthworm
Eagle

Tortoise Octopus Starfish

Spider Frog

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Answer 4. a) Animal with

1. a) Animal with a scales…..Tortoise
backbone……..go to 2 b) Animals without
b) Animal without scales…….Frog
backbone…….. go to 5 5. a) Animal with legs……go to
2. a) Animal with 6
wings………Eagle b)Animal without legs……go
b) Animal without to 7
wings……go to 3 6. a) Animals with six
3. a) Animals which live in legs………Butterfly
water all the time…………Fish b) Animals with eight
b) Animal which live in legs…Spider
water some time…………go to 4

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7. a) Animals with a
shell….Snail.
b) Animals without a
shell…go to 8
8. a) Animals with a jelly-like
body…go to 9
b)Animals without a jell-like
body…………..Starfish
9. a) Animals with a
segmented
body…………………Earthwor
END
m
b) Animals without a
segmented
body……………Octopus
© Sam obare 10-Jan-21