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 Work, Energy and Impulse
that a force, when applied
S1. The concept of work. We knowchange in its position. A
to a particle or body, often causes a of application is dispisced.
force is said to do work when its point Definition.
$2. Work done by a cosstant force. (Rohilkband 1977]
Suppose a constant force represented
A. Let
by the vector F acts at the potnt
B
the point Abe displaced to the polnt
where AB-d Then the work Wdone by
he con_tamt force F during the displace
ment d' of its polnt of applilcarton is .(1)
defined as W-Fd,
where Fod ís the scalar product of the veetors and E
the angle between the vectors and d. If F-F!
F
Let 6 be definition of the scalar product of
and d=| d |=AB, then using the
two vectors, the equation (l)
defining the work may be written as
W=Fd cos 8. ..(2)
Obviously d cos is the displacement offorce. the point of appli
in
F the direction of the Hence the work
cation of the force
magnitude of the force
done by a constant force is equal to the appllcation of the
multtplled by the displacement,of the point of
force tn the direction of the force. following observations :
From the equation (2) we make the
i) If 0=r L.e., if the displacementdirection of the point of appli
of the force,
cation of the force is perpendicular to the
then W=0,
(ii) If0 <8< n i.e., if the displacement of the point of
of action of the force is
application of the force parallel to the line
in the direction of the force, then W is positive.
(ii) If n<0sr i.e., if the displacement of the point of
action of the force is
application of the force parallel to tbe line of
opposite to the directiots of the force, then W is negative.
Example. If aparticle of mass m is displaced on a horizontal
Vplane thbrough a distance h, then during this displacement the
Work done by the weight mg of the particle is zero.
w W. d,tssgs W=g]
 2
If a particle of mass m is
then during this displacement raised
Dynamics
through a vertical height kh,
te particle is -mgh. the work done by the weight my of
mg
wmyh.TT
Again if a particle of mass m falls
then during this isplacement the workthrough a vertical deoth k
done by the weight mg of
the particle is mgh. h=ha. yomg
S3. Work done by a variable force. Definition.
variable force F acts on Suppose a
a particle which moves
along an arc AB from A
to B. Let P, O be
neigh
bouring points on this
curve such that
OP=t, OQ-r+ôr,
PQ=-00-OP-
During the ôr.
nent &r of small displaceof
its point
application the
Tay be reoardedforce F
 $6. Kinetic energs. The capacity ofof aa body
for
is knowa as energy of the body. The kinetic energy doing
body is the energy which the boay possesses on account(KE) ) ofofwotaka en

of hi tic
motion. We can define it precisely as follows :
Kinetic energy. Deffnition. The
heemont of work which the boay kinetic energy of a body ts
can perjorm agalnst some Pesie.
fance till reduced to rest.
Since the K.E. has been defined tÍ
some way, the uoits for measuring KE. be equal to
(Robilkband 1977)
work done in
work. are the same as th0se for
Caleatation of kinetic enerEy.
mbe moving with velocity u, then if at any instant a body of mass
the kinetic
that insiant Ls equal to mn, energy of the body at