UNIT- 1

MjcRPROcESOR
Evoltion Mioopoce sset
sspi
Dat AA sle
Proces Numbe
bus
Latooleton Tlaistors Speed Bus Miimey
4004 (47| 2,3o0 b-bit 4 bit biobyt
l972 3, 50d 200 k 14bit 9bit

I974 6,o00 J6bit Bbit 644 K

1976 6,50D 5 Mt 16bit 64 K

8bie
j478 29, ooD 2obit

1479 241 2ohit

8020& 1902 134,000 8M1t2 24 bit |bbit J6 M

1985 275, oDD 32-bit 32 bit 46

1984 | 2 MLes 25 MHz 32 bit 32bit 44

Pentim l493 31 M 32 bit 324c4 bit 44

5-5 M /50 Mt 36 bit 32/ 64bi+ 644
149 34 bit 64bit
& M
64 4
9sM 650 Mz 36bit
644
Pentium 4 200o
42- M 4 G 36-but 64 bit 6449.

* Lntel Coind te eim microprocsse byle:

and n 197| Releaseol he 4 bit
fast byle
micrefr oceSDL.
dsqnd weta Ls I technolosy ; it hed
Qnol o /o KH 2 ClocK 4memely
Mus, he dddesig cpit
 loe bang 64Most mese as
additonml Qn
aAchiteetue aue Intel
he sevolution
fplicatons,
mos
and e 8 ban
mathnehcat bit within
ComputCPo; u!ase
bt
micnocemputeas puod he motonola Bo& he
used mcro hese HP hu
ane CAUs th e s
few Inel (Lntel
pOCOYSOs hchuded he
as ansthuetons. softoae
TatHa hand, 6806
was 6800
yoos
Pcompuders usd
comyutng þrogromma ooo. Întel 4004
all develo on
He ws
Aa ,
aftes
han Ln ws
0008 cuth
comptbl he ped as conhol
(Numbe fouuae bla As instruon o&85 he*he he dehe ),
insh designcd Came
as dh
ho and
uhek
mid th it
lwetth
logee bibiult832-
t pscqom applicattn,
ep
ebbhsluith dpoove meut oue knwn 19
eking),dataionprocessoli
Viwed
were
Vae set
uuth 70s,
tin y
device begon
mbe z80
co&O,}he
as c h P
to he
hehom a and u
usedcontol
ngtn legu wee mi cac Speseded
&o8o8o&0; di4forent
aequn dhe Shnall Lntel
aho
caviu, ompuders
- pludeaigrod
y B0808o26
hat Bolo.
 3

ovzabon ki'aoprecse. -Brssd Syslomi

simplitied but tona
foia stuelue aa
4) shoaws a
P- basea system ora fae dut heve tte
p- based Systems.
it tujl
as
Same stsutes
Haee cowponends: mnicopcason ,Ilo(input/otput)
aud head ony memay)
(read / unite memoy asond
these conpends siganized a commow
Called a bus.
Commuicaton fatt

Regiy Dnput/ output

ALU
Systep Bus
Condaol Memory
|ROM /A

Fl_(") Micopsocesse-Dasead System wth Bus

Aachitetue -
is alo
TRe erthe
y icreemyute system, avd the
as a system
(mponeits themselhey safred to
to as Sub-sysem

At Gutsel t is to deeantiate
betuecenv dhe tesms micrepToceaon. aud nicsocempuden
he Common misuse thse fesms
beeaus
pofulas
componsnti miocem puter
 miCsoeompuder a a conmplt computes sinilay
ony oHhen conputes, exopt that cPU fanetiny
miesocompter
sinilay
Output deviees.
hexiploral

MiaerocesOL Re ue s acloCK divew Sei

Condueteu devc Consisting élbeionie logie ckts
antactud by ing enthes a lasge- scale
(LSD Ve Seale
didegaon (vLsr)
teahniqus.
Vaus copubng qunetons aud
to chouye
Can
tue
be deyded
wog decisi6ns
for the Sake
chity Segmeds
t.
aud conliolAithehe
it. /logie unt (AL), Aguies y.
Athsnehe JLogie init his d he aea
Vaious
ow date
computg tnetn
He ALu unit petotms
opeiaton as additbn Suls authatie
logie opetabons as ANDand.Subdoetin
,, oX and
and Seuol
exclusine oR.
vakious
B,
ejiiters ddntfed lottes Sel ay
C, D, .H and li Hese
usel to stose data AGtes ae
eecuton a tempoatily
Qnd ae aceesble to
 aud 2te opratcn'
Micnprocusot - Iniiaded opeut1ons Qnd oo85 Bus
-Zation
mpu (Mieoproutser unit) ferfotin primanily tou opoubo.
O Memery Readi Keads data (ot inshutons ) 4om memoy
2 or ntruehon)
utel Waites data (on strueto) Lito
ito memohy
9 Lo Rad: Accept data thom nt deries.
t/o write ends data to output odeu
Send devies.

lo communicate th a Juipheral (or a memony locat)

fhe PU heeds lo

{dentity he haêmey locaton (uuik.

csadhes)
stey2: TDaanae binuy nfomatin (data and instctens')
step: Provide timi2 o
TRe 8085 MPU Jefesms these ynetions using
cote l commuticaton lines calld bussi the aclolress bus
and he conlol bus
He data bus
Addaess Bus Phe addoss bw s a

as he addres Bus s
nidliechònal: t bts fow n Oh olineeion om the
eo pesipheial cdevics he MPU cuses e aldess bug
MPU
4he finbt funeton' inentiig a jeuighsa
to fufosm
n a compules system, eaneh per phenad p
numbs calld an addies
lacation
used to a le -buti ades
anel he addsess bs s
cay
 Arw

MPU

D,

Tintaol Bus

Tie
Capable
addhesing = 65, 536 (gentalgy
locabin (sine lo2 4 byles)
Data Bs 1he data bus s a
for data low
beluee he MpV anol
these lms a biaeetional- odate flo
and prripheral devices
he Eiph? kt datla ines ehabb he MpU to
00 to EF (2d
(ontaol Bus He tonlaol Bu comprised a vaVavous
Aines hat

(ontsol bus al Andiviuat lines that sovido a

Pulse to <ndicale MPU
ojeraton Re MpU
spefe conhol sznal toe (Suek
Kead or ouwute) d tonu. Res sifpals
ane lesd to adentity a devie ype tnt hick
Mpu andene to communitale.
 Decr be types a (Seeto -4)
Miro pro Cosen
Micvo pro cessors ae clessied lnto
CISC
Coplex nstuehon Set icropoOCKAS, RISc Redot
Dctrueton set hicosprocener, ASIC - Appicaten speee
întgated CiAtuit i Suposcalsi Processor DsP-s -Diçital
signal nuooprocese1s .

- hent hat s used to do

leethont Coup
ts cwek. t s
a
Canthal pro cobing singe Satepated cyeit
chip contnig mllons
Ono
voy Smal codyonenty
docles .that rk
inedag
tonuite, hapste,
Ch khe the hend ucoprocese s ar pro qromable
Aegister based, cloekd dunen Segent: eletiau'e
deie.

4(4)- Feahy Bo85 uPs

O it s an 8bit miceproeso ie.
2.e. it Con astept
process, e provicle S-bit data simub

Dit cpeiates Ôn a Bingb t5 Pouei sup py Conneeted at Vee;

poue *pyghuund ds conneet ed to Vs.
9 t operoles on cloer s0 . duty cyele
perale eusa a 3 M clock
Version Can Me Bo85A
opesale f eto barimum
I6 Gddies unes hence t Can

A2+ bxovids 8but )o addreses to aces (2) 25topot.

Aot
 Ie)
Þate Bus

AD- ADy
Addres Bus has l6- Addie
he lowue 8-bit addiess B (Ao -A) anel Addses
multeplorad (ADo-A,). Muttpuxi ng to dcduee
antenal pias.
Contio Bus Lt s a
wed to genetate ng
conductn
ud Conhol sigals to conke
all ee assoated þei pheials, hicoprocesset wsad couiol
bus to forcess data, H eohat to do eit sle ted
Locoton .

D D2 SSet tu1) MsB

Cay
Ac ottee o)
Slgn
Result
Flag
LCset) MSB
ve) Awiliny euen Pauty)
Roset
Flj cdd = Roset (o)
(+ve) Result Restt=6 Cony Hen Ae =1)
Reset (o)=othue tuie
(Aczo)

basie aritkme tei opeiston Suh as additon Subisa

Qud a meie

egust perafio, lgicnd instrueton ae the instueton tucleeh

Sueh as AND OR, ete
 Contgaton 8o85

X 42 33
HoLD
Rasetout 43 3P HLDA
CLK (oUT)
Seria!
2/o Port ’ 3
RESeT IN
36
TRAP 6 3s READY)
RsT75c7 Centol and
Extonally
Inihated' RsTSS
IN TR
9
Jo
33 S
32-p KD stts sigms
Sigmls g85
30 P ALE
Aethoiobegmet ADe )2
ADI 29 A5
AD, 4
Low rde ADg S 26 b A3
Addren l dlata AD+ 25 A2
24p A1
igh ovee Aderes Bus
Bus
ADL 235 Ao
22 A
Vss 2 2/ Ae

Fi: Te 8o95 Microp vocesso ot and

los erde addres bus
tim Bhad wt to data bus. The buses
need to be deutbi pleat
Apopniade tondel siqnal heed to be
Jeneated to
&o8s

Conio? ad_stotusSi gnas is

ineudes fo cordho!
) hee seus
Signa
(LO J~T, S, and so)o identify the neture f he opatin,
 and Qhe bpeeial siqnal (ALE) to endiale the b.
he poiaton. Hese are as folbos
ALE - Address Latk Enable- This u a tve
gunated ery timne he Jo85 bejine Cpoaton
(haehine cyell); t indicates that' he bits on tD,- AD,
addhes bit . Thu signal du used primaily to latek
he low - ide addiey Hom t muttipletal bus ond
geuetate a saposate set f ajht adden tineshy
RE- Read'-hu u Rend eonthel s'gnal latie lew). ls
signelindicales hat he seleets /o a memeLy done
s to be head and data ae Vaiable On te bus
R
WR- wteile Hus s a wee conkol
Signod (Aetu low).
indicates at u data on hedata
bue
ase lo be
uden nito a seleelol mmey or tb locatos.
betueon L/o and memoy
Kseol to diBtaentiale
ii sndictes anol t/o operathon, hehen t is loit
dndicles a remey operaton. s Sigal da
Combinid weti ko aned hR to enesale T/o ond
emery enhel S'gnal.
S, and So Fese aRe tha stehs Signal
Qndl clok

Vss Ground Referene

crysl (or Re, Le Netuoe) s Conneeted at
X Ae- A
atety dinded
by two, etafou, tapeale a iyskcm at 3M the
a 6MH.
 (8)|

Addiu
bat
Bus
ADy
-AD

CAry
Reg1ster
teetir
Achi

() stack
Pointez
()|
(9) (8) C8) (/6 IncsemestenfDeexem
Froqam
Cou
nter
L Addhs
Lateh
NI Addhe
Bus
As
-A e
(8) (9) ( ) (8)

W B H
Selial
contae
I/o
Sod

Bus RESET
oUT
LnRagisten
(3
strueton
SID ata Instrueton
ehe
Ma
Decode Rasst RESETIN
Lntenal
and
HoLD
HL
DA DiA
le6it DMA

TRAP BLOY
(5) Loge
Anithmehe (ALU)
Fup-Flep
(8)| Si
Lrtespat
Conthl Unit and
ContaolStectsSe NAL
FLaf ALE
6:S
RST
FuNcT

Tenp
Res|
(8
Timing WR
Conthol
RD
INTA .
READY MigoP
LNTR
Clock
oUT
x|cLK
suppbGNP5EN
Accumulato tsv
(8)

P§
Powsi
 (5)

not a<leet
anithe o Lge opeatron. data copy instuetöne cle

Keset
an auithwme operaton esult Ln a

t u heset
is set: o h e e
u set d Brt Dy te hesutt=1: ofhecwue t
S- sign nesct.
an eVen numbs

for odd numbs

authunate operation, wko a Cay
Awxikeany Casny he 4c

u uscd internelly for aeo (biay-dad deemd)

instruton asotudted
ho TUmp
Pregrom Chunten( Pe) d she poinee (SP)-.
hese
s l6 bits beease he addesses
he PC

instruetons. he unethon a tae pregramhoxtcounte i to

i t o be
acdres om smib he
Pount to
(machw ce) bel ng fetebod,
fothad
Counte u nerementod o ho noxt

(pcaton
Hask
ointer iu ao a l6 but Reguen wsdwsa as
ewery fountea. it to a memiy loeation
maan, catlda 16-bl addes Heaek fontor.
 UNIT-1
truetion

Lntutin to &o85
Prozrain
instr

Lileim

has

Aceumu lt Reguste |6brt

Arays Addros Bus)
ALU Memey
PoirteR
Fl sata bius
nstruehon
deede ontl

TT ming and Conhol unt

yMoelel
Aog 5 Haidwae Model modil

8
(A)
N (8)
Ac D (8) E (8)

H (9)

(C) Flag Reqstec aek Pornteu Csp)

Pregram ounta
Adal reys Bus

Biiotcnal Unidietind
 13
struetion, Data fotmate, Anod stege
n instrueton s a Commanol to te micooproceso. to
pifoim a geven tasx on speeif tata faeh instructon
has two pasts: ehe s he task, to be peslosned Callad
operaton Code (cpeode), ard the Seeond s te clata
on
to be Gpeiated Cn, called the eperards - Tche oporand
(ordat can de speeihud
Ahelude 8-bit foL I6- bit) data , n
tmemoy Locaton or an 8bit (o1 l6 bit)addles.
Some an strutons, khe opand impleit
Dastuetion cwed Siz2 n h 8o85,
boeause it an 8- b1t m(rpo0cess.
instrcti ! au
Bathen hon wrdscommonty nafereed to torma byt
Qene bytt in strete, @Tro -byte ansbben
anstouaben (nThee byte
¢ Ihsthucton beta FoA mat, and nsthetor.
hstryeton,ReiAndo Biay cale Hex code
C, A 4F H

AbD
CMA
( 2-) Tho
Dyte Lnstuction
opcat operentS
MVI A, 32H
Binangcole Hex

BE H
32
eprodes operon
MVI B,P2H
F H
Hex
Task operand code
Lond ontert 3A Finst
2205O
56 Soeon
20
20St into A
 +
MItrepro(esser Asehiteckue and,. peeaton
Mioproesel - Ditaled opeiatons and 8o85 Bus rgan
hotons pimay fous opesation.
2
Road data (or instehivns) tonm memey
Plemery ueute erite data ( ) to
Aecept data tom ngut deices
4 I l wte
Send data to
eutput denee

6-bit Memey Ardd

Ao Addres
&o85 Momey chl 200&
MPU
3E ooll )&
200)
2002

Docta Bus Data

D
MEMR Mamoy Regt
mamot Read opeatien
 ste An
Lnset addsesiny
availesle nde
ad

menoty loaten and tat nenoy

locaten as indetly ptfid by a xeguer e
Me A, MCBce ehe Centents the neineyleat,
pontet by hs HL pain to aniilaton. )
LDAX 8 tend conin
i 8-c Aegisten fo
8-c toaceubtoy

fhe add locatton 9S7o )

addiessi ng mee the epetand as idden and tie dat to be

epiated u Qraulable ei he enstotton tsel!

Comtrins Oumulato A en A)

RRc ^ Rrterl aeur ulatos A ight by ce kit)

Ree ( kotal eeu manlaten AARelt by ebit )
 hesing Modes
sjacitying data to be
he operated by an in struchon u Callod
dtdhesng mode
hore ae mades
Bo85 wP
O Lmmecliate aolde ssig meces imnediate he souree
pocand da alnye data . 4 tho da ta
epexand
nstreton
Jhe ingtueton ud be af 3 bytes.
B, 4 5 H
H, 3o S0 H
imevdially)
JMP 205o + h eperond addr
(romp to tw
Addies Modes -istes
i.. addesing mades
Regisleand des ttnation beh are
Source

the data to beopeuted s avaclakk ainside he aegsteS) ond

s
tocs (s) u(a opeand.
hegesteas
Mov A, B

ADD
INK A
addiesstug mods, he
Mode i Sa diaeet
e eet Addesiy avaulbbk Anside a memeiy locabon
dat to he epeiated iu às an
location ás
amd tht ma
LDA 20 S0HlLod the cOntenls emy anto '4
Aito L
LHLD 3000n( load contents tneuoy

LN 35H (Aead he data kon port whese odldhess ar o,1 )

 Aritt

Mnemows epeationsOR He conlen

34 6RA R ORA E Logicaly cortertt A
Mne

3s. 6RI bit ORI 3E + 2 }

36 ORA M 6RA M
31 XRA R XRA C
3& XRa bt XRI 6A H
XRA M XRA M
CMP R Comp ae e contet 4 Aagsta
he bontent

8 but data teth he conterts

A e less han,
then.
(4) Bhaneh Trstueboni
Mnemonies Aegram
insthutons change he
JM P 16 but
Eple bpeatoD
TMP 2050H
Ada chango
42. J2 l6 bit Add
to the
peafid
48
Speitad
JN2 I6 bit Adar
JN2 20Yo H
44 16bitAdd FC 2025H

JNC 203+
CALL 20 7S4
4RET RET
(6) Maehn Contael Lostrehoh
HLT
Stop precehi g and tuait
NoP
De not ffern any catato'n
 22
wsed atheetie
ent Anitmetie Instructtor Fhe
opeatons e
Mnemones
he contenl: oa Aoqste
ADD R Add A
-to ul

2:2 ADI 8 bit AbI 37H Add 8-bit data to ho conterts A.

AbD M ADÞ M Add ho Contents d menoly to A' ho
2:3
aoldres

24 SU R SUB C
the Conten A(A- c)
2"S SUT 8 bit SUIJEH (A- data )
2.6 SUB M
Su M Subtiat he contents a weme
aom the addien f'we

2.1 LNR R Dhereeut the lentent tegist

LNR M INR M Dncvement he content 4 memey e
2-9 addre cwhiek s n HL
Decrewent

beR M Deerement
Q6 DeR M

21) LN Y KP Drcrement dho contents negte Pan.

2:|2 Dex Kp
aud Bit Mauipulat0 Instoueton: Hu
he eperaton instruethon ineluds
AN compaa () Rotto Bte
Mnemow ca epoiation
ANA B
wette contets

32 ANI 8 i t ANI 2FH

4NA M A-NA M
 29 (21
Subth

nstruehon set tas 74 opeiathon codes tht neslt An 20

instrue tio ns
notrtons aue isad an e despthon tthe
lb strueton
K= 908S 8-bt regutee lA, G, c ,D, E, H, L)
() = tontents !
O ata hanfe (eopy) stcthon
Mnemonis
MoV
Examplo opeicboss
Mov
V B
BAA copy clata feom R trto Ry
|2 -
MOV R, M MOv B M 2 Lopy the date byte ito ogse
Moy M,Rs MoU om he
M,
MUI B.4EH Load g-bit dat Cajte) ana
sogestes.
LXI Rp ,lb bit LXI B 20SoH Lod /6 bit numbe en

LDA 16 bit LDA 20SoH Copy he dcta Lirto Afom

L DAX LÞAX
Copy he data
he Cote

/6 ht STA 20 7oH Copy te dat b

2·D LN 8 6it LN O7H

OUT& but
Aceept (Aead?
devie And dah byt hcm an
oUT OI H plaee et
Sent (tuute) datr byte dsom
som kee Aceuredates
 Subtha ton :
Deco wment -
Dncrement beTo 8 bit Contentes a Aigstea
Leeaton Can be lncaemeto s doerometed
(such is DE
es l6 bt conteno a a aogsto paiY (aveh
Hho coeueuted by Can e
Be) Cam he tneame nled or de eoy larates

Logical opeiatons
ehit humbes ,0r
AND ,OR Belusive OR i ANDed Oßod
oty lonton Can be
logady
aeeuuilato. yue
.-ORd tueth he Contents a te
ane bteod in
£aeh biit in dee Acemulato Can be shied eitey
Rotate
to dho hont poston.
Aight to
yARy a-bit humbn, the Cotent e a Aepster
locatm Can be (ontents

He contends e< aeeumulatn Can bo comple

-mehtod oplaad
by 0s
pray Anstauetins allers he
peiatons conditionally tnendetbnclly
Pgrom eruton ether
sefuna
dieision making procoss dn brosraming, Fhese
he tns
Condeton
thurtien Lasl for a c ain
and
Cay ty)
6 Call kehutn and kestast- hes dn stsetohs chenço
Am a sbheuhine hs Codiomal Call and Rotun inyt

(:) Maekne conthol pesato,’ Halt, Loteaud or do noting

 astruti'on clasiicatoin - A, in shuet1on bihay
dluwgnad nside a micropreceseL to peifon a
fometon. the ertie oup t nstrutine Called ee inshueb
Set
Boe s instuetbns can be caiied anto he
fmttonal Catagoues
O ata -tanter (copy) operatois
Aaithmetie opeate'n
braneig epeatto
Maeinecontol apeations.
Data taomter Ceop) opeatoins - Ru peup at nstueten
cepios data from a locat0n Called a soree to Qnothee locatien,
Called oa desinahon, ehout he contents t

Exo wnple
Betwien Registeis 9inte

eitie data bte to

7a aegisten ma menoy lacaton Load Aaguke
32H
Betueen e
maunry Lecatón (3 Cro m h
and a agisten remy lacaton 2000H
to
Betueen an Clo denèe Qnd
4 From an
board to tee
Accuulaton.
@Anithmhe opiatron
ny 9 bit hmbe, ho Colents Y
Locaton Can be added to eo coHerds
he aceemulato. anl
be colded
Contenti B Canno he cdded
Anstuethon
dihelly <)
eKeeption, t adds l6bt dat dieity Rogiste4