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vi Preface

A distinguishing feature of the text, from its inception, is the in-depth coverage of radi-
ation heat transfer in Chapter 12 Radiation: Processes and Properties. The content of the
chapter is perhaps more relevant today than ever. However, Section 12.9 can be covered
in an advanced course. Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces may be covered as
time permits, or in an intermediate heat transfer course.
The material in Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer is relevant to many contemporary
applications ranging from chemical processing to biotechnology, and should be covered in
entirety in an introductory heat and mass transfer course. However, if problems involving
stationary media are solely of interest, Section 14.2 may be omitted or covered in a follow-
on course.

Heat Transfer Usage of this text for a first course in heat transfer might be structured as
follows.
The suggested coverage of Chapters 1 through 5 is identical to that for a course in heat
and mass transfer described above. Before beginning Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection,
it is recommended that the definition of mass transfer, provided in the introductory remarks
of Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer, be reviewed with students. With the definition of
mass transfer firmly in hand, remaining content that focuses on, for example, Fick’s law,
Sherwood and Schmidt numbers, and evaporative cooling will be apparent and need not be
covered. For example, within Chapter 6, Section 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer,
Section 6.2.2 Mass Transfer, Section 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy, and
Section 6.7.2. Evaporative Cooling may be skipped in entirety.
Chapter 7 External Flow coverage is the same as recommended for the first course
in heat and mass transfer, above. Components of Chapter 7 that can be skipped, such as
Example 7.3, will be evident. Section 8.9 Convection Mass Transfer may be skipped in
Chapter 8 Internal Flow while Section 9.10 Convection Mass Transfer in Chapter 9 Free
Convection need not be covered.
The recommended coverage in Chapters 10 through 13 is the same as for a first course
in heat and mass transfer, above. Except for its introductory remarks, Chapter 14 Diffusion
Mass Transfer is not included in a heat transfer course.
End-of-chapter problems involving mass transfer and/or evaporative cooling that
should not be assigned in a heat transfer course are clustered toward the end of problem
sets, and are identified with appropriate headings.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank our many colleagues and their students who have offered valuable sug-
gestions through the years. For this edition, we thank Laurent Pilon of the University of
California, Los Angeles for his suggestions that have enhanced the presentation of transient
conduction in Chapter 5. We also express our appreciation to three practicing engineers,
Haifan Liang, Umesh Mather, and Hilbert Li, for their advice that has improved the cover-
age of thermoelectric power generation and extended surfaces in Chapter 3, and gaseous
radiation in Chapter 13.
Appreciation is extended to Matthew Jones of Brigham Young University for improv-
ing the table of blackbody radiation functions of Chapter 12. Finally, we are grateful to
John Abraham of the University of St. Thomas for his many helpful suggestions regarding
the content of Chapter 7.
 Preface vii

In closing, we remain deeply grateful to our spouses, Tricia and Greg, for the love they
have shared and the patience they have practiced over the past 15 years.

Theodore L. Bergman ([email protected])

Lawrence, Kansas

Adrienne S. Lavine ([email protected])

Los Angeles, California

Supplemental and Web Site Material

The companion web site for the text is www.wiley.com/college/bergman. By clicking on

appropriate links, students may access Answers to Selected Homework Problems and the
Supplemental Material Handouts of the text. Supplemental Sections are identified
throughout the text with the icon shown in the margin to the left.
Material available for instructors only includes that which is available to students and a
Homework Correlation Guide, the Solutions Manual, the Lecture PowerPoint Slides,
and an Image Gallery that includes electronic versions of figures from the text for those
wishing to prepare their own materials for classroom presentation. The Instructor Solutions
Manual is copyrighted material for use only by instructors who require the text for their course.1
Interactive Heat Transfer 4.0 is available at the companion web site at no cost for
both students and instructors. As described by the authors in the Approach and Organiza-
tion section, this simple-to-use software tool provides modeling and computational features
useful in solving many problems in the text, and it enables rapid what-if and exploratory
analysis of many types of problems.

1
Excerpts from the Solutions Manual may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis
for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted.
Any other reproduction or translation of the contents of the Solutions Manual beyond that permitted by Sections 107
or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 Contents

Symbolsxix

chapter 1  Introduction 1

1.1 What and How? 2

1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 3
1.2.1 Conduction  3
1.2.2 Convection  6
1.2.3 Radiation  8
1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept   12
1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics 12
1.3.1 Relationship to the First Law of Thermodynamics
(Conservation of Energy)   13
1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the
Efficiency of Heat Engines   28
1.4 Units and Dimensions 33
1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology 35
x Contents

1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer 38

1.7 Summary 42
References 45
Problems 45

chapter 2   Introduction to Conduction 59

2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation 60

2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter 62
2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity  63
2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties   70
2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation 74
2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 82
2.5 Summary 86
References 87
Problems 87

chapter 3   One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 99

3.1 The Plane Wall 100

3.1.1 Temperature Distribution  100
3.1.2 Thermal Resistance  102
3.1.3 The Composite Wall   103
3.1.4 Contact Resistance  105
3.1.5 Porous Media  107
3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis 121
3.3 Radial Systems 125
3.3.1 The Cylinder  125
3.3.2 The Sphere  130
3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results 131
3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation 131
3.5.1 The Plane Wall   132
3.5.2 Radial Systems  138
3.5.3 Tabulated Solutions  139
3.5.4 Application of Resistance Concepts   139
3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces 143
3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis   145
3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area   147
3.6.3 Fin Performance Parameters   153
3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area   156
3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency   159
3.7 Other Applications of One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 163
3.7.1 The Bioheat Equation   163
3.7.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation   167
3.7.3 Nanoscale Conduction  175
3.8 Summary 179
References 181
Problems 182
 Contents xi

chapter 4   Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 209

4.1 General Considerations and Solution Techniques 210

4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 211
4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate 215
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations 221
4.4.1 The Nodal Network   221
4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: No Generation and Constant Properties   222
4.4.3 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: The Energy Balance Method   223
4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations 230
4.5.1 Formulation as a Matrix Equation   230
4.5.2 Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution   231
4.6 Summary 236
References 237
Problems 237
4S.1 The Graphical Method W-1
4S.1.1 Methodology of Constructing a Flux Plot   W-1
4S.1.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate   W-2
4S.1.3 The Conduction Shape Factor   W-3
4S.2 The Gauss-Seidel Method: Example of Usage W-5
References W-10
Problems W-10

chapter 5  Transient Conduction 253

5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method 254

5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method 257
5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis 261
5.3.1 Radiation Only  262
5.3.2 Negligible Radiation  262
5.3.3 Convection Only with Variable Convection Coefficient   263
5.3.4 Additional Considerations  263
5.4 Spatial Effects 272
5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection 273
5.5.1 Exact Solution  274
5.5.2 Approximate Solution  274
5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solution   276
5.5.4 Additional Considerations  276
5.6 Radial Systems with Convection 277
5.6.1 Exact Solutions  277
5.6.2 Approximate Solutions  278
5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solutions   278
5.6.4 Additional Considerations  279
5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid 284
5.8 Objects with Constant Surface Temperatures or Surface
Heat Fluxes 291
5.8.1 Constant Temperature Boundary Conditions   291
5.8.2 Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions   293
5.8.3 Approximate Solutions  294
xii Contents

5.9 Periodic Heating 301

5.10 Finite-Difference Methods 304
5.10.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method   304
5.10.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method   311
5.11 Summary 318
References 319
Problems 319
5S.1 Graphical Representation of One-Dimensional, Transient Conduction in the
Plane Wall, Long Cylinder, and Sphere W-12
5S.2 Analytical Solutions of Multidimensional Effects W-16
References W-22
Problems W-22

chapter 6   Introduction to Convection 341

6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers 342

6.1.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer   342
6.1.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer   343
6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer   345
6.1.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers   346
6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients 346
6.2.1 Heat Transfer  346
6.2.2 Mass Transfer  347
6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 353
6.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers   353
6.3.2 Laminar and Turbulent Thermal and Species Concentration
Boundary Layers   355
6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations 358
6.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow   359
6.4.2 Compressible Flow  362
6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations 362
6.5.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters   363
6.5.2 Dependent Dimensionless Parameters   363
6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters 372
6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies 374
6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy   375
6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling  378
6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy   381
6.8 Summary 382
References 383
Problems 384
6S.1 Derivation of the Convection Transfer Equations W-25
6S.1.1 Conservation of Mass   W-25
6S.1.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion   W-26
6S.1.3 Conservation of Energy   W-29
6S.1.4 Conservation of Species   W-32
References W-36
Problems W-36
 Contents xiii

chapter 7  External Flow 395

7.1 The Empirical Method 397

7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 398
7.2.1 Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate: A Similarity Solution   399
7.2.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate   405
7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions   406
7.2.4 Unheated Starting Length   407
7.2.5 Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions   408
7.2.6 Limitations on Use of Convection Coefficients   409
7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation 409
7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow 417
7.4.1 Flow Considerations  417
7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer   419
7.5 The Sphere 427
7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 430
7.7 Impinging Jets 439
7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations   439
7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer   440
7.8 Packed Beds 444
7.9 Summary 445
References 448
Problems 448

chapter 8  Internal Flow 469

8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 470

8.1.1 Flow Conditions  470
8.1.2 The Mean Velocity   471
8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region   472
8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully
Developed Flow   474
8.2 Thermal Considerations 475
8.2.1 The Mean Temperature   476
8.2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling   477
8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions   477
8.3 The Energy Balance 481
8.3.1 General Considerations  481
8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux   482
8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature   485
8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and
Convection Correlations 489
8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region   489
8.4.2 The Entry Region   494
8.4.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties  496
8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes 496
8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric
Tube Annulus 504
8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement 507
xiv Contents

8.8 Forced Convection in Small Channels 510

8.8.1 Microscale Convection in Gases (0.1 µ m  Dh  100 µ m)  510
8.8.2 Microscale Convection in Liquids   511
8.8.3 Nanoscale Convection (Dh  100 nm)   512
8.9 Convection Mass Transfer 515
8.10 Summary 517
References 520
Problems 521

chapter 9  Free Convection 539

9.1 Physical Considerations 540

9.2 The Governing Equations for Laminar Boundary Layers 542
9.3 Similarity Considerations 544
9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface 545
9.5 The Effects of Turbulence 548
9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows 550
9.6.1 The Vertical Plate   551
9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates   554
9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder   559
9.6.4 Spheres  563
9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels 564
9.7.1 Vertical Channels  565
9.7.2 Inclined Channels  567
9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures 567
9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities  567
9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders  570
9.8.3 Concentric Spheres  571
9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection 573
9.10 Convection Mass Transfer 574
9.11 Summary 575
References 576
Problems 577

chapter 10   Boiling and Condensation 595

10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 596

10.2 Boiling Modes 597
10.3 Pool Boiling 598
10.3.1 The Boiling Curve   598
10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling   599
10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 602
10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling   602
10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling   604
10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux   605
10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling   605
10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling   606
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 Contents xv

10.5 Forced Convection Boiling 611

10.5.1 External Forced Convection Boiling   612
10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow  612
10.5.3 Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels   615
10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms 615
10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate 617
10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation 621
10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems 626
10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes 631
10.11 Dropwise Condensation 632
10.12 Summary 633
References 633
Problems 635

chapter 11  Heat Exchangers 645

11.1 Heat Exchanger Types 646

11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 648
11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean
Temperature Difference 651
11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger   652
11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger   654
11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions   655
11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method 662
11.4.1 Definitions  662
11.4.2 Effectiveness–NTU Relations  663
11.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations 670
11.6 Additional Considerations 679
11.7 Summary 687
References 688
Problems 688
11S.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference Method for Multipass and
Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers W-40
11S.2 Compact Heat Exchangers W-44
References W-49
Problems W-50

chapter 12   Radiation: Processes and Properties 701

12.1 Fundamental Concepts 702

12.2 Radiation Heat Fluxes 705
12.3 Radiation Intensity 707
12.3.1 Mathematical Definitions  707
12.3.2 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Emission   708
12.3.3 Relation to Irradiation   713
12.3.4 Relation to Radiosity for an Opaque Surface   715
12.3.5 Relation to the Net Radiative Flux for an Opaque Surface   716
xvi Contents

12.4 Blackbody Radiation 716

12.4.1 The Planck Distribution   717
12.4.2 Wien’s Displacement Law   718
12.4.3 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law   718
12.4.4 Band Emission  719
12.5 Emission from Real Surfaces 726
12.6 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces 735
12.6.1 Absorptivity  736
12.6.2 Reflectivity  737
12.6.3 Transmissivity  739
12.6.4 Special Considerations  739
12.7 Kirchhoff’s Law 744
12.8 The Gray Surface 746
12.9 Environmental Radiation 752
12.9.1 Solar Radiation  753
12.9.2 The Atmospheric Radiation Balance   755
12.9.3 Terrestrial Solar Irradiation   757
12.10 Summary 760
References 764
Problems 764

chapter 13   Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 785

13.1 The View Factor 786

13.1.1 The View Factor Integral   786
13.1.2 View Factor Relations   787
13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 796
13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in
an Enclosure 800
13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface   801
13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces   802
13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure   808
13.3.4 Two-Surface Enclosures in Series and Radiation Shields   810
13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface   812
13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer 817
13.5 Implications of the Simplifying Assumptions 820
13.6 Radiation Exchange with Participating Media 820
13.6.1 Volumetric Absorption  820
13.6.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption   821
13.7 Summary 825
References 826
Problems 827

chapter 14   Diffusion Mass Transfer 849

14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 850

14.1.1 Physical Origins  850
14.1.2 Mixture Composition  851
14.1.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion   852
14.1.4 Mass Diffusivity  853
 Contents xvii

14.2 Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media 855

14.2.1 Absolute and Diffusive Species Fluxes   855
14.2.2 Evaporation in a Column   858
14.3 The Stationary Medium Approximation 863
14.4 Conservation of Species for a Stationary Medium 863
14.4.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume   864
14.4.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation   864
14.4.3 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations   866
14.5 Boundary Conditions and Discontinuous Concentrations at Interfaces 870
14.5.1 Evaporation and Sublimation   871
14.5.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids and Solids   871
14.5.3 Catalytic Surface Reactions   876
14.6 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 878
14.7 Transient Diffusion 881
14.8 Summary 887
References 888
Problems 888

appendix A   Thermophysical Properties of Matter 897

appendix B   Mathematical Relations and Functions 929

appendix C   Thermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy

Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems 935

appendix D   The Gauss–Seidel Method 941

appendix E   The Convection Transfer Equations 943

E.1 Conservation of Mass 944

E.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 944
E.3 Conservation of Energy 945
E.4 Conservation of Species 946

appendix F   Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow 947

appendix G   An Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for

Parallel Flow over a Flat Plate 951

Conversion Factors 955

Physical Constants 956

Index 957
Symbols

A area, m2 Fo Fourier number

Ab area of prime (unfinned) surface, m2 Fr Froude number
Ac cross-sectional area, m2 f friction factor; similarity variable
Ap fin profile area, m2 G irradiation, W/m2; mass velocity, kg/s ⋅ m2
Ar nozzle area ratio Gr Grashof number
a acceleration, m/s2; speed of sound, m/s Gz Graetz number
Bi Biot number g gravitational acceleration, m/s2
Bo Bond number H nozzle height, m; Henry’s constant, bar
C molar concentration, kmol/m3; heat capacity h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K;
rate, W/K Planck’s constant, J ⋅ s
CD drag coefficient hfg latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
Cf friction coefficient hfg′ modified heat of vaporization, J/kg
Ct thermal capacitance, J/K hsf latent heat of fusion, J/kg
Co Confinement number hm convection mass transfer coefficient, m/s
c specific heat, J/kg ⋅ K; speed of light, m/s hrad radiation heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K
cp specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg ⋅ K I electric current, A; radiation intensity, W/m2 ⋅ sr
cv specific heat at constant volume, J/kg ⋅ K i electric current density, A/m2; enthalpy per unit
D diameter, m mass, J/kg
DAB binary mass diffusivity, m2/s J radiosity, W/m2
Db bubble diameter, m Ja Jakob number
Dh hydraulic diameter, m J*i diffusive molar flux of species i relative to the
d diameter of gas molecule, nm mixture molar average velocity, kmol/s ⋅ m2
E thermal plus mechanical energy, J; electric ji diffusive mass flux of species i relative to the
potential, V; emissive power, W/m2 mixture mass average velocity, kg/s ⋅ m2
E tot total energy, J jH Colburn j factor for heat transfer
Ec Eckert number jm Colburn j factor for mass transfer
E g rate of energy generation, W k thermal conductivity, W/m ⋅ K
E in rate of energy transfer into a control volume, W kB Boltzmann’s constant, J/K
E out rate of energy transfer out of control volume, W k0 zero-order, homogeneous reaction rate
E st rate of increase of energy stored within a control constant, kmol/s ⋅ m3
volume, W k1 first-order, homogeneous reaction rate
e thermal internal energy per unit mass, J/kg; constant, s−1
surface roughness, m k1″ first-order, surface reaction rate constant, m/s
F force, N; fraction of blackbody radiation in a L length, m
wavelength band; view factor Le Lewis number
xx Symbols

M i rate of transfer of mass for species i, kg/s ro cylinder or sphere radius, m

M i,g rate of increase of mass of species i due to r, φ , z cylindrical coordinates
chemical reactions, kg/s r, θ , φ spherical coordinates
M in rate at which mass enters a control volume, kg/s S solubility, kmol/m3 ⋅ atm; shape factor for
M out rate at which mass leaves a control  two-dimensional conduction, m; nozzle
volume, kg/s pitch, m; plate spacing, m; Seebeck
M st rate of increase of mass stored within a coefficient, V/K
control volume, kg/s Sc solar constant, W/m2
ℳi molecular weight of species i, kg/kmol SD, SL, ST diagonal, longitudinal, and transverse pitch
Ma Mach number of a tube bank, m
m mass, kg Sc Schmidt number
m mass flow rate, kg/s Sh Sherwood number
mi mass fraction of species i, ρ i /ρ St Stanton number
N integer number T temperature, K
NL, NT number of tubes in longitudinal and t time, s
transverse directions U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 ⋅ K;
Nu Nusselt number internal energy, J
NTU number of transfer units u, v, w mass average fluid velocity components, m/s
Ni molar transfer rate of species i relative to u*, v*, w* molar average velocity components, m/s
fixed coordinates, kmol/s V volume, m3; fluid velocity, m/s
Ni″ molar flux of species i relative to fixed v specific volume, m3/kg
coordinates, kmol/s ⋅ m2 W width of a slot nozzle, m

N i molar rate of increase of species i per unit 
W rate at which work is performed, W
volume due to chemical reactions, We Weber number
kmol/s ⋅ m3 X vapor quality
N i″ surface reaction rate of species i, Xtt Martinelli parameter
kmol/s ⋅ m2 X, Y, Z components of the body force per unit
Avogadro’s number volume, N/m3
ni″ mass flux of species i relative to fixed x, y, z rectangular coordinates, m
coordinates, kg/s ⋅ m2 xc critical location for transition to turbulence, m
ni mass rate of increase of species i per unit xfd,c concentration entry length, m
volume due to chemical reactions, xfd,h hydrodynamic entry length, m
kg/s ⋅ m3 xfd,t thermal entry length, m
P power, W; perimeter, m xi mole fraction of species i, Ci /C
PL , PT dimensionless longitudinal and transverse Z thermoelectric material property, K−1
pitch of a tube bank
Pe Peclet number Greek Letters
Pr Prandtl number α thermal diffusivity, m2/s; accommodation
p pressure, N/m2 coefficient; absorptivity
Q energy transfer, J β volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, K−1
q heat transfer rate, W Γ mass flow rate per unit width in film

q rate of energy generation per unit condensation, kg/s ⋅ m
volume, W/m3 γ ratio of specific heats
q′ heat transfer rate per unit length, W/m δ hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, m
q″ heat flux, W/m2 δ c concentration boundary layer thickness, m
q* dimensionless conduction heat rate δp thermal penetration depth, m
R cylinder radius, m; gas constant, J/kg ⋅ K δ t thermal boundary layer thickness, m
ℛ universal gas constant, J/kmol ⋅ K ε emissivity; porosity; heat exchanger
Ra Rayleigh number effectiveness
Re Reynolds number εf fin effectiveness
Re electric resistance, Ω η thermodynamic efficiency; similarity variable
Rf fouling factor, m2 ⋅ K/W ηf fin efficiency
Rm mass transfer resistance, s/m3 ηo overall efficiency of fin array
Rm,n residual for the m, n nodal point θ zenith angle, rad; temperature difference, K
Rt thermal resistance, K/W κ absorption coefficient, m−1
Rt,c thermal contact resistance, K/W λ wavelength, µm
Rt,f fin thermal resistance, K/W λ mfp mean free path length, nm
Rt,o thermal resistance of fin array, K/W µ viscosity, kg/s ⋅ m
Symbols xxi

ν kinematic viscosity, m2/s; frequency of L based on characteristic length

radiation, s−1 l saturated liquid conditions
ρ mass density, kg/m3; reflectivity lat latent energy
ρe electric resistivity, Ω/m lm log mean condition
σ Stefan–Boltzmann constant, W/m2 ⋅ K4; electrical m mean value over a tube cross section
conductivity, 1/Ω ⋅ m; normal viscous stress, max maximum
N/m2; surface tension, N/m N natural (free) convection
Φ viscous dissipation function, s−2 o center or midplane condition; tube outlet
volume fraction condition; outer
φ azimuthal angle, rad p momentum
ψ stream function, m2/s ph phonon
τ shear stress, N/m2; transmissivity R reradiating surface
ω solid angle, sr; perfusion rate, s−1 r, ref reflected radiation
rad radiation
Subscripts S solar conditions
A, B species in a binary mixture s surface conditions; solid properties;
abs absorbed saturated solid conditions
am arithmetic mean sat saturated conditions
atm atmospheric sens sensible energy
b base of an extended surface; blackbody sky sky conditions
C Carnot ss steady state
c cross-sectional; concentration; cold; critical sur surroundings
cr critical insulation thickness t thermal
cond conduction tr transmitted
conv convection v saturated vapor conditions
CF counterflow x local conditions on a surface
D diameter; drag λ spectral
dif diffusion ∞ free stream conditions
e excess; emission; electron
evap evaporation
Superscripts
f fluid properties; fin conditions; saturated liquid
* molar average; dimensionless quantity
conditions; film
tot total energy (all forms)
F forced convection
fd fully developed conditions
g saturated vapor conditions Overbar
h hydrodynamic; hot; helical average conditions; time mean
i general species designation; inner surface; initial
condition; tube inlet condition; incident
radiation
 C h a p t e r

Introduction 1
Other documents randomly have
different content
been appreciated at its full worth. Not one of these dames but had
cherished a secret longing to show off her front room to Sidney—but
so far he knew only the mundane comfortableness of the “setting-
rooms.”
Mrs. Winder had scored largely that day.
And the meeting was not over.
Mrs. Ranger had been irritated that afternoon in various ways.
Vashti’s smile when she entered had made Mrs. Ranger
uncomfortable.
“Although,” as she said to Mrs. Winder, “what could she expect?
My sakes! I don’t care if she did hear me! It’s all gospel truth and
what can she expect, being the preacher’s wife, but to be talked
about?”
What indeed?
Then, too, Mrs. Ranger felt Mrs. Winder had indulged in
reprehensibly sharp practice in regard to the front room—and—but it
is needless to enumerate the different irritations which, combined,
made Mrs. Ranger venomous. She felt she must ease the pressure
upon her patience by giving someone’s character a thorough
overhauling; so with a side look at Temperance, and a tightening of
her meagre mouth, she began to speak of Lanty.
Now in Dole, if any subject was brought up which hurt or pained
you, you were expected to look indifferent, make no reply, and strive
by keeping a calm front to deny the honour of putting on the shoe
when it fitted.
The Spartan boy’s heroism has often been outdone by women
who smiled and smiled whilst venomous tongues seared their hearts.
So Mrs. Ranger began boldly, as one does who fires from under
cover at an unarmed foe.
But Temperance had been so long one of the Lansing family that
she had assimilated a little of their “unexpectedness,” and as Mrs.
Ranger continued her remarks, egged on by acquiescing nods from
the older women, there began to gather upon the brow of
Temperance a deep black cloud.
Mrs. Ranger paused in her harangue to gather breath for her
peroration, when suddenly the thread of talk was plucked from her
ready lips by the strident voice of Temperance, who, rising to her
feet, and gathering her sewing together as she spoke, proceeded to
deliver herself of an opinion upon the charity of the women about
her. In whatever particular that opinion erred, it certainly merited
praise for its frankness. After Temperance had indulged in a few
pungent generalizations she narrowed her remarks to Mrs. Ranger’s
case. Never in all the annals of Dole had any woman received such a
“setting out” from the tongue of another as Mrs. Ranger received
that day from Temperance. Temperance spoke with a knowledge of
her subject which gave play to all the eloquence she was capable of;
she discussed and disposed of Mrs. Ranger’s forbears even to the
third generation, and when she allowed herself finally to speak of
Mrs. Ranger in person, she expressed herself with a freedom and
decision which could only have been the result of settled opinion.
“As for your tongue, Mrs. Ranger, to my mind, it’s a deal like a
snake’s tail—it will keep on moving after the rest of you is dead.”
With which remark Temperance departed from the sewing circle
which had metaphorically squared itself to resist the swift onslaught
of her invectives; she gathered her skirts about her as she passed
through the room, with the air of one fain to avoid contamination,
and stepping forth as one who shakes the dust from off her prunella
shoes as a testimony against those she is leaving, she took the road
home. Temperance’s mouth was very grim, and a hectic spot burned
the sallowness of her cheeks, but she said to herself as she strode
off briskly:
“Well—I ’spose it’s onchristian, but it’s a mighty relief t’ have told
that Mrs. Ranger just once what I think of her—but oh! pore Lanty
and pore, pore M’bella! To think it should come about like this!”
 And the red spots upon her cheeks were extinguished by bitter
tears.
The sewing circle broke up in confusion; one could only hear a
chorus of “Well—I declare!” “It beats all!” “Did you ever!” as the
ladies bundled their work together—each eager to get home to
spread the news and to discuss the matter with her husband.
And that night in the starlight Mabella waited at the little gate
listening for the hoof beats of Lanty’s horse from one side, and the
cry of little Dorothy from the house behind her.
And when Lanty came—alas! What “God’s glowworms” in the sky
revealed, we shall not say.
But we will echo the words of Temperance—“Pore Lanty—pore,
pore M’bella!”
 CHAPTER XII.
The Ann Serrup of whom the sewing circle had whispered, was
one of those melancholy scapegoats found, alas! in nearly every
rural community, and lost in cities among myriads of her kind. She
had lived in the Brixton parish all her life, but had lately come with
her shame to a little house within the precincts of Dole. Left at
thirteen the only sister among four drunken brothers much older
than herself, the only gospel preached at—not to—her had been the
terrorism of consequences. Like all false gospels this one had proved
a broken reed—and not only broken but empoisoned. The
unfathered child of this poor girl had been born about a year prior to
her appearance in Dole.
Mabella’s heart went out to the forlorn creature, and a few days
after the memorable meeting at Mrs. Winder’s she set forth to visit
her, leaving Dorothy in charge of Temperance. It was a calm, sweet
season. The shadow of white clouds lay upon the earth, and as
Mabella walked along the country roads the chrism of the gentle day
seemed to be laid upon her aching heart. For a space, in
consideration of the needs of the poor creature to whom she was
going, Mabella forgot the shadows which dogged her own steps.
She was going on a little absent-mindedly, when at a sudden turn
in the road she came upon Vashti, who had paused and was
standing looking, great-eyed, across the fields to where the sun
smote the windows of Lanty’s house.
“Well, Mabella,” she said, taking the initiative in the conversation
as became the “preacher’s wife.” “Where are you going?”
“I’m going to see Ann Serrup,” said Mabella. “I’ve wished to do so
for some time—how plainly you can see our house from here.”
“Yes—how’s Lanty?”
 “He’s very well—haven’t you seen him lately?—he looks splendid.”
“I didn’t mean his looks,” said Vashti with emphasis.
“Well, one’s looks are generally the sign of how one feels,” said
Mabella bravely, although she winced beneath Vashti’s regard. “And
Vashti, Dorothy can speak, she——”
Vashti broke in with the inconsiderateness of a childless woman.
“Do you know anything about Ann Serrup? Is she penitent?”
“I—I don’t know,” said Mabella hesitatingly (she had heard most
unpromising accounts of Ann’s state of mind, “Fair rampageous,”
Temperance had said), “she has suffered a great deal.”
“She has sinned a great deal,” said Vashti sententiously.
They walked on almost in silence, and ere long stood before the
low-lying, desolate dwelling.
A girl came to the open door as they drew near—poorly but neatly
clad, and with tightly rolled hair. A girl in years—a woman in
experience. A child stood tottering beside her.
“Come in,” she said to them before they had time to speak, “come
in and set down.”
She picked up the child, and unceremoniously tucking him under
one arm, set two chairs side by side; then put the baby down and
stood as one before her accusers. Her brows were a little sullen; her
mouth irresolute. Her expression discontented and peevish, as of
one weary of uncomprehended rebuke. The baby clutched her dress,
and eyed the visitors placidly, quite unaware that his presence was
disgraceful.
Mabella looked at the little figure standing tottering upon its
uncertain legs; the little dress was so grotesquely ill-made; the
sleeves were little square sacks; the skirt was as wide at the neck as
at the hem. She thought of her well-clad Dorothy and her heart
went out to the desolate pair.
 The mother, tired of Vashti’s cold, condemnatory scrutiny, began
to shift uneasily from one foot to the other.
“What’s your baby’s name?” asked Mabella, her sympathies urging
her to take precedence of the preacher’s wife.
“Reuben,” said Ann.
“Reuben what?” demanded Vashti in sepulchral tones.
“Jest Reuben—Reuben was my father’s name”—then with fretful
irritation—“jest Reuben.”
“Is your child deformed?” asked Vashti suddenly, eyeing with
disfavour the little chest and shoulders where the ill-made frock
stuck out so pitifully.
“Deformed!” cried Ann, the pure mother in her aroused; “there
ain’t a better-shaped baby in Dole than my Reub.”
She sat down upon the floor, and, it seemed to Mabella, with two
movements, unclothed the child, and holding him out cried
indignantly—
“Look at him, Missus Martin, look at him! and if you know what a
baby’s like when you see one you’ll know he’s jest perfect—ain’t he,
Missus Lansing? Ain’t he? You know, don’t you?”
Vashti glared in fixed disapproval at the baby, who regarded her
not at all, but after a leisurely and contemplative survey of himself
began to investigate the marvels of his feet, becoming as thoroughly
absorbed in the mysteries of his own toes as we older infants do in
our theories. “He’s a beautiful baby—I’m sure you are very proud of
him,” said Mabella kindly. Then her gaze rested upon the two poor
garments which had formed all the baby’s costume. Tears filled her
eyes as she saw the scrap of red woollen edging sewn clumsily upon
the little yellow cotton shirt.
“I’m afraid you are not used to sewing much,” she said, “it was the
clothes which spoiled the baby.”
 Ann, who, unstable as water, never remained in the same mood
for ten minutes together, began to cry softly, rocking back and forth
sometimes.
“Oh, I wisht I was dead! I do. I never was learned nothing. ’Scuse
me if I spoke up to you, Missus Martin, but I’m that ignerent! And
you the preacher’s lady too! My! I dunno how I came t’ be so bad. I
guess I’m jest real condemned bad; but I haint had no chance, I
haint; never a mother, not so much as a grandma. Nothing but a
tormented old aunt. And brothers! Lord! I’m sick of brotherses and
men. I jest can’t abear the sight of a man, and I’m that ignerent.
Lord! I can’t make clo’es for Reub, now he is here.” Then vehemently
—“I am jest dead sick of men.”
“But, think,” said Mabella soothingly, “when Reuben is a man he’ll
look after you and take care of you.”
“Yes—I s’pose he will,” said Ann, drying her eyes; then, with a
sudden change of mood, she began smiling bravely. “Say—he’s that
knowin’! You wouldn’t believe it; if I’m agoin’ out in a hurry I give
him sometimes an old sugar rag, but he knows the difference, right
smart he does, and he jest won’t touch it if ’taint new filled; and”—
with a touch of awe as at a more subtle phenomenon—“he yawned
like a big person when he was two days old.”
“Why, so did my baby,” said Mabella in utter astonishment that
another baby had done anything so extraordinary.
“Are you coming, Mabella?” said Vashti austerely from the
doorway.
Direst disapproval darkened her countenance. Ann’s mutable face
clouded at the words.
“Yes, I’m coming,” said Mabella hastily to Vashti, then she turned
to Ann. “I will send you some patterns to cut his dress by,” she said.
“It’s very hard at first; Temperance helped me; I’ll mark all the
pieces so that you’ll know how to place them,” then she went close
to Ann and put a trembling hand upon her arm.
 “Ann,” she said, “promise that you’ll never do anything wicked
again—promise you’ll never make your baby ashamed of you.”
“No, I won’t; I’ve had enough of all that—you’ll be sure to send a
pattering with a yoke?” inquired Ann eagerly.
Poor Ann! Her one virtue of neatness was for the moment
degraded to a vice; she so thoroughly slighted the spirit of Mabella’s
speech. But Mabella, out of the depths of her motherly experience,
pardoned this.
“Yes, I will send the nicest patterns I have,” she said.
“Soon?”
“Soon—and Ann—you’ll come to church next Sunday?”
Ann began to whimper.
“Oh, I hate t’ be a poppyshow! and all the girls do stare so, and
——”
“Ann,” said Mabella pleadingly, “you’ll come?”
“Yes, I’ll come, Missus Lansing, being as you want me to,” then
another swift change of mood overtook the poor, variable creature.
“They kin stare if they want to! I could tell things! Some of ’em
ain’t no better nor me if all was known. I’ll jest come to spite ’em
out. You see—I’ll be there.”
“I shall be so glad,” said Mabella gently, having the rare wisdom to
ignore side issues. “I’ll see you, then.”
“Oh, Lor’,” said Ann, whimpering again, “ye won’t want to see me
when other folkses are around, and I s’pose you’ve got a white dress
and blue ribbings for church, or red bows, like as not. Lor’! Lor’!
what ’tis to be born lucky. ‘Better lucky nor rich,’ I’ve heard said
ofting and ofting, and it’s true, dreadful true. I never had no luck;
neither had mother; she never could cook anything without burning
it, and when she dyed ’twas allus streaky! I’ve heard Aunt Ann say
that ofting and ofting; he is a fine baby, isn’t he?” she broke off
abruptly.
 “Yes, indeed,” said Mabella heartily. “Good-bye, Ann,” and stooping
she kissed the girl and went out and down the path. Ann stood
gazing after her.
“She kissed me,” she said dully, then in an echo-like voice
repeated “kissed me.”
The old clock ticked loudly, the kettle sang on the fire, the baby
fell over with a soft thud upon the floor. Ann sat down beside him,
and clasping him to her breast cried bitterly to herself, and as has
been often the case, the mother’s sobs lullabyed the child to a soft
and peaceful sleep. She rose, with the art which comes with even
unblessed motherhood, without waking the child, and laid him down
gently.
“I know she won’t send a pattering with a yoke,” she said in the
tone of one who warns herself against hoping too much.
Meanwhile Mabella sped after Vashti; she overtook her in about a
mile.
“Goodness, Vashti,” said Mabella; “I’m sure you need not have
hurried so! I’m all out of breath catching up.”
“Well, I couldn’t stand it any longer,” said Vashti.
“Stand what?” demanded Mabella, a little irritated by Vashti’s
ponderosity of manner.
“That exhibition,” said Vashti with a gesture to the forlorn house,
which somehow looked pitiably naked and unsheltered. “It was
disgusting! To go about petting people like that is putting a premium
upon vice.”
Mabella laughed.
“You dear old Vashti,” she said, “you said that as if you had been
the preacher himself—what the world could I say to her? standing
there with that poor child.” A sudden break interrupted her speech.
“Oh, Vashti,” she said, “isn’t it terrible? Think of that baby; what a
difference between it and Dorothy! And so poor—so very poor;
without even a name; Vashti—you’re a lot cleverer than me; you
don’t think, do you, that they will be judged alike? You don’t think
there will be one rule for all? There will be allowances made, won’t
there?”
“I wonder at you, Mabella,” said Vashti, “putting yourself in a state
over that girl and her brat! It’s easy seeing you’ve precious little to
trouble you or you’d never carry on about Ann Serrup; a bad lot the
Serrups are, root and branch; bad they are and bad they’ll be. The
Ethiopian don’t change his spots! and as for crying and carrying on
about her! take care, Mabella, that you are not sent something to
cry for—take care.” The last ominous words uttered in Vashti’s full
rich voice made Mabella tremble. Ah—she knew and Vashti knew
how great cause she already had to weep.
“How can you talk to me like that?” she said to Vashti
passionately; “how can you? One would think you would be glad to
see me in trouble. If it’s any satisfaction to you to know it I may as
well tell you that——” Mabella arrested her speech with crimson
cheeks. What had she been about to do? To betray Lanty for the
sake of stinging Vashti into shame.
“Dear me,” said Vashti coolly; “you are growing very uncertain,
Mabella!”
“Yes, I know,” stammered Mabella. “Forgive me, Vashti.”
“Oh! It doesn’t matter about my forgiveness,” said Vashti; “but it’s
a pity to let yourself get into that excitable state.”
They were near the spot where their ways parted.
Mabella looked at Vashti, a half inclination to confide in her cousin
came to her. It would be such a help to have a confidant, but her
wifely allegiance rose to forbid any confidences regarding her
husband’s lapses; she must bear the burden alone. A lump tightened
her throat as she closed her lips resolutely. These little victories
seem small but they are costly.
 “Good-bye, Mabella,” said Vashti; “come over and have tea with us
soon.”
“I’ll come over after dinner and stay awhile with you,” said
Mabella, “but I won’t stay to supper.”
“Oh, why?” said Vashti. “Lanty can come in on his way home from
Brixton; if he turns off at the cross road he can come straight up
Winder’s lane to the parsonage. He’s often at Brixton, isn’t he?”
“Yes,” said Mabella, once more calm in her rôle of defender. “Yes,
but I’ll come over some day after dinner; Lanty likes supper at
home. He’s often tired after being in Brixton. I’ll bring Dorothy and
come over soon for a little visit.”
“Well, you might as well come all of you for supper,” said Vashti;
and somehow by a subtle intonation of the voice she conveyed to
Mabella the fact that her unconsciousness was only feigned.
As Mabella went towards home the lump in her throat dissolved in
tears; she allowed herself the rare luxury of self-pity for a little
space, then with the instinctive feeling that she must not give
footing to such weakness she pulled herself together, and went
forward where Lanty waited at the gate.
When Vashti turned away from Mabella to take the little path to
the parsonage, her heart also was wrung by regret and pain; she
had made Mabella feel, but how gladly she would have exchanged
her empty heartache for the honour of suffering for Lanty’s
misdeeds. Lanty Lansing was very handsome, very winning, with
that masterful tenderness and tender tyranny which women love;
but it is doubtful if he (or many other men) deserved the love which
these two women lavished upon him. And it must be said for Vashti
that whatever her faults were, she loved her cousin well and
constantly. His excesses rent her very heart; if she saw in them a
hope of vengeance upon Mabella she yet deplored them sincerely.
The hate which was growing in her heart against Mabella was
intensified a thousand-fold by the thought that she did not, in some
way, drag Lanty back from the pit. Had she been his wife she would
have saved him in spite of himself. The thought that the village was
sneering and whispering about her idol made her eyes venomous,
and in this mood she entered the house. Sidney was waiting for her
and suddenly there swept across the woman’s soul a terrible sense
of the relentless Destiny which she was working out. As in a mirror
she saw herself, not the free and imperious creature she had
imagined, but a serf, shackled hand and foot, so that her feet trod
the devious path prepared for them from time immemorial, and her
hands wrought painfully at a fabric whose fashion and design were
fixed by other power than her own.
And Sidney, with his pale spiritual face, his unearthly exalted eyes,
his eager-winged soul, was bound to her side. His footsteps were
constrained to hers, only it seemed that whereas the path was
chosen for her, his way was simply outlined by her will; she
remembered the strange incident which had taken her away from
the sewing circle. Again she experienced the thrill, half of fear, half
of mad unreasoning triumph, which had held her very heart in
suspense when Sidney had said, “You wished me to come at five.”
Could it be that whilst his mind was passive, whilst he slept the sleep
her waving hands induced, whilst his faculties were seemingly
numbed by the artificial slumber, could it be that he could yet grasp
her desires and awake to fulfil them? The simplest knowledge of
hypnotic suggestion would at once have given her incalculable
command over Sidney. As it was, she could only grope forward in
the darkness of half fearful and hesitating ignorance. In her advance
to the knowledge that Sidney, whilst in this sleep, was amenable to
suggestion (although she did not phrase it thus) she had skipped
one step which would have given her the key to the whole; she had
seen that he would carry out, whilst awake, a wish of hers expressed
whilst he slept. She did not know that he would have been a mere
automaton in her hands whilst he was in the hypnotic sleep, but she
told herself that she must measure and ascertain exactly the control
she had over her husband; thus nearly every day she cast the spell
of deep slumber upon him and gradually, little by little, she
discovered the potency of suggestion.
 It must be said that Sidney was entirely acquiescent to her will.
The old weird fables of people hypnotised against their wills have
long since been relegated to the limbo of forgotten and discredited
myths; and while it is certainly true that each hypnosis leaves the
subject more susceptible to hypnotic influence, it is utter rubbish to
think that influence can be acquired arbitrarily without the
concurrence of the subject. But Sidney had given himself up to the
subtle delight of these dreamless slumbers as the hasheesh-eater
delivers himself to the intoxication of his drugged dreams.
Sidney’s mind was torn by perpetual self-questionings; not about
his own personal salvation, but about his responsibility towards the
people of Dole. The more he studied the Bible the more deeply he
was impressed by the marvellous beauty of the Christ story. Never
surely had man realized more keenly than Sidney did the ineffable
pathos and self-sacrifice of the Carpenter of Galilee. Often as he
passed the little carpenter-shop where Nathan Peck came twice a
week, he entered and stood watching Nathan planing the boards,
and as the long wooden ribbons curled off before the steel, and the
odour of the wood came to his nostrils, quick with that aroma of the
forest which obtains even at the core of the oak, there surged about
Sidney’s heart all the emotions of yearning and hope, and sorrow
and despair which long, long ago had lifted That Other from a
worker in wood to be a Saviour of Souls; and he went forth from the
little carpenter-shop as one who has partaken of a sacrament. And
often he stood upon the little hill above Dole, his eyes full of tears,
remembering that immortal, irrepressible outburst of yearning, “O,
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, how often would I have gathered thy children
together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings and ye
would not!”—the poignancy of this plaint wrung Sidney’s very soul.
And how sweet it seemed to Sidney to steal away from all these
questions and questionings, to fall asleep with Vashti’s eyes looking,
as it seemed to him, deep down into his very soul, seeing the
turmoil there and easing it with the balm of her confidence and
strength—to awaken with the knowledge that there was something
Vashti wished done, something he could do. Thus, whereas the
occasions of Sidney’s acute headaches had been formerly the only
opportunity Vashti had had of experimenting with this new and
wonderful force which she so dimly understood, now it was a daily
occurrence for Sidney to cast himself down upon the green leather
couch and seek from Vashti the gift of sleep.
Thus, gradually, surely, Vashti won an ascendency over this man
which made him in every sense her tool. Happily she did not know
the full extent of her power. But if knowledge is power, certainly
power brings knowledge, and thus it was that ere long Vashti was
turning over in her mind the different ways and manners in which
she could apply this power of hers. Thus equipped with her own
unfaltering resolution and having the energy of a second person at
her command, Vashti brooded over her plans.
The night after Mabella’s visit to Ann Serrup, Lanty was at home,
and seated before the open door, was coaxing plaintive melodies
from out the old fiddle, which having been regarded as a godless
and profane instrument for several generations in his father’s family,
had at last fallen upon happy days and into appreciative hands, for
Lanty Lansing could bring music out of any instrument, although, of
course, he had never been taught a note. The old fiddle under
Lanty’s curving bow whispered and yearned and moaned and
pleaded—the dusk fell and still he played on and on—till Mabella,
having put Dorothy to bed, came out to sit upon the doorstep before
his chair, resting her head against his knee. The fiddle was put
down. For a little the two sat in silence. Afterwards the scene came
back to them and helped them when they had sore need.
“Lanty,” said Mabella, “will you do something for me to-morrow?”
“What is it?”
“Oh, Lanty!” reproachfully.
“Of course I’ll do it; but I can’t, can I, unless I have some slight
idea.”
“Well, you are right there,” she said; “I thought you were going to
object! Well, you know Ann Serrup?”
 “I know her, yes; a precious bad lot she is too!” Lanty’s face
clouded.
“Lanty, dear, wasn’t that just a man’s word? She’s a woman, you
know, and Lanty, I’ve been to see her, and it’s all so forlorn; and
she’s so—so—oh, Lanty! And Vashti was there and she asked if her
baby was deformed, fancy that! And it was the poor little scraps of
clothes which made the child look queer. But it was the sort of
queerness which makes you cry, and Lanty, I said I would send her
some patterns, and you’ll take them over to-morrow morning, won’t
you?”
“But, girlie,” he began; just then Dorothy gave a sleepy cry.
Lanty and Mabella rose as by one impulse and went into the
twilight of the room where the child’s cot was. But their baby slept
serenely and smiled as she slept.
“The angels are whispering to her,” said Mabella. The old sweet
mother fable which exists in all lands.
“Yes,” said Lanty. A tremor shaking his heart as he wondered why
this heaven of wife and child was his.
As they passed into the other room they saw the child’s clothes
upon a chair in a soft little heap like a nest; and all at once there
rushed over Mabella’s tender heart all the misery of that other
mother, and before Lanty knew it, Mabella was in his arms crying as
if her heart would break.
“Oh, Lanty, Lanty,” she sobbed; “think of poor Ann Serrup! When
her baby cries in the night who goes with her to look after it?”
“There, there,” said Lanty, searching distractedly for soothing
arguments; “don’t, Mabella, don’t; I’ll take the traps over first thing
in the morning.” And presently Mabella was comforted, and peace
rested like a dove upon the roof-tree.
So early next morning Lanty departed with the parcel. In due time
he arrived before the little house. The house door stood open—
humbly eager to be entered. Early as it was Ann was up, and came
to the door looking neat and tidy. She took the parcel with the
undisguised eagerness of a child. Lanty turned away, letting his
horse walk down the lane-like road. He was not much given to
theorizing; a good woman was a good one, a bad one a bad one in
his estimation, but this morning he found himself puzzling uneasily
over the whys and wherefores. It is an old, old puzzle, and like the
conundrum of Eternity, has baffled all generations, since the
patriarch of Uz set forth that one vessel is created to honour and
another to dishonour. So Lanty found no solution, and was
tightening his reins to lift his horse into a gallop when he heard
someone calling, and turning, saw Ann speeding in pursuit. She
reached him somewhat blown and decidedly incoherent as to
speech.
“She has sent the yoke pattering, and a white apron and heaps of
things! There ain’t nothing but real lady in Mis’ Lansing! Sakes! I
wisht the preacher’s wife could see Reub now! I’ll take him to church
next Sunday, and if he squalls I can’t help it And here—take this and
keep it—and don’t let him harm me, will you? And I never meant no
harm to you personal, but he was for ever pestering me, and he said
he was coming over early this morning for ’em, and for me to sign
’em; but Lor’! I didn’t have no ink—and don’t tell Mis’ Lansing, she’s
a lovely lady, and I didn’t mean no harm, and he said there wouldn’t
be no law business, because you’d give me heaps of money, ’cause
being as you drank, people would believe anything of you; and Lor’!
hear that baby! Mind you don’t tell Mis’ Lansing”—with which Ann
turned and fled back to console her child. Lanty, much mystified,
opened the thin packet of papers. An instant’s scrutiny sent him into
a blind mad rage, which made him curse aloud in a way not good to
hear.
For before him, writ fairly forth in black and white, was a horrible
and utterly baseless accusation, purporting to be sworn to by Ann
Serrup, and witnessed by Hemans, the machine agent of Brixton.
The witness had signed his name prematurely before Ann, and
had written faintly in pencil “Sign here” for her benefit and guidance.
 Lanty gathered the import of the papers and put them securely in
his pocket.
He was just opposite a thicket of wild plums, shooting up through
them was a slim and lithe young hickory. Lanty flung the roan’s
bridle over a fence fork, cut the young hickory, and remounting went
on his way. Only he turned away from Dole, and proceeded slowly
towards Brixton, and presently, just as he entered the shadow of Ab
Ranger’s wood by the roadside, he saw a blaze-faced sorrel appear
round the bend and he rejoiced, for he knew that his enemy was
given into his hand....
Hemans was sorely bruised when Lanty flung him from him with a
final blow and a final curse. He tossed aside the short fragment of
the young hickory which remained in his grasp.
Lanty’s fury had lent him strength, and he had well-nigh fulfilled
the promise made in the first generosity of rage to thrash Hemans
“within an inch of his life.”
“And now,” said Lanty, addressing Hemans with a few words
unavailable for quotation. “And now, open your lips if you dare! If
you so much as mention my name, I’ll cram the words and your
teeth down your throat. Remember, too, that I have something in
my pocket which would send you where you’d have less chance to
prowl. And, mind you, don’t try to take it out of Ann Serrup. If you
do I’ll finish your business once for all. Paugh! Vermin like you
should be knocked on the head out of hand. If I stay I’ll begin on
you again——.” Lanty swung himself up on the roan.
“Don’t make any mistake as to my intentions,” he called over his
shoulder. “I’ve given you one warning, but you won’t get two.”
Hemans lay groaning upon the ground, and just about that time
Ann, having dressed her baby in the white pinafore Mabella had
sent, came to her door, and, leaning against it, looked forth at the
morning.
She thought of Hemans and the papers.
 “The fat’s in the fire now,” she said, smiling inanely, divided
between vague curiosity over the outcome and gratification over the
baby’s appearance in its new finery.
Lanty had given Hemans salutary punishment, but his heart
sickened within him.
He knew what a leech Hemans would have proved if he had once
got a hold upon him; and if he had refused to be blackmailed——?
Lanty knew well with what insidious, untraceable persistency a
scandal springs and grows and spreads in the country. He knew how
hard it is to kill, how difficult to locate, like trying to catch mist in
one’s hands. He had heard often that wicked proverb which says,
“Where there’s smoke there must be some fire.” A man has often
self-possession to extricate himself from a danger, the retrospect of
which makes him nearly die of fear. And so it was with Lanty, as
there grew upon him the sense of what a calamity might have
overtaken him.
How Mabella might have been tortured by this horrible falsehood.
Mabella, his wife, who blushed still like the girl that she was! It was
a very tender greeting he gave his wife and child when he reached
home, and he made Mabella very happy by his account of Ann’s
delight over her gift. And then he strode off to his fields, and all day
long he remembered two things—that Mabella’s charity to the poor
disgraced girl had already brought its blessing back to the giver, and
that one phrase of Ann’s, “being as you drank.”
Lanty had never realized fully before what he was doing. But his
eyes opened. He could look forward to the future, but the thought of
the past gave him a sense of helplessness which made his heart
ache.
With every honest effort of his hands that day he registered a
vow. The peril he had escaped had opened his eyes to the other
dangers which threatened the heaven, which he had thought he
possessed so securely, of wife and child.
 The real purification of Lanty’s life from the sporadic sin which had
beset him took place that day as he worked in his fields, but his
friends and neighbours always thought the change dated from
another day a few weeks later.
For although we have learned our lesson well, yet Destiny, like a
careful schoolmaster, takes us by the hand, and leading us over
sharp flints and through thorny thickets, revises the teachings of our
sufferings.
 CHAPTER XIII.
Three days after Lanty’s interview with Hemans, Mabella paid a
visit to Vashti.
Sally, grown in stature if not in grace, promptly carried off
Dorothy, and the two cousins sat down opposite each other in the
dainty room which served as a sitting-room and drawing-room in the
Dole parsonage.
There was a great contrast between the two women; despite the
beauty and hauteur of Vashti’s face there was a shadow of ineffable
sadness upon it. Life was none too sweet upon her lips.
The seed sown in barren Mullein meadow had brought forth a
harvest of bitter herbs—wormwood and rue, smartweed and nettles.
Shadowing her eyes was the vague, ever-present unrest of those
who do battle with spectres of the mind; there is no expression more
pitiful, because it speaks of unending warfare. But upon her brow
there shone the majesty of an unconquered will; she had not been
bent beneath the knee of man’s authority, nor ground into the mire
by poverty’s iron heel, nor bowed beneath the burden of physical
pain.
She was in some strange way suggestive of the absolute entity of
the individual.
Human ties and relationships seemed, when considered in
connection with her, no more than the fragments of the wild vine,
which, having striven to bind down the branches of the oak, has
been torn from its roots by the merciless vigour of the branch to
which it clung, and left to wither without sustenance.
Now and then against the background of The Times there stands
forth one figure sublimely alone, superimposed upon the fabric of his
generation in splendid isolation—a triumphant, individualized ego.
It is almost impossible to study and comprehend these individuals
in their relations to others, the sweep of impulse and energy, the
imperious flood of passion, the tumultuous tide of his which
animates their being and stimulates their actions is so different from
the sluggish, well-regulated stream whose current controls their
contemporaries.
They must be regarded as individuals; adown the vista of the
world’s perspective we see them, splendid, but eternally alone in the
centre of the stage, brilliant and brief, like the passing of a meteor
coming from chaos, going—alas! almost inevitably—to tragedy;
leaving a luminous trail to which trembling shades creep forth to
light feeble lamps of imitation, by which to trace the footsteps of the
Great Unknown.
But we never understand these people, who, great in their good
or evil, baffle us always—defying the scalpel which would fain
anatomize them—now and then, as by revelation, we catch a
glimpse of their purpose, a hint of their significance, but when we
would fix the impression it eludes us as the living sunshine mocks at
the palette of the painter, and spends itself royally upon the roof-
trees of peasants, when we would wish to fix it for ever in unfading
pigments and hang it upon the walls of kings’ palaces.
In her degree Vashti Lansing was one of these baffling ones.
Compared with her cousin Mabella, she was like a beautiful
impressionistic picture beside a carefully designed mosaic.
The one compound of daring and imagination, gorgeous in colour,
replete with possibilities if barren of achievement, offending against
every canon, yet suggesting a higher cult than the criticism which
condemns it; the other typical of the most severe and elaborated
convention, executed in narrow limits, yet charming by its delicacy
and stability, an exponent of the most formal design, yet winning
admiration for the conscientiousness with which its somewhat
meagre possibilities have been materialized.
 Yet Mabella Lansing’s face was eloquent.
It was composite of all the pure elements of womanhood—the
womanhood which loves and bears and suffers but does not soar. In
her eyes was the soft fire of conjugal and maternal love. With the
tender, near-sighted gaze of the home-maker, her eyes were bent
upon the simple joys and petty pains of every-day life.
Upon her countenance there shone a tender joyousness, veiled
but not extinguished by a certain piteous apprehension; indeed,
there was much of appeal in Mabella’s face, and bravery too—the
bravery of the good soldier who faces death because of others’
quarrels and faults.
But above all it was the face of the Mother.
Surely no one would dispute the fact that motherhood is the
crowning glory of woman, the great holy miracle of mankind; but
while it is impious to deny this, it is unreasonable and absurd to say
that for all women it is the highest good.
There are different degrees of holiness; even the angels differ one
from the other in glory; why, then, should the same crown be
thought to fit all women?
The golden diadem may be more precious, but shall we deny
royalty to the crown of wild olive or to the laurel wreath?
The mother is the pole-star of the race, but there are other stars
which light up the dark places; why should their lonely radiance be
scoffed at?
Women such as Mabella Lansing are the few chosen out of the
many called.
There was in her that intuitive and exquisite motherliness which all
the ethics on earth cannot produce. A simple and not brilliant
country girl, she yet had a sense of responsibility in regard to her
child which elucidated to her all the problems of heredity.
 It is probable that she was a trifle too much impressed with her
importance as a mother, that she had rather too much contempt for
childless women, but that is an attitude which is universal enough to
demand forgiveness—it seems to come with the mother’s milk—yet it
is an unlovely thing, and whilst bowing the head in honest
admiration of every mother, rich or poor, honest or shamed, one
would wish to whisper sometimes to them that there are other
vocations not lacking in potentialities for good.
“What a lovely house you have, Vashti!” said Mabella, irrepressible
admiration in her voice, a hint of housewifely envy in her eyes.
“Yes, it is very comfortable,” said Vashti, with a perfectly
unaffected air of having lived in such rooms all her days.
“Comfortable!” echoed Mabella; then remembering her one
treasure which outweighed all these things, she added, a little
priggishly: “it’s a good thing there are no babies here to pull things
about.”
Vashti smiled in quiet amusement.
“What’s the news in the village?” she asked. “You know a
minister’s wife never hears anything.”
Mabella brightened. Good little Mabella had a healthful interest in
the social polity of the world in which she lived, and Vashti’s disdain
of the village gossip had sometimes been a trial to her. Vashti usually
treated “news” with an indifference which was discouragingly
repressive, but to-day she seemed distinctly amiable, and Mabella
proceeded to improve the opportunity.
“Well,” she said, “the village is just simply all stirred up about
Temperance’s quarrel with Mrs. Ranger. I always knew Temperance
couldn’t abide Mrs. Ranger, but I never thought she’d give way and
say things, but they do say that the way Temperance talked was just
something awful. I wasn’t there; it was at the sewing circle, and for
the life of me I can’t find out what started it, but, anyhow,
Temperance gave Mrs. Ranger a regular setting out. I asked
Temperance about it, but the old dear was as cross as two sticks and
wouldn’t tell me a thing. So I suppose it was something about
Nathan. Young Ab Ranger has got three cross-bar gates making at
Nathan’s shop, and they’ve been done these three days, and he has
never gone for them; he’s fixing up the place at a great rate. I
suppose you know about him and Minty Smilie? Mrs. Smilie’s going
about saying Ab isn’t good enough for Minty; and they say Mrs.
Ranger is just worked up about it. I wouldn’t be at all surprised if
matters came to a head one of these days, and Ab and Minty just
went over to Brixton and came back married—” suddenly Mabella
arrested her speech and a more earnest expression sweetened her
mouth. “Vashti,” she resumed, “there is something I wanted to ask
you. Ann Serrup sent me word that she was coming to church next
Sunday, and I want you to speak to Sidney and get him to preach
one of his lovely helpful sermons for her. I’m sure he will if you ask
him. Something to brace her up and comfort her, and, Vashti—I’m
awfully sorry for her.” Mabella paused, rather breathlessly and a little
red; “one never knew exactly where one was” with Vashti, as
Temperance was fond of saying.
For a fleeting instant during Mabella’s little recital Vashti’s eyes had
contracted in almost feline fashion, but she replied very suavely:
“I’ll tell Sidney, but, well—you know I never interfere in the
slightest with his sermons.”
“Oh, no,” said Mabella with really excessive promptitude; “Oh, no,
you wouldn’t dare to do that.”
“Of course not,” said Vashti with so much of acquiescence in her
voice that it was almost mocking.
“I know how men think of these things,” continued Mabella with
the calm front of one thoroughly acquainted with the world and its
ways. “But Sidney is different; he is so good, so gentle, and he
seems to know just how one feels”—a reminiscent tone came to
Mabella’s voice, she recalled various hours when she had needed
comfort sorely and had found it in the gracious promises Sidney held
out to his listeners. “It is a great comfort to me,” she went on;
“lately it has seemed to me as if he just held up the thoughts of my
own heart and showed me where I was strong and where lay my
weakness.” Mabella arrested herself with an uncomfortable
knowledge that Vashti was smiling, but when Vashti spoke a silky
gentleness made her voice suave.
“I will tell Sidney what you say, and no doubt he will preach with a
special thought of you and Ann Serrup.”
“Well, I’m glad I spoke of it,” said Mabella; “I wasn’t sure how
you’d take it.”
Vashti continued to smile serenely, as one who recognizes and
understands cause for uncertainty. Her gaze was attracted to the
window.
“Look!” she said suddenly.
Passing in plain view of the window was a most extraordinary
figure. A creature with a face blacker than any Ethiopian,
surmounted by a shock of fair hair—this individual was further
adorned by the skirt of a bright blue dress, which, being made for a
grown-up woman, dragged a foot or so on the ground behind; about
the neck was a pink silk tie, showing signs of contact with the black,
which was evidently not “fast”; above her head she held a parasol
bordered with white cotton lace—thus caparisoned Sally paced it
forth for the amusement of little Dorothy, who tottered upon her legs
by reason of the violence of her laughter. Surrounding the pair, and
joining apparently in the amusement, were the two dachshund
puppies (Sidney’s latest importation to Dole), the collie, who
followed with the sneaking expression of one who enjoys a risqué
joke (and yet he could not forbear biting surreptitiously at the
dragging flounces as they passed), and little Jim Shinar, who
followed in a trance-like state of wide-eyed fascination. He lived
nearer to the parsonage than any other child, and between the evil
fascination which Sally exerted over him and the dread of finding
himself within the gates of a man “who spoke out loud in church,”
Jim’s life was oppressed with continual resistance to temptation, but
he had frequent falls from grace, for Sally could do more things with
her mouth and eyes than eat and see, indeed her capabilities in the
line of facial expression were never exhausted, and there was a
weirdness about her grimaces which fascinated older children than
poor round-faced little Jim.
Sally peacocked it up and down before her admiring satellites,
until suddenly there rang through the parsonage a vigorous
expression uttered in a rich brogue, and at the same instant a large,
red-faced woman rushed out of the kitchen door and appeared
round the corner of the house.
Sally arrested her parade, paused, showed an inclination to flee,
paused again, then with a gibe for which she dived back into her
Blueberry Ally vocabulary, fled from the irate “work-lady,” who had
unwittingly furnished forth the fine feathers in which Sally was
strutting. Mary promptly gave chase, and that too with an agility
which her bulk belied. The area of the hunting ground was not very
great being bounded by the prim palings of the little garden, but no
landscape gardener ever made more of his space than did Sally. She
doubled and turned and twisted, and eluded Mary’s grasp by a hand-
breadth, as she darted under her outstretched arms, but Sally was
very unwise, for she used her breath in taunts and gibes, whilst
Mary pursued the dishonoured flounces of her Sunday gown in a
silence which was the more ominous because of her wonted
volubility.
Sally was getting slightly winded, and was wishing she could get
the gate open and give Mary a straightaway lead, but she had her
doubts of the gate, sometimes it opened and sometimes it didn’t.
Sally knew if it was obstinate that her fate was sealed; she was
casting about for another means of escape when her adherents
began to take a share in the proceedings. First, little Jim Shinar,
standing rooted to the spot, saw the chase descending upon him;
Sally dodged him, but Mary was too close behind and too eager for
her prey to change her route quickly, so she charged into him and
went over like a shot. Jim gave a howl, and Mary gathered herself
up, and, breaking silence for the first time, ordered him home in a
way not fit for ears polite, and then resumed the chase; but the
dachshunds, seeing their playmate little Jim in the thick of it,
concluded that there might be some fun in it for them also, and
promptly precipitated themselves upon Mary in a way which
impeded her progress so much that Sally was able to make the gate
and get it half open before Mary shook herself free, but when she
did she came like a whirlwind towards the gate, cheered on by the
collie, whose excitement had at last slipped the collar and vented
itself in sharp barks. Sally whisked through the gate, but Mary was
at her heels. Sally felt the breath of the open, and knew if she
escaped Mary’s first sprint that she was safe. So with a derisive
taunt she sprang forward, jubilant, but alas, in the excitement of the
crisis Sally let go her hold of the long skirt, which immediately fell
about her heels, and in an instant the chase was ended, for Mary,
panting, blown, and enraged beyond expression, was on Sally in a
second, and fell with her as the long skirt laid her low—the
dachshunds arrived a little later, and the collie, seduced by their evil
example, threw decorum to the winds, and seizing an end of the
bright flounce where it fluttered under the angry clutch of Mary, he
tugged at it with might and main, and this was the scene which
greeted Sidney, as, returning from his walk, he approached his own
gate.
He had met a herald of the war in the person of little Jim Shinar,
who was fleeing home as fast as his sturdy legs would carry him,
crying at the same time from pure bewilderment.
A word and a small coin healed all little Jim’s hurts, and Sidney
proceeded, wondering what had frightened the child, whom he was
used to seeing about the kitchen or in Sally’s wake when she went
errands.
Now, as was recorded afterwards in Dole, Sidney conducted
himself under these trying circumstances with a seeming
forgetfulness of his ministerial dignity which was altogether
inexplicable, for, instead of immediately putting the offenders to
open shame, he laughed, and even slapped his leg (so rumour said,
though this was doubted), and called to the dachshunds, who were
amusing themselves demolishing Mary’s coiffure, in a way which
savoured more of encouragement than rebuke.
It is hard to live up to “what is expected of us,” and for once the
Dole preacher was disappointing—but nevertheless, his presence
brought the peace which he should have commanded. For Sally’s
unregenerate soul owned one reverence, one love—for her master
she would have cut off her right hand. To have him see her thus!
There was a violent upheaval in the struggling mass, then Sally was
free of it and speeding towards the house at a rate which suggested
that her former efforts had not been her best. Mary gathered herself
up, and seeing Sidney, by this time outwardly grave, standing
looking at her, she too made for the house, and Sidney was left still
very stupefied, gazing upon the two dachshunds, which, suddenly
finding themselves deprived of amusement, fell upon each other
with a good will which proved them fresh in the field.
Sidney entered the house where Mabella and Vashti waited
laughing.
Sidney was very pleased to see his wife’s face irradiate with girlish
laughter. She had been so grave and quiet of late that his loving
heart had ached over it. Was she not happy, this beautiful wife of
his?
She had a far keener appreciation of the real humour of the
situation than had Mabella, and when her husband entered her eyes
danced a welcome. He was enthralled by the sight, and was more
than glad to give Mary the price of two dresses to mend her flounces
and her temper. Nor did he rebuke Sally too severely for the
unauthorized loan she had levied upon Mary’s wardrobe. He knew
Sally had been sufficiently punished by his appearance. Mabella had
rescued Dorothy at the first alarm, and the child had looked upon
the whole proceeding as an amiable effort on Mary’s part to amuse
her.
 Shortly after Sidney’s arrival Mabella departed, having enjoyed her
visit greatly, and Lanty and she spent an hour that evening listening
to Dorothy, as, with lisping baby tongue and inadequate vocabulary,
she endeavoured to describe how Sally had blackened her face with
blacklead to amuse her.
That night Sidney sat alone in his study; his shuttered window was
open, and, between the slats, the moths and tiny flying creatures of
the night came flitting in. Soon his student lamp was nimbused by a
circle of fluttering wings. Now and then an unusually loud hum
distracted his attention from the loose-paged manuscripts before
him, and he laid them down to rescue some moth, which, allured too
near the light, had come within dangerous proximity to the flame.
These poor, half-scorched creatures he sent fluttering forth into
the night again, yet, in spite of this, several lay dead upon the green
baize below the student lamp; others walked busily about in the
circle of light cast by the lamp-shade upon the table, and presently
he put aside all pretence of work and watched them with curious
kindly eyes.
His heart, that great tender heart which was for ever bleeding for
others, whilst its own grievous wound was all unhealed, went out
even to these aimless creatures of a day.
Surely some leaven of the divine Eternal Pity wrought in the clay
of this man’s humanity, making it quick with a higher life than that
breathed by his nostrils.

“Not a moth with vain desire

Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire,
Or but subserves another’s gain,”

he said to himself, and then before his watching eyes there seemed
to be mimicked forth all the brave-hearted struggle of humanity
towards the light, which, alas! too often scorched and blasted those
nearest to it. Well, was it better, he wondered, to have endured and
known the full radiance for an instant, even if the moment after the
wings were folded for ever, or was it wiser to be content upon the
dimmer plane as those little creatures were who ran about the table-
top instead of striving upward to the light? But happily, as he looked
at these latter ones, his attention was diverted from the more painful
problem, as his eyes, always delicately sensitive to the beauty of
little things, dwelt with delight upon the exquisite, fragile little
creatures.
How marvellously their delicate wings were poised and
proportioned! Some had the texture of velvet and some the sheen of
satin; and nature, out of sheer extravagance, had touched them with
gold and powdered them with silver. And did ever lord or lady bear a
plume so daintily poised as those little creatures bore their delicate
antennæ? And presently a white creature fluttered in from the
bosom of the darkness, a large albino moth with a body covered
with white fur and two fern-like antennæ; white as a snow-flake it
rested upon the green baize.
Just then Vashti entered, coming up to his table in her stately
fashion.
“How foolish you are to sit with your window open,” she said.
“Don’t you know that the light attracts all those insects?”
Sidney had risen when his wife entered the room. He was almost
courtly in his politeness to her. But it was so natural for him to be
courteous that all little formalities were graceful as he observed
them.
As he rose he knocked down a book. He stooped to pick it up; as
he straightened himself he saw Vashti’s hand upraised to strike the
white moth.
“Oh, Vashti! don’t! don’t!” he cried, irrepressible pain in his voice;
but the blow had fallen.
The moth fluttered about dazedly, trying to escape the shadow of
the upraised hand; there was a powdery white mark on the green