Perimeter, Area, and Surface Area
Perimeter, area, and surface area are measurements used to describe the dimensions of 2D and 3D
objects. Perimeter refers to the distance around a shape, area is the space within a shape, and
surface area is the total area of all the surfaces of a 3D object.
### Key Concepts:
- **Perimeter** is the total length around a 2D shape:
- Rectangle: Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)
- Square: Perimeter = 4 × side
- Circle: Perimeter (Circumference) = 2 × pi × radius
- **Area** is the space enclosed within a 2D shape:
- Rectangle: Area = length × width
- Triangle: Area = 1/2 × base × height
- Circle: Area = pi × radius^2
- **Surface Area** is the total area of the outer surfaces of a 3D object:
- Cube: Surface Area = 6 × side^2
- Rectangular Prism: Surface Area = 2 × (length × width + length × height + width × height)
- Sphere: Surface Area = 4 × pi × radius^2
### Solved Examples:
1. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with length 8 cm and width 5 cm:
Perimeter = 2 × (length + width) = 2 × (8 + 5) = 26 cm
2. Calculate the area of a circle with radius 7 cm:
Area = pi × radius^2 = 3.14 × 7^2 = 3.14 × 49 = 153.86 cm^2
3. Determine the surface area of a cube with side length 4 m:
Surface Area = 6 × side^2 = 6 × 4^2 = 6 × 16 = 96 m^2
4. Find the area of a triangle with base 10 cm and height 6 cm:
Area = 1/2 × base × height = 1/2 × 10 × 6 = 30 cm^2
5. Calculate the surface area of a sphere with radius 5 cm:
Surface Area = 4 × pi × radius^2 = 4 × 3.14 × 5^2 = 4 × 3.14 × 25 = 314 cm^2
### Real-World Applications:
- **Perimeter**: Used in fencing, framing, and border measurements.
- **Area**: Used in flooring, painting, and gardening to estimate materials needed.
- **Surface Area**: Used in packaging and construction for calculating material requirements for 3D
shapes.
### Practice Problems:
1. A square has a side length of 12 cm. Find its perimeter and area.
Solution: Perimeter = 4 × side = 4 × 12 = 48 cm; Area = side^2 = 12^2 = 144 cm^2.
2. A circle has a radius of 14 cm. Calculate its perimeter (circumference) and area.
Solution: Perimeter = 2 × pi × radius = 2 × 3.14 × 14 = 87.92 cm;
Area = pi × radius^2 = 3.14 × 14^2 = 615.44 cm^2.
3. Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with dimensions 5 m × 3 m × 2 m.
Solution: Surface Area = 2 × (length × width + length × height + width × height) = 2 × (5 × 3 + 5 ×
2 + 3 × 2) = 2 × (15 + 10 + 6) = 62 m^2.
4. Calculate the area of a triangle with base 8 cm and height 5 cm.
Solution: Area = 1/2 × base × height = 1/2 × 8 × 5 = 20 cm^2.
5. A sphere has a radius of 6 cm. Find its surface area.
Solution: Surface Area = 4 × pi × radius^2 = 4 × 3.14 × 6^2 = 4 × 3.14 × 36 = 452.16 cm^2.
