PRINCIPLE OF

PROGRAMMING II
CSC204
Java - General

n Java is:
– platform independent programming
language
– similar to C++ in syntax
– Object Oriented Programming Language
How it works…!
n Java is independent only for one reason:
– Only depends on the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM),
– code is compiled to bytecode, which is
interpreted by the resident JVM,
– JIT (just in time) compilers attempt to
increase speed.
Object-Oriented

n Java supports OOP

– Polymorphism : Many Forms
– Inheritance : SubClass and SuperClass
– Encapsulation : Data hiding
n Java programs contain nothing but
definitions and instantiations of classes
– Everything is encapsulated in a class!
Java Advantages

n Portable - Write Once, Run Anywhere

n Security has been well thought through
n Robust memory management
n Designed for network programming
n Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks)
n Dynamic & extensible (loads of libraries)
– Classes stored in separate files
– Loaded only when needed
 Basic Java Syntax
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
 Primitive Types and Variables
n boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double
n Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2;
boolean valueOk = false;
Initialization

n If no value is assigned prior to use, then the

compiler will give an error
n Java sets primitive variables to zero or false
in the case of a boolean variable
n All object references are initially set to null
n An array of anything is an object
– Set to null on declaration
– Elements to zero false or null on creation
Declarations
int index = 1.2; // compiler error
boolean retOk = 1; // compiler error
double fiveFourths = 5 / 4; // no error!
float ratio = 5.8f; // correct
double fiveFourths = 5.0 / 4.0; // correct

n 1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.

n 1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.
Assignment
n All Java assignments are right associative
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
a=b=c
System.out.print(
“a= “ + a + “b= “ + b + “c= “ + c)

n What is the value of a, b & c

n Done right to left: a = (b = c);
Basic Mathematical Operators
n * / % + - are the mathematical operators
n * / % have a higher precedence than + or -
double myVal = a + b % d – c * d / b;
n Is the same as:
double myVal = (a + (b % d)) –
((c * d) / b);
Statements & Blocks
n A simple statement is a command terminated by
a semi-colon:
name = “Fred”;
n A block is a compound statement enclosed in
curly brackets:
{
name1 = “Fred”; name2 = “Bill”;
}
n Blocks may contain other blocks
 Designing Algorithms for your program
n Writing a program involves designing algorithms and translating algorithms into
code. An algorithm describes how a problem is solved in terms of the actions to
be executed and the order of their execution.
n Algorithms can help the programmer plan a program before writing it in a
programming language. Algorithms can be described in natural languages or in
pseudocode (i.e., natural language mixed with programming code).
n Algorithm Example: Algorithm for Area of a Circle
n 1. Read in the radius.
2. Compute the area using the following formula: area = radius * radius * p
n 3. Display the area.
 Writing your program
n When you code, you translate an algorithm into a program.
n Every Java program begins with a class declaration in which the keyword
class, followed by the class name.
n Assume that you have chosen ComputeArea as the class name.
n Also, every Java program must have a main method where program
execution begins. The outline of the program is as follows
1. public class ComputeArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
2. // Step 1: Read in radius
3. // Step 2: Compute area
4. // Step 3: Display the area
5. }
6. }
 Writing your program
n Rather than using x and y as variable names, choose descriptive names:
in this case, radius for radius, and area for area.
n To let the compiler know what radius and area are, specify their data
types.
n Java provides simple data types for representing integers, floating- point
numbers (i.e., numbers with a decimal point), characters, and Boolean
types. These types are known as primitive data types or fundamental
types.
 Prog 1: Compute Area
1 public class ComputeArea {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 double radius; // Declare radius
4 double area; // Declare area
5 // Assign a radius
6 radius = 20; // New value is radius
7 // Compute area
8 area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
9 // Display results
10 System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " +
area);
11 }
12 }
 Reading Input from the Console
n Java uses System.out to refer to the standard output device and
System.in to the standard input device.
n By default the output device is the display monitor, and the input device
is the keyboard.
n Scanner class can be used to create an object to read input from
System.in, as follows:
– Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
n The syntax Scanner input declares that input is a variable whose type
is Scanner.
n The whole line Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in) creates a
Scanner object and assigns its reference to the variable input.
 Prog 2: Compute Average
import java.util.Scanner; // Scanner is in the java.util package 2
public class ComputeAverage {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Prompt the user to enter three numbers
System.out.print("Enter three numbers: ");
double number1 = ; input.nextDouble();
double number2 = input.nextDouble();
double number3 = input.nextDouble();
// Compute average
double average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;
// Display result
System.out.println("The average of " + number1 + " " + number2 + " " +
number3 + " is " + average);
 Identifiers
n An identifier is a sequence of characters that
consists of letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar
signs ($).
n An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore
(_), or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
n An identifier cannot be a reserved word
n An identifier can be of any length.
 Variables
n Variables are used to store values to be used later in a
program. They are called variables because their values can
be changed.
n Variables are for representing data of a certain type. To use
a variable, you declare it by telling the compiler its name as
well as what type of data it can store.
n The variable declaration tells the compiler to allocate
appropriate memory space for the variable based on its data
type. The syntax for declaring a variable is
n datatype variableName;
n Here are some examples of variable declarations:
– int count; // Declare count to be an integer variable;
– double radius; // Declare radius to be a double variable;
– double interestRate; // Declare interestRate to be a double variable;
 Variables contd…
n If variables are of the same type, they can be declared
together, as follows:
– datatype variable1, variable2, ..., variablen;
n The variables are separated by commas. For example,
– int i, j, k; // Declare i, j, and k as int variables
n Variables often have initial values. You can declare a
variable and initialize it in one step. Consider, for instance,
the following code:
– int count = 1;

n You can also use a shorthand form to declare and initialize

variables of the same type together. For example,
– int i = 1, j = 2;