WORK

ENERGY
POWER
WORK
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE EXAMPLE

𝐹Ԧ Q. Find work done by force from A to B ?

𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑾=𝑭∙𝒅 Sol. 𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃

𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 20 × 6 × cos 6 0𝑜
𝑾 = 𝑭𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅
1
𝑾 = 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝑭 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝒅 × 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 20 × 6 × = 60𝐽
2
𝑾 = 𝑭(𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)
𝑾 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 × 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒅 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝑭

𝒅: Displacement of point of application of the force

NATURE OF WORK DONE 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎° ⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 > 𝟎
POSITIVE WORK 𝑾>𝟎
𝑭

𝜽 𝒅

mg
• Positive work signifies that the external force favours the motion
Wg = mgh
Examples:
• Work done by gravity on a body falling downwards is positive.
• When a spring is stretched, work done by stretching force is positive.
NATURE OF WORK DONE 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝜽 > 𝟗𝟎° ⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 < 𝟎
NEGATIVE WORK 𝑾<𝟎
𝑭
𝜽
𝒅

• Negative work signifies that the external force opposes the motion
Wg = - mgh
Examples:
• Work done by gravity on a body moving upwards is negative.
• When a spring is stretched, work done by spring force is negative.

mg
NATURE OF WORK DONE 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°𝒐𝒓 𝑭 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒅 = 𝟎
ZERO WORK 𝑭 𝑾=𝟎

𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° displacement
𝒅

Examples:
mg
• Work done by gravity on a body moving horizontally is zero.
• Work done by tension on an oscillating pendulum is zero.
• In following cases, work done by all forces is zero
• a body at rest or moving with constant velocity
• Pushing a wall
• Earth moving around the Sun.
 QUESTIONS ON WORK
Q. For a given block, find out WD by following forces in first 10 seconds of its motion if it starts from rest.
N
a

mg

𝑖 𝑊𝐹1 𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝐹2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊 𝑖𝑣 𝑊𝑚𝑔 𝑣 𝑊𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡

Sol. 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 20 − 8 𝑖 𝑊𝐹1 = 𝐹1 𝑆 cos 0𝑜 = 20 300 = 6000𝐽

𝑎= = = 6𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚 2
1 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝐹2 = 𝐹2 𝑆 cos 1 80𝑜 = −8 300 = −2400𝐽
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑆 = × 6 10 2 = 300𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑁 = 0 𝑖𝑣 𝑊𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝜃 = 90𝑜
2
𝑣 𝑊𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑆 cos 0𝑜 = 12 300 = 3600𝐽

𝑜𝑟, 𝑊𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐹1 + 𝑊𝐹2 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝑚𝑔 = 3600𝐽

EXAMPLE
Q. Find work done by gravity from A to B.
𝜽
l
ℎ = 𝐿 − 𝐿 cos 𝜃

h=L(1- cos 𝜃)
 L A
Lcos
Wmg= mgh L
Wmg= mgL(1- cos 𝜃) A
h
B
B
mg
WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE
𝑩
𝐖 = න 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒔
𝑨

෡
𝑭 = 𝑭𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑭𝒚 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒌

෡
𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒙𝒊Ƹ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝒅𝒛𝒌

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝐖 = න 𝑭𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝑭𝒚 𝒅𝒚 + න 𝑭𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟏
EXAMPLE
෡ 𝑵 from 𝐀 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐 𝒎 to 𝐁 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟏 𝒎.
Q. Find work done by force 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊Ƹ − 𝟒𝒚𝒋Ƹ + 𝟑𝒌

Sol. 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝐖 = න 𝑭𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝑭𝒚 𝒅𝒚 + න 𝑭𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟏

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐖 = න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − න 𝟒𝒚𝒅𝒚 + න 𝟑𝒅𝒛
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

1 2 1
W= 𝑥 3 0 − 2𝑦 2 1 + 3𝑧 2

W= (1-0) – (8-2) + (3-6)

W= -8J
WORK ENERGY THEOREM
Work done by all the forces on a particle equals to change in its kinetic energy.

𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝜟𝑲𝑬

𝟏
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝒎(𝒗𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 )
𝟐
EXAMPLE
Q. A particle of mass 2kg is projected upwards with 30 m/s. If it attains a maximum height of 40 m, then find out WD
by air resistance ?

1
𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
Sol. 2

1
𝑊𝑔 + 𝑤𝑎 = × 2 02 − 302
2

−𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑊𝑎 = −900

−2 × 10 × 40 + 𝑊𝑎 = −900

𝑊𝑎 = −900 + 800
𝑊𝑎 = −100𝐽
EXAMPLE
Q. Position of a particle of mass 2 kg depends on time t as x = (t3 – 4t)m, then find total WD by net force
acting on the particle in first 2 seconds ?

Sol. 𝑑𝑥
𝑉= = 3𝑡 2 − 4 1
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 4

𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑣𝑖 = 3 0 2 − 4 = −4𝑚/𝑠
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2, 𝑣𝑓 = 3 2 2 − 4 = 8𝑚/𝑠

1
𝑊𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2
2

1
= × 2 82 − −4 2
2
= 64 − 16 = 48𝐽
CONSERVATIVE AND NON CONSERVATIVE FORCE

CONSERVATIVE FORCE NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE

WD does not depend on path followed, WD depends on path followed.

depends only on initial and final point.
final
initial

WD in round trip is always zero. WD in round trip is non zero.

e.g. Force of gravity e.g. Friction
CONSERVATIVE AND NON CONSERVATIVE FORCE

CONSERVATIVE FORCE NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE

Under action of conservative forces, Under action of non conservative forces,

Mechanical Energy(KE+PE) remains constant. there is loss of mechanical energy

WD is completely reversible. WD is non reversible.

Examples: Gravitational force, spring force, Examples: Friction force, drag force,
electrostatic force, all constant forces viscous force
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy of a body by the virtue of its position and configuration in conservative force field.

• Defined only for conservative force field. 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 = −𝛥𝑈

• PE is a relative term
• At a certain reference position, PE of a body is assumed to be zero.
• PE can be positive, negative or zero.

PE depends on reference level but change in PE is independent of reference level.

CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational PE Note:
For regular shaped bodies, PE can be
𝜟𝑼 = −𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔 written by considering their mass to
be at their geometrical center.
𝑾𝒈 = −𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝑼𝒇 final 𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒕
For Example,
𝜟𝑼 = 𝑼𝒇 − 𝑼𝒊 𝒉
𝑼𝒊 = 𝟎 initial
−𝑾𝒈 = 𝑼𝒇 − 𝟎 𝒍
𝒎𝒈 𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈
𝟐
𝑼𝒇 = − −𝒎𝒈𝒉

𝑼𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉

PE ↑ when work is done by the external force (against the conservative force)
PE ↓when work is done by the conservative force