Define real time operating system.

List any four

applications of it.

Real time Operating System: A real time system has well

defined fixed time constraints. Processing should be done
within the defined constraints -Hard and Soft real time
system.
OR
The real-time operating system used for a real-time
application means for those applications where data
processing should be done in the fixed and small quantum of
time.

Types of real time operating system

 Hard real-time
 Soft real-time

Applications:
 Flight Control System
 Simulations
 Industrial control
 Military applications
 Draw process state diagram.

What is the use of PS command? Write long forms

of UID, PID in the output of this command.

PS command: It is used to display the characteristics of a

process. This command is used to list the processes
associated with a user at a particular terminal.
 UID - (0wner) User-id
 PPID - Parent Process-id
 Define virtual memory.

Virtual memory: is the separation of user logical memory

from physical memory. This separation allows an extremely
large virtual memory to be provided for programmers when
only a smaller physical memory is available. Virtual memory
makes the task of programming much easier, because the
programmer no longer needs to worry about the amount of
physical memory available for execution of program.

Write syntax of following commands:

(i) Sleep
(ii) Kill

i)sleep
Syntax: sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]…
sleep OPTION

ii) kill
Syntax: kill pid
 Describe any four file attributes.

Name: The symbolic file name is the only information kept in

human readable form.
Identifier: File system gives a unique tag or number that
identifies file within file system and which is used to refer files
internally.
Type: This information is needed for those systems that
support different types.
Location: This information is a pointer to a device and to the
location of the file on that device.
Size: The current size of the file (in bytes, words or blocks) and
possibly the maximum allowed size are included in this
attribute.
Protection: Access control information determines that who
can do reading, writing, executing and so on.
Time, Date and User Identification: This information may be
kept for creation, Last modification and last use. These data
can be useful for protection, security and usage monitoring.
 Define: Process, PCB.

Process:
A process is a program in execution. Process is also called as
job, task or unit of work.
Process means a program in execution. Process execution
must progress in sequential order. It also called task. Task is a
single instance of an executable program.

PCB: Process Control Block is a data structure that contains

information of the process related to it. The process control
block is also known as a task control block, entry of the
process table, etc.

 Write syntax of PWD command and explain its

use with the help of suitable example

Syntax: $ pwd
PWD command is used to display current working directory.

Example: $ pwd
Above example displays absolute pathname.

Output: /home/poly
 Define CPU and I/O burst cycle.

I/O bound process:

It is a time period when process is busy with CPU.
The process which spends more time in I/O operation than
computation (time spends with CPU) is I/O bound process.

CPU bound process:

It is a time period when process is busy in working with I/O
resources
The process which spends more time in computations or with
CPU and very rarely with the I/O devices is called as CPU
bound process

 Define IPC.

Inter-process communication: Cooperating processes require

an Inter- process communication (IPC) mechanism that will
allow them to exchange data and information.
 List any four file operations

 Creating a file
 Writing a file:
 Reading a file:
 Repositioning within a file
 Deleting a file
 Appending new information to the end of the file
 Renaming an existing file.

Define paging and segmentation

Paging is a memnory management scheme that permits the

physical address space of process to be non-contiguous.
Logical memory is divided into blocks of same size called as
pages

Segmentation is a memory management scheme that

permits a dividing logical address space into multiple
segments.
OR
Segmentation divides the computer’s physical memory and
program’s address space into segments.
 State and describe any two advantages of
multiprocessor system.

Advantages:
Throughput: Throughput increases because number of
processors is increases.
Cost: Multiprocessor system is cheaper than the processor
multiple single processor system.
Reliability: If one processor fails, it has no effect on whole
system operation.
Response time: Response time is less because of increased
number of processors

Disadvantages:
- Multiprocessor systems are more complex in both
hardware and software.
- Additional CPU cycles are required to manage the
cooperation, so per-CPU efficiency goes down.
Multiprocessor systems are of two types:
 symmetric multiprocessing
 asymmetric multiprocessing.
 Define the term fragmentation in terms of
memory.

Two important terms considered while loading programs into

the partition are internal fragmentation and external
fragmentation
Internal fragmentation is memory which is internal to a
region but not being used i.e. a memory space wasted in a
partition. If block of data is smaller than partition size then
the internal fragmentation takes place.
External fragmentation occurs when memory partition is
available and unused but too small for any waiting process
i.e. process size is greater than the size of available partition.

Give commands to perform following tasks:

i) To add delay in script
ii) To terminate a process

i) To add delay in a script:

Syntax: sleep seconds
Example: sleep 5

ii) To terminate a process:

kill process_id
kill all process_name
 State any 2 types of system calls.

System calls Related to Device Management:

 Request a device
 Release a device
 Read, Write, Reposition
 Get device attribute
 Set device attribute

System calls Related to Communication:

 create ,delete communication connection
 send, receive messages
 transfer status information
 attach or detach remote devices

System calls related to file management:

 create new file
 delete existing file
 open file
 close file
 create directories
 delete directories
 State any 2 types of system calls.

System calls related to Process control:

 end, abort
 load, execute
 create process, terminate process
 get process attributes, set process attributes
 wait for time
 wait event, signal event
 allocate and free memory

System calls related to information maintenance:

 get time or date, set time or date
 get system data, set system data
 get process, file, or devices attributes
 set process, file, or devices attributes
 State any two features of Linux.

Multiuser capability: In multiuser system, the same

computer resources that is hard disk, memory etc. is
accessible to many users
Multitasking capability: UNIX supports multitasking; it
means that it can do multiple tasks at the same time
Communication: UNIX has excellent support for networking
because of which the users of UNIX can easily exchange
information even when they are geographically apar
Security: UNIX has three provisions for protecting data. First
can be assigning login ID and password. Second can be by
granting permissions to the file. Third is files can be encrypted
Portability: UNIX can be ported to almost any computer
architecture because it is coded in ‘C’
 Define following terms:
i) Virtual Memory
ii) Paging

Paging: Paging is a memory management scheme that

permits the physical address space of process to be non-
contiguous. Logical memory is divided into blocks of same
size called as pages

Virtual memory: is the separation of user logical memory

from physical memory. This separation allows an extremely
large virtual memory to be provided for programmers when
only a smaller physical memory is available. Virtual memory
makes the task of programming much easier, because the
programmer no longer needs to worry about the amount of
physical memory available for execution of program.
 Define Deadlock

Deadlock: Deadlock is a situation when two or more

processes get locked and cannot processed further because of
inter-dependability. In real world, deadlocks can arise when
two persons wait for phone calls from one another.

Example: Consider a system with three disk drives and three

processes. When each process request one disk drive, system
allocates one disk drive to each process. Now there is no more
drive available in the system. If all three processes request for
one more disk drive, then all three processes will go into the
waiting state and system will go in deadlock state. Because
any one process from the three can execute only when one of
them will release the disk drive allocated to it.