STRUCTURE OF ATOM 4

CHAPTER

elements differ in the number of electrons,

CONTENTS protons and neutrons.

Introduction 2. Cathode rays

A discharge tube is long glass tube. This tube is
Cathode rays fitted with metal electrodes on either end across
which high voltage can be applied. The electrode
Anode rays which is connected to the negative terminal of
the power source is called cathode while the
Electron
electrode which is connected to the positive
Proton terminal is called anode. The tube is also
connected to a vacuum pump for controlling the
Neutron pressure of gas inside the discharge tube. The
gas pressure is reduced to about 10 –2
Structure of atom atmospheres and a potential difference of about
10000 volts is applied to the electrodes, an electric
¾ Thomson's Model current flows and at the same time light is emitted
by the gas. The fluorescence was caused due to
¾ Rutherford's Model the bombardment of the walls of the tube by
rays emanating from cathode. These rays were
¾ Bohr's Model
called cathode rays.
Atomic number ‰ Properties of cathode rays
¾ Cathode rays always travel in straight line.
Mass numbers ¾ Cathode rays consist of material particles and
possess energy, hence they can produce
Electrons Distribution
mechanical effects.
Isotopes, Isobars & Isotons ¾ Cathode rays consist of negatively charged
particles.
¾ Cathode rays can penetrate through thin metalic
1. Introduction : – sheets.
Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles ¾ Cathode rays ionize the gas through which they
electrons, Protons and neutrons. Electrons has travel.
negative charge, proton has positive charge, ¾ Cathode rays heat up the object on which they
whereas neutron has no charge, it is neutral. fall. When they strike an object, a part of the
Protons and neutrons are present in a small kinetic energy is transferred to the object
nucleus at the centre of the atom. Electrons are resulting in a rise in temperature.
outside the nucleus. The atoms of different ¾ Cathode rays produce a green fluorescence on
glass surface.

60 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

 ¾ When cathode rays fall on certain metals like 4. Electron
copper, X-rays are produced. X-rays are not
Electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson.
deflected by any electrical or magnetic fields but
Cathode rays consist of small, negatively
they pass through the opaque material and are
cha rged par ti cles cal led electr o ns. The
only stopped by solid objects like bones.
electron is a negatively charged particle found
¾ The mass of electrons is very small compared to in the atoms of all the elements. The electrons
the mass of an atom. The same type of negatively are located outside the nucleus in an atom.
charged particles are formed even if different An electron is usually represented by the
gases are taken in the discharge tube or different symbol e –
metals are used as cathode.
‰ Characteristics of an electron
3. Anode rays ¾ Mass of an electron :
The pressure in the tube is decreased, it was 1
The mass of an electron is about of the
observed that in addition to cathode rays, a new 1840
kind of rays are also found which came through mass of hydrogen atom. Since the mass of a
the perforations (holes) of the cathode. These hydrogen atom is 1 u. The absolute mass of an
rays travelled in opposite direction of the cathode electron is, however, 9 × 10 –28 gram.
rays and passed through the holes of the cathode ¾ Charge of an electron :
and struck the other end of the discharge tube. The absolute charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19
When these radiations struck the end of the coulomb of negative charge. The relative charge
tube P, the fluorescent radiations were also of an electron is, – 1
produced. These rays were called canal rays
because they passed through the holes or canals 5. Proton
in the cathode. These were also called anode Proton was discovered by Goldstein. The proton
rays because they move from the anode. It was is a positively charged particle found in the
found that the anode rays consist of positively atoms of all the elements. The protons are
charged particles. Therefore, these rays were also located in the nucleus of an atom. Only
called positive rays. hydrogen atom contains one proton in its
‰ Properties of Anode Rays nucleus, atoms of all other elements contain
¾ Anode rays travel in straight lines. more than one proton. A proton is usually
¾ Anode rays consist of material particles. represented by the symbol P +
¾ Anode rays are deflected by electric field towards ‰ Characteristics of a proton
negatively charged plate. This indicates that they ¾ Mass of proton : The mass of proton has
are positively charged. been found to be equal to 1.67 × 10–27 kg. This
¾ Anode rays are deflected by magnetic field. The is almost equal to that of an atom of hydrogen.
direction of deflection indicates that they are Since the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 a.m.u.,
positively charged. therefore, the relative mass of a proton is also 1
¾ The charge to mass ratio of the particles in the a.m.u.
anode rays was determined by W. Wien by ¾ Charge of proton : The charge of proton is
using Thomson’s technique. Charge to mass equal and opposite to the charge of an electron.
ratio of the particles in the anode rays depends The value of charge on proton is 1.602 × 10–19
upon nature of the gas taken in the discharged coulomb of positive charge.
tube.
¾ The nature of anode rays depend on the nature 6. Neutron
of the gas taken in discharge tube. In 1932, Chadwick discovered the fundamental
particle neutron. The neutron is a neutral particle

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 61

 found in the nucleus of an atom. The subatomic
particle not present in a hydrogen atom is
neutron. A hydrogen atom contains only one
proton and one electron. A neutron is represented
by the symbol n.
‰ Characteristics of a Neutron
¾ Mass of a neutron : The mass of neutron
is equal to the mass of a proton. The relative
(B) Rutherford model of an atom
mass of a neutron is 1 u. The absolute mass of
a neutron is 1.6 × 10–27 kg. Rutherford and his co-workers made a
fundamental contribution in understanding the
¾ Charge of an neutron : Neutron has no
structure of the atom and establishing the
charge. It is electrically neutral.
presence of a small nucleus in the atom. They
Comparision between Proton, Neutron performed a number of experiments known as
and Electron: scattering experiments. They took very thin
Electron Proton Neutron sheets of gold foil (only 4 × 10–5 cm thick) and
(i) Symbol - + n
bombarded it with a stream of alpha (D) particles.
e/e p/p
The alpha particles are positively charged helium
(ii) Nature Negatively charge Positively charge Neutral
ions (He2+) which carry two units of positive
(iii) Relative 1/1840 of a H equal to H atom equal to H atom charge and mass four times that of an atom of
mass atom hydrogen (i.e., mass of helium ions = 4 a.m.u.).
(iv) Actual 9.1 × 10
–28
g 1.67 × 10
–24
g 1.67 × 10
–24
g These are emitted from radioactive elements such
mass as radium.
(v) Charge (– 1) (+ 1) No charge
–19 –19
‰ Following important observations :
(1.602 ×10 C) (1.602 × 10 C)
¾ Most of the fast moving D-particles passed
straight through the gold foil without any
deflection from their original path.
7. Structure of atom
¾ Some of the D-particles were deflected from their
After the discovery of electron and proton, the path through small angles.
scientists started thinking of arranging these
¾ Very few (about 1 in 12,000) did not pass through
particles in an atom. J.J. Thomson was the first
the foil at all but suffered large deflections (more
scientist to propose a model for the structure of
than 90º) or even came back in the direction from
atom. Mainly there are three model preposed.
which they came.
(A) Thomson’s model of an atom
‰ The main conclusions of Rutherford’s
(B) Rutherford model of an atom
experiment :
(C) Bohr’s model of an atom
¾ Most of the space inside the atom is empty.
(A) Thomson’s model of an atom Therefore, most of the D-particles went through
Thomson was the first to propose a detailed the gold foil without deflecting from their path.
model of the atom. He proposed that an atom ¾ There is a positive tiny part in the atom in its
consists of a uniform sphere of positive electricity centre, which deflects or repels the D-particles.
in which the electrons are distributed more or This must be containing the whole mass of the
less uniformly. The negative and the positive atom. Moreover, this mass must be occupying a
charge are equal in magnitude. Thus, the atom as very small space within the atom because only a
a whole is electrically neutral. This model of atom few D-particles suffered large deflections. This
is known as the “Plum pudding model ”. positively charged heavy mass in the centre of

62 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

 the atom is called nucleus. The D-particle get revolving in an orbit should continuously emit
deflected from their normal path when they came radiations. As a result of this, it would slow
close to nucleus due to force of repulsion (similar down and would no longer be able to withstand
charges). the attractive force of the nucleus. Hence, it
¾ The deflections of the D-particles to large angles would move closer and closer to the nucleus and
indicate that the D-particles has direct collision would finally fall in the nucleus by following a
with the positively charged nucleus. spiral path. This means atom would collapse. But
It was observed that the volume of the nucleus actually we know atom is stable. Thus,
is very small as compared to the total volume of Rutherford’s model failed to explain stability of
the atom. The radius of the atom is of the atoms.
order of 10–10 m, while the radius of the nucleus (C) Bohr’s model of an atom
has been estimated to be of the order of 10–15 m. In 1912, Niels Bohr put forward a model to explain
This means that the size of the nucleus is the structure of an atom. The main postulates of
extermely small i.e., about 105 times less than the the model are:
size of the atom. ¾ An atom is made up of three particles : electons,
‰ Rutherford’s Atomic model : The main protons and neutrons. Electrons have negative
features of Rutherford’s model of an atom are : charge, protons have positive charge whereas
¾ The atom consists of a positively charged centre neutrons have no charge, they are neutral. Due
called the nucleus. to the presence of equal number negative
¾ Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in electrons and positive protons, the atom on the
the nucleus. whole is electrically neutral.
¾ The volume of the nucleus is very small as ¾ The protons and neutrons are located in a small
compared to the total volume of the atom. nucleus at the centre of the atom. Due to the
presence of protons, nucleus is positively
¾ The nucleus is surrounded by the negatively
charged.
charged electrons. the electrons balance the
positive charge of the nucleus. Therefore, the ¾ The electrons revolve rapidly around the nucleus
number of electrons in an atom is equal to the in fixed circular paths called energy levels or
number of protons in it. shells. The energy levels or shells are represented
in two ways: either by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
¾ The magnitude of the positive charge on the
and 6 or by the letters K, L, M, N, O and P. The
nucleus is different for different atoms.
energy levels are counted from the centre
¾ The electrons are not stationary but they are outwards.
revolving around the nucleus at very high speeds
¾ There is a limit to the number of electrons which
like planets revolving around the sun. As a result,
each energy level can hold. For example, the first
the electrons are also known as planetary
energy level (or K shell) can hold a maximum of
electrons.
2 electrons; second energy level (or L shell) can
‰ Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model : hold a maximum of 8 electrons; third energy level
Rutherford model failed in view of (or M shell) can hold a maximum of 18 electrons
electromagnetic theory given by Maxwell. and fourth energy level (or N shell) can hold a
According to this theory a charged particle when maximum of 32 electrons.
accelerated emits energy in the form of
¾ Each energy level (or shell) is associated with a
electromagnetic radiation. According to
fixed amount of energy, the shell nearest to the
Rutherford’s model, electrons are revolving
nucleus having minimum energy and the shell
around the nucleus. This means, electrons would
farthest from the nucleus having the maximum
be in a state of acceleration all the time. Since
energy.
electrons are charged particles, therefore, electron

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 63

 ¾ There is no change in the energy of electrons as number of mercury is 200. Therefore, the number
long as they keep revolving in the same energy of neutrons in mercury is 200 – 80 = 120.
level, and the atom remains stable. The change Generally, an atom is represented by its symbol
in the energy of an electron takes place only for the element. Atomic number is written on the
when it jumps from a lower energy level to a lower side of the symbol and the mass number
higher energy level or when it comes down from is written on the upper side.
a higher energy level to a lower energy level.
When an electron gains energy, it jumps from a
lower energy level to a higher energy level, and
when an electron comes down from a higher A = Mass number
energy level to a lower energy level, it loses Z = Atomic number
energy. X = Symbol of element
7
Ex.5 3 Li indicates that lithium has atomic number
8. Atomic number
equal to 3 and mass number equal to 7.
The number of protons present in the nucleus of
‰ Relationship between mass number and
an atom of an element is known as its atomic
number. atomic number :
Ex.1 An atom of carbon has 6 protons so, the atomic Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
number of carbon is 6. The atomic number is Mass number = Atomic number + No. of neutrons
denoted by Z. Now positive charge on the Ex.6 The atomic nucleus of an element has mass
nucleus is due to the presence of protons in it number 23 and number of neutrons 12. What is
and each proton carries one unit of positive the atomic number of the element ?
charge. Therefore, the atomic number of an Sol. We know that
element is equal to number of positive charges Mass No. = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
carried by the nucleus of an atom of the element.
23 = No. of protons + 12
Atomic number of an element (Z)
? No. of protons = 23 – 12 = 11
= Number of protons (p)
Now, Atomic No. = No. of protons = 11.
= Number of positive charges carried by the
Ex.7 Calculate the number of :
nucleus of the atom
(i) electrons (ii) protons
or = Number of electrons (e)
39
(iii) neutrons and (iv) nucleons in 19 K
9 Mass number Sol. Mass No. = 39
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons Atomic No. = 19
in an atom of the element. (i) We know that
Mass number (A) atomic No. = No. of protons = No. of electrons
= No. of protons (p) + No. of neutrons (n) No. of electrons = 19
Ex.2 Helium atom has 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 (ii) No. of protons = 19
electron. Its mass number is equal to 2 + 2 = 4.
(iii) Mass No. = No. of neutrons + No. of electrons
Ex.3 Oxygen has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons.
No. of neutrons = mass number – No. of protons
its mass number is 16.
= 39 – 19 = 20
In some cases, particularly heavier elements, the
number of neutrons is more than the number of (iv) Nucleons = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
protons. = 19 + 20 = 39
Ex.4 Mercury has atomic number equal to 80. So, it
has 80 protons and 80 electrons. But the mass

64 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

10 Electrons Distribution (A) Valence shell
The distribution of electrons in different orbits The outermost orbit of an atom is called its
or shells is governed by a scheme known as valence shell.
Bohr bury scheme .The arrangement of ‰ Valence electrons
electrons in various energy levels of an atom is The electrons present in the outermost orbit are
known as the electronic configuration of the called valence electrons.
atom. According to this scheme. Ex.9 The electronic configuration of lithium is 2, 1 or
¾ The electrons are arranged around the nucleus it may be represented as :
in different energy levels or energy shells. The K L
electrons first occupy the shell with the lowest
2 1
energy i.e., closest to the nucleus.
the outermost orbit is L shell and the number of
¾ The first or the innermost energy shell ( K or n electrons in its valence shell is one. Only the
= 1) can take only two electrons. valence electrons of an atom take part in chemical
¾ The second shell (L or n = 2) can contain upto reactions because they have more energy than
8 electrons. all the inner electrons of the atom.
¾ From third shell (M or n = 3) onwards, the shells (B) Valency :
become bigger. The third shell can accommodate
Valency of an element is the combining capacity
as many as 18 electrons. In general, the maximum
of the atoms of the element with atoms of the
number of electrons that can be present in any same or different elements.
shell is 2n2 where n is the number of energy
shell. Thus, the first orbit (n = 1, known as K
‰ Types of valency
shell) can contain There are two types of valency : Electrovalency
and covalency. If an element combines by the
2 × 1 2 = 2 electrons, the second orbit (n = 2,
loss or gain of electrons to form electrovalent
known as L shell) can contain 2 × 22 = 8 electrons.
compounds (or ionic compounds), its valency is
Maximum No. of electrons in different orbits known as electrovalency, and if an element
combines by the sharing of electrons to form
Orbit Value of n Maximum no. of electrons in
the orbit covalent compounds (or molecular compounds),
K 1
its valency is known as covalency.
2 × 12 = 2
L 2 2 × 22 = 8
¾ Electrovalency : In the formation of an
M 3 2 × 32 = 18 electrovalent compound (or ionic compound), the
N 4 2 × 42 = 32 number of electrons lost or gained by one atom
of an element to achieve the nearest inert gas
¾ The outermost shell of an atom cannot have electron configuration is known as its
more than 8 electrons and the shell next to the electrovalency. The elements which lose electrons
outermost shell cannot have more than 18 form positive ions, so they have positive
electrons. electrovalency. So they have positive
Ex.8 Atomic number of oxygen is 8. Thus, there are electrovalency. The elements which gain
eight electrons in an atom of oxygen. Two electrons form negative ions, so they have
electrons are accommodated in the first shell (K- negative electrovalency.
shell) and the remaining six electrons are ¾ Covalency : In the formation of a covalent
accommodated in second shell (L-shell). compound the number of electrons shared by
K L one atom of an element to achieve the nearest
inert gas electron configuration is known as its
O : 2 6
covalency. If an atom shares 1 electron, its
covalency will be 1.

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 65

13 Isotopes, Isobars & Istons There are two types of isotopes : Stable &
unstable.
(A) Istopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element which
‰ Radioactive isotopes :
have the same atomic number but different mass The isotopes which are unstable (due to the
numbers. presence of extra neutrons in their nuclei) and
Ex.10 Hydrogen is the common example which has three emit various types of radiations, are called
isotopes. These have the same atomic number, radioactive isotopes.
one, but different mass numbers 1, 2, and 3. Ex.11 Some of the common radioactive isotopes are :
These three isotopes are commonly known as Carbon-14, Arsenic-74, Sodium-24, Iodine-131,
hydrogen or protium, deuterium (D) and tritium Cobalt-60 and Uranium-235.
(T) respectively. Since atomic number is same for ‰ Applications of Radioactive isotopes :
all the three, they all have one electron and Isotopes are used in alsmost all the fields such
therefore, one proton but different neutrons. as medicines, agriculture, biology, chemistry,
(1) Hydrogen At. No. = 1, Mass no. = 1 engineering and industry.
Electrons = 1, Protons = 1, Neutrons = 0 ¾ Radioactive isotopes are used as a fuel in nuclear
It is also represented as 1 reactors of nuclear power plants for generating
1H
electricity.
(ii) Deuterium At. No = 1, Mass no. = 2
Ex.12 Uranium-235 isotope is used as a fuel in the
Electron = 1, Protons = 1, Neutrons = 1
reactors of nuclear power plants for generating
2
It is also represented as 1H or D electricity.
(iii) Tritium At. No = 1, Mass no. = 3 ¾ Radioactive isotopes are used as ‘tracers’ in
Electron = 1, Protons = 1, Neutrons = 2 medicine to detect the presence of tumors and
It is also represented as 3
or T.. blood clots, etc., in the human body.
1H
Ex.13 Arsenic-74 tracer is used to detect the presence
Isotopes of hydrogen
of tumors and sodium-24 tracer is used to detect
Protium Deuterium Tritium the presence of blood clots.
Atomic number, Z 1 1 1 ¾ Radioactive isotopes are used to determine the
Mass number, A 1 2 3 activity of thyroid gland which helps in the
Number of protons 1 1 1 treatment of diseases like goitre.
Number of 1 1 1 Ex.14 Iodine-131
Number of 0 1 2 ¾ Radioactive isotopes are used in the treatment of
Electronic K K K cancer.
configuration
Ex.15 Cobalt-60 radioisotope is used to cure cancer.
1 1 1
¾ Radioactive isotopes are used in industry to
‰ Some important points regarding detect the leakage in underground oil pipelines,
isotopes gas pipelines and water pipes.
¾ Isotopes are atoms of same element having the (B) Isobars
same atomic number but different mass numbers. ¾ Isobars are the atoms of different elements having
¾ Isotopes have same number of protons and same mass number but different atomic numbers.
electrons but different neutrons. ¾ Since isobars have the same mass number,
¾ Isotopes have same electrical charge on their therefore sum of the protons and neutrons in the
nuclei nucleus of each is the same. These atoms differ
¾ Since all the isotopes contain same number of in their atomic number and therefore, they have
electrons, they have same chemical properties. different number of protons and also different

66 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

 number of neutrons. Due to different atomic
numbers, the isobars will have different atomic
structures and therefore, will differ in chemical
properties.
Ex.16 Argon (atomic number 18) and calcium (atomic
number 20) are isobars because they have same
mass number 40.
20
Argon (18 Ar) Calcium ( 40
20 Ca )

At. no. = 18, At. no. = 20,

Mass no. = 40 Mass no. = 40
No. of electrons = 18 No. of electrons = 20
No. of protons = 18 No. of protons = 20
No. of neutrons = 22 No. of neutrons = 20
(C) Isotones
¾ The atoms having same number of Neutrons but
diffrent mass number are called Isotones.
¾ The atoms have different number of protons of
atomic number.
¾ The isotones belong to two of more different
elements.
¾ “(A–Z) is same” “A & Z are different”.

Ex.17 9 & 5 B10 18 19

4Be 8O 9F
 
(A–Z) = 5 & 5 10 10

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 67

 EXERCISE - 1

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q.16 The atomic mass of an element is 197 and its
atomic number is 79. Find the number of protons,
Q.1 How many times a proton is heavier than an neutrons and electrons.
electron ?
27
Q.17 What does the symbol 13 X stand for ?
Q.2 Who was the first to discover neutrons ?
Q.18 Sodium atoms have 11 electrons but 12 neutrons.
Q.3 The atomic number of oxygen and sulphur are 8
will it have any charge ?
and 16 respectively. What will be the number of
electrons in these ? Q.19 Name the particles which actually determine the
40
mass of an atom.
Q.4 An element may be represented as 18 X . Find
Q.20 What is the maximum number of electrons that
the number of electrons, protons and neutrons
can be accommodated in the M shell of the atom?
in this atom. Give its electronic configuration.
Q.21 How many valence electrons are present in
Q.5 Out of O-16 and O-18 isotopes, which has more
number of neutrons ? nitrogen having atomic number 7 ?

Q.6 The mass number and atomic number of an Q.22 What is the valency of an element having the
element is 23 and 11respectively. What is the electronic arrangement as : 2, 8, 7 ?
number of nucleons present in it ?
Q.23 Name of the three fundamental particles of an
Q.7 An element has atomic number 19 and mass atom.
number 39. How mayn electrons and protons are
present in its unipositive ion ? Q.24 Who discovered the nucleus of the atom ?

Q.8 Give the nuclear composition of 18

8 O . Q.25 If K and L shell of an atom are full then what
would be the total number of electrons in it ?
Q.9 Who determined the charge of the electron for
the first time ? Q.26 Name the negatively charged particle present in
the atoms of all the elements.
Q.10 What is the nature of charge on cathode rays ?
Q.27 Name the scientist who discovered electron.
Q.11 Which of the two has larger mass : electron or
proton ? Q.28 What is the usual symbol for an electron ?

Q.12 What is the approximate ratio of mass of proton Q.29 Name the positively charged particle present in
and electron ? the atoms of all the elements.
Q.13 Give one property in which cathode rays and Q.30 What is the usual symbol for a proton?
anode rays differ.
Q.31 Which subatomic particle is not present in an
Q.14 Are electrons present in all matter ?
ordinary hydrogen atom ?
Q.15 The nucleus of an element contains 17 protons
Q.32 Name the central part of an atom where protons
and 18 neutrons. What is its mass number and
atomic number ? and neutrons are held together.

68 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS the charge to mass ratio for He+ and He2+ in
comparison to e/m of the electron. Mass of helium
(About 30–40 words)
is four times that of hydrogen.
Q.33 What are the characteristic features of thomson’s Q.46 What are cathode rays ? Give four characteristics
model of atom ? of cathode rays ?

Q.34 Give four properties of cathode rays. Q.47 Give points of difference between anode rays
and cathode rays
Q.35 Write the Bohr Bury scheme to fill the electrons
in various energy levels of an atom. Using these Q.48 On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom
rules, write the electronic arrangement of the explain how the atom is neutral as a whole
elements having atomic numbers 6, 11, 15 and 18.
Q.49 Compare the properties of the three fundamental
Q.36 What are the main postulates of Bohr’s atomic sub-particles of an atom
theory ?
Q.50 What were the main observations of Rutherford’s
Q.37 What are the maximum number of electrons that scattering experiment ?
can be present in the K, L and M shells ? C. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.38 What do you understand by atomic number and (More than 60–70 words)
mass number ?
Q.51 What is Thomson’s model of atom ? Why was it
Q.39 Write electronic configuration for the following rejected ?
elements: Q.52 Why is the atom neutral whereas it contains
16 28 35 40
8 O , 14 Si , 17 Cl , 18 Ar . charged particles ?

Q.40 What are isotopes ? Write three isotopes of Q.53 Explain why atomic masses of most of the
hydrogen. elements are fractional

Q.41 Isotopes have the same chemical properties but Q.54 Elemental boron is 20.0% B–10 and 80% B–11.
different physical properties. Explain. Calculate the atomic mass of boron.

Q.42 Name the elements which have the following Q.55 Hydrogen has three isotopes written as : 11 H, 12 H
electronic configuration : and 13 H . Explain why :
(i) 2, 6 (ii) 2, 7 (iii) 2, 8, 1 (i) These isotopes have almost identical
(iv) 2, 8, 7 (v) 2, 8 chemical properties
Which of these is chemically inert ? (ii) They are electrically neutral.

Q.43 Oxygen has three isotopes having mass number Q.56 Who discovered the presence of electrons in an
16, 17 and 18. How do atoms of these isotopes atom ? Discuss detailed experiment connected
with it, How is its mass and charge determined ?
differ ?
Q.57 What observations in scattering experiment led
Q.44 What experiment established the presence of
Rutherford to make the following conclusions :
atomic nucleus ? What features of the nucleus
(i) The most of the space in an atom is empty
were deduced from this experiment ?
(ii) The whole mass of an atom is present in the
Q.45 You have learnt that the value of e/m for electron centre of atom.
is 2000 times that of the proton or H+. Calculate (iii) Nucleus has positive charge.

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 69

Q.58 Give important differences between : Q.68 Magnesium has 2 valence electrons in the .........
(i) Canal rays and cathode rays shell.
(ii) Atomic number and mass number
Q.69 The valency of nitrogen in N2 molecule is .............
(iii) Isotopes and isobars.
Q.70 Isotopes have different mass numbers because
Q.59 The following table lists mass number and atomic their nuclei contain different number of ..............
number of five elements A, B, C, D and E.
Q.71 Some boron atoms have mass number 10 and
Element Mass number Atomic number some have mass number 11. These boron atoms
A 3 1 with different mass number are called .................
B 7 3
Q.72 e/m value for electrons is .....................
C 35 17
D 40 18 Q.73 The charge on the electron is ..................
E 37 17
Q.74 Formation of anode rays led to the discovery of
(i) How many protons are there in an atom of B ?
...............
(ii) How many neutrons are there in an atom of A ?
(iii) How many electrons are there in an atom of E ? Q.75 Formation of cathode rays led to the discovery
(iv) How many nucleons are there in an atom of D ? of ................
(v) Which atoms are isotopes of the same element ? Q.76 Radius of nucleus is of the order of .......... m.

Q.60 Compare an electron and a proton in respect of Q.77 Radius of atom is of the order of ................ m.
mass and charge.
Q.78 Central part of the atom where neutrons and
D. FILL IN THE BLANKS protons are held together is known as ..............

Q.61 The subatomic particle not present in a hydrogen Q.79 The positive charge on the nucleus is due to the
atom is .................... presence of ................ in it.

Q.62 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Q.80 Mass of the atom is mainly due to .............. and
................
is called its .....................
Q.81 Isotopes have same ........... number but different
Q.63 The total number of protons and neutrons in the
................. number.
nucleus of an atom is called its ...................
Q.82 Isobars have same .............. number but different
Q.64 An atom has atomic mass number 23 and atomic ............... number.
number 11. The atom has ............... electrons.
Q.83 ............. contain same number of neutrons in their
Q.65 An atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 atoms.
electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic mass of
the atom is ................... Q.84 In a neutral atom the number of .......... is equal
to the number of electrons.
Q.66 If the nucleus of an atom has atomic number 17,
Q.85 The protons and neutrons are present together
mass number 37 and there are 17 electrons
in the nucleus. They are collectively known as
outside the nucleus, the number of neutrons in ..................
it is ..................
Q.86 The outermost shell cannot have more than
Q.67 The maximum number of electrons that can be ............... electrons in a stable atom.
accommodated in L shell are ..................

70 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

Q.87 The maximum number of electrons possible for 1
K shell is ................. Q.105 The mass of an electron is about times
2000
that of a proton.
Q.88 In oxygen atom, the number of electrons in the
valence shell is ......................
Q.106 Protons were discoverd by J. J. Thomson.
12
Q.89 6 C contains ................... protons and .............
Q.107 The maximum number of electrons that can be
neutrons.
accommodated in M-shell is 8.
Q.90 The D-particles carry .............. units of positive
charge. Q.108 The number of electrons in the valence shell of
phosphorus (Z = 15) is 5.
Q.91 ................. atomic model is also called plum
pudding model.. Q.109 The electronic configuration of Na+ ion is 2, 8.

Q.92 Mercury contains 80 protons and 80 electrons Q.110 Isotopes are atoms of the same element.
and 120 neutrons. Its mass number is ....................
Q.111 Isobars contain different number of neutrons but
17
Q.93 The electronic arrangement of 9F is ................ same number of electrons.

E. TRUE OR FALSE Q.112 An atom containing 11 protons and 12 neutrons

has mass number equal to 23.
Q.94 Electrons are present in all matter and carry
negative charge. Q.113 Isobars have similar physical properties.
Q.95 In Na+ number of electrons are more than the F. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
number of protons.
Q.114 Lithium has 3 electrons, 4 neutrons and 3 protons.
Q.96 The number of neutrons in the atoms of an
element is equal to its atomic number. its mass number is –
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 1
Q.97 Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons. Q.115 Isotopes have –
Q.98 Element having electronic arrangement 2, 7 is (A) Same number of neutrons
fluorine. (B) Same number of electrons but different
number of protons
Q.99 Matter is electrical and negative in nature.
(C) Same number of protons and neutrons.
Q.100 Mass of electron is about 1840 times that of (D) Same number of electrons and protons.
proton.
Q.116 An atom has the arrangement of electrons in
Q.101 Neutrons were discovered by Henry Becquerel. shell as
1st and 2nd shells full + 2 electrons in 3rd shell.
Q.102 Isotope of iodine is used for making tincture of The atom is –
iodine in medicines. (A) Carbon (B) Magnesium
(C) Sulphur (D) fluorine
Q.103 J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an
atom contains only neutrons. Q.117 Which of the following configuration of electrons
represent sodium ?
Q.104 A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton (A) 2, 8, 4 (B) 2, 8, 5
combining together and therefore, it is neutral.
(C) 2, 3 (D) 2, 8, 1

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 71

Q.118 Which of the following does not have neutrons? (A) 1 (B) 3
(A) H (B) He (C) 11 (D) 9
(C) Ne (D) C
Q.129 e/m ratio for electrons is about .... times that of
Q.119 The maximum number of electrons in second shell a proton –
are –
(A) 10 (B) 1000
(A) 2 (B) 8
(C) 2000 (D) 20
(C) 18 (D) 32
Q.130 In the helium atom, the number of electrons in
Q.120 The valency of aluminium (2, 8, 3) is –
the L shell is –
(A) 2 (B) 3
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 5 (D) 1
(C) 8 (D) 6
Q.121 Which of the following has maximum valence
electrons ? (Atomic numbers are given in Q.131 When a gas at reduced pressure is subjected to
brackets) ? an electric discharge the rays originating from
(A) Na (11) (B) N (7) the negative electrode are –
(C) Mg (12) (D) Si (14) (A) Anode rays (B) Cathode rays
(C) X-rays (D) Radioactive rays
Q.122 Which of the following elements (atomic number
given in brackets) have valency 2 ? – Q.132 Elements having the same number of valence
(A) C (6) (B) P (15) electrons in their atoms have similar –
(C) Mg (12) (D) Ar (18) (A) Combining capacities
Q.123 Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion are – (B) Chemical properties
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) Atomic sizes
(C) 17 (D) 18 (D) Metallic characters

Q.124 Charge to mass ratio of electrons was determined Q.133 The electronic configuration of an atom is 2, 8, 2.
by – The number of valence electrons in the atom is –
(A) J.J. Thomson (B) R.A. Milikan (A) 10 (B) 12
(C) W. Wien (D) Rutherford (C) 8 (D) 2

Q.125 e/m value for electrons is equal to – Q.134 The electronic configuration of an element having
(A) 1.76 × 108 C/kg (B) 1.76 × 10 11 C/kg atomic number 16 is –
(C) 1.76 × 10 –11 C/kg (D) 1.602 × 10–19 C/kg (A) 2, 8, 6 (B) 2, 10, 4
Q.126 Neutrons were discovered by – (C) 2, 14 (D) 8, 8
(A) E. goldstein (B) Rutherford Q.135 The number of electrons in the phosphide ion
(C) Bohr (D) James chadwick P3– is –
Q.127 The radius of the atom is about – (A) 15 (B) 16
(A) 10–10 m (B) 10 –8 m (C) 17 (D) 18
(C) 10–18 m (D) 108 m
Q.136 Valency of noble gases is –
Q.128 An element has atomic number 11. The number (A) 1 (B) 2
of valence electrons in it is – (C) 0 (D) None of these

72 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

Q.137 The maximum number of electrons that can be H. MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS
accommodate in the nth level is –
(A) n2 (B) 2n2 Q.144 Column , Column ,,
(A) Electron (P) Wilhelm Karl Roentgen
(C) 4n2 (D) n
(B) Proton (Q) J.J. Thomson
G. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (C) Neutron (R) Gold stein
(D) X-rays (S) James chadwick
Q.138 Bohr’s model can not explain –
(A) Spectrum of hydrogen atom only
Q.145 Column , Column ,,
(B) Spectrum of any atom or ion having one
Radio active Use in treatment of disease
electron only
(A) Iodine (P) Brain tumors
(C) Spectrum of hydrogen molecule
(B) Cobalt (Q) Thyroid
(D) Solar spectrum
(C) Sodium (R) Bone diseas
Q.139 For which species Bohr’s theory apply ? (D) Phosphorus (S) Restricted circulation
(A) H (B) He+ of blood
(C) Li+2 (D) Be Q.146 Column , Column ,,
Element Valence electrons
Q.140 Which of the following statements are correct
(A) Sodium (P) 7
regarding cathode rays ?
(B) Carbon (Q) 2
(A) Cathode rays travel in a straight line
(C) Magnesium (R) 1
(B) Cathode rays produce mechanical effect
(D) Fluorine (S) 4
(C) The cathode rays consist of negatively
charged particles
Q.147 Column , Column ,,
(D) None of these Particle Symbol
Q.141 Which of the following elements have valency 2 ? (A) Electron (P) n
(A) Ba (4) (B) Mg (12) (B) Proton (Q) 4
2 He
(C) Ca (20) (D) C (6)
(C) D-particle (R) e –
Q.142 Which of the following statements are correct ? (D) Neutron (S) P+
(A) Noble gases have completely filled outermost
shells Q.148 Column , Column ,,
(B) Oxygen element has three isotopes (A) Atomic number (P) Shells in an atom
(C) Oxygen element has four isotopes (B) Valence electrons (Q) Number of positive
(D) None of these charge on the nucleus
(C) Protons (R) Electrons present in
Q.143 Which of the following statements are correct ?
outermost
(A) Uranium – 235 isotope is used as a fuel
(D) K,L,M (S) Positively charged
(B) Arsenic – 74 tracer is used to detect the
particles having mass
presence of tumors
equal to that of a
(C) Cobalt – 60 radioisotope is used to cure
hydrogen
cancer
(D) None of these

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 73

I. ASSERTION & REASONING TYPE J. NUMERICALS
(A) If both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
Q.154 Write the electronic arrangement in aluminium.
correct explanation for (A).
How many neutrons does an atom of aluminium
(B) If both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not contain ?
the correct explanation for (A).
Q.155 The average atomic mass of a sample of an
(C) If (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect
element X is 16.2 u. What are the percentages of
(D) If both (A) and (R) are incorrect.
16 18
Q.149 Assertion : isotopes 8 X and 8 X in the sample.
The atoms of different elements having same
Q.156 If bromine atom is in the form of two isotopes
mass number but different atomic number are
known as isobars 79
35 Br (49.7%) and 81
35 Br (50.3%) then find out the
Reason :
atomic mass of bromine atom.
The sum of protons and neutrons, in the isobars
is always different Q.157 Boron occurs in nature in the form of two
Q.150 Assertion : isotopes having atomic mass 10 and 11. Calculate
Cathode rays do not travel in straight lines the percentage abundances of two isotopes in a
Reason : sample having atomic mass 10.80
Cathode rays penetrate through thick sheets
Q.158 The atomic nucleus of an element has mass
Q.151 Assertion : number 23 and number of neutrons 12. What is
Electrons revolving around the nucleus do not the atomic number of the element ?
fall into the nucleus because of centrifugal
force Q.159 Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two
Reason : protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does
Revolving electrons are planetary electrons it have ?

Q.152 Assertion :
Thomson’s atomic model is known as ‘raisin
pudding’ model
Reason :
The atom is visualized as a pudding of positive
charge with electrons (raisins) embedded in it.

Q.153 Assertion :
Electrons do not travel in fixed paths or orbits
Reason :
The distribution of electronic charge surrounding
the nucleus of an atoms is known as an electron
cloud.

74 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

 EXERCISE - 2

Q.8 Cathode rays are –

A. SINGLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS (A) Protons (B) Electrons
Q.1 A neutral atom (Atomic no. > 1) consists of (C) Neutrons (D) D-particles
(A) Only protons Q.9 The nucleus of helium contains
(B) Neutrons + protons (A) Four protons
(C) Neutrons + electrons (B) Four neutrons
(D) Neutrons + protons + electrons (C) Two neutrons and two protons
Q.2 The nucleus of the atom consists of (D) Four protons and two electrons
(A) Proton and neutron Q.10 Cathode rays are made up of
(B) Proton and electron (A) Positively charged particles
(C) Neutrons and electron (B) Negatively charged particles
(D) Proton, neutrons and electron (C) Neutral particles
Q.3 The size of nucleus is of the order of (D) None of these
(A) 10–12 m (B) 10 –8 m Q.11 The size of nucleus is measured in
(C) 10–15 m (D) 10–10 m (A) amu (B) Angstrom
Q.4 Positive ions are formed from the neutral atom (C) Fermi (D) cm
by the Q.12 The nature of anode rays depends upon –
(A) Increase of nuclear charge (A) Nature of electrode
(B) Gain of protons (B) Nature of residual gas
(C) Loss of electrons (C) Nature of discharge tube
(D) Loss of protons (D) All the above
Q.5 The electron is – Q.13 The mass of 1 mole of electrons is –
(A) D-ray particle (B) E-ray particle (A) 9.1 × 10–28 g (B) 1.008 mg
(C) Hydrogen ion (D) Positron (C) 0.55 mg (D) 9.1 × 10–27 g
Q.6 The ratio of charge and mass would be greater Q.14 The ratio of specific charge of a proton and an
for D-particle is –
(A) Proton (B) Electron (A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2
(C) Neutron (D) Alpha (C) 1 : 4 (D) 1 : 1
Q.7 The discovery of neutron becomes very late Q.15 Ratio of masses of proton and electron is –
because – (A) Infinite (B) 1.8 × 103
(A) Neutrons are present in nucleus
(C) 1.8 (D) None of these
(B) Neutrons are highly unstable particles
(C) Neutrons are chargeless Q.16 The number of electrons in an atom of an element
is equal to its
(D) Neutrons do not move
(A) Atomic weight (B) Atomic number
(C) Equivalent weight (D) Electron affinity

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 75

Q.17 The nucleus of the element having atomic number Q.23 To which of the following is Bohr's theory
25 and atomic weight 55 will contain applicable ?
(A) 25 protons and 30 neutrons (A) He+ (B) Li+2
(B) 25 neutrons and 30 protons (C) Tritium (D) Be+3
(C) 55 protons
Q.24 Which of the following are isoelectronic species–
(D) 55 neutrons
(A) CH3+ (B) – NH2
Q.18 Which of the following are isoelectronic with (C) NH4+ (D) NH3
one another ?
(A) Na+ and Ne (B) K+ and O Q.25 Which of the following is/are true in Rutherford's
(C) Ne and O (D) Na+ and K+ nuclear model of atom ?
(A) Protons and neutrons are present inside
Q.19 Chlorine atom differs from chloride ion in the nucleus
number of
(B) Volume of nucleus is very small as compared
(A) Proton
to volume of atom
(B) Neutron
(C) The number of proton and neutrons are
(C) Electrons always equal
(D) Protons and electrons (D) The number of electrons and protons are
always equal
Q.20 The atomic weight of an element is double its
atomic number. If there are four electrons in 2p Q.26 Which of the following pairs are not isotopes ?
orbital, the element is –
(A) Oxygen and ozone
(A) C (B) N
(B) Ice and steam
(C) O (D) Ca
(C) Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
Q.21 Compared with an atom of atomic weight 12 and (D) Hydrogen and deuterium
atomic number 6, the atom of atomic weight 13
Q.27 Which of the following is/are the basic postulates
and atomic number 6
of Dalton's atomic theory ?
(A) Contain more neutrons
(A) Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in
(B) Contains more electrons a chemical reaction
(C) Contains more protons (B) In a given compound the relative number
(D) Is a different element and kinds to atoms are constant
(C) Atoms of all elements are alike including their
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS masses
Q.22 From the D-particle scattering experiment, (D) Each element is composed of extermely small
Rutherford concluded that – particles called atoms.
(A) D-particles can come within a distance of the Q.28 Cathode rays are deflected by ?
order of 10 –14 m of the nucleus. (A) An electric field only
(B) The radius of the nucleus is less than 10–14 m
(B) An magnetic field only
(C) Scattering follows coulomb's law
(C) Neither an electric field nor magnetic field
(D) The positively charged parts of the atom
move with extremely high velocities (D) Can't predict

76 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

Q.29 For cathode rays, the value of e/m is –
(A) Constant
(B) 1.7 × 10 9 C kg–1
(C) Independent of the nature of the cathode
and nature of gas filled in the discharge tube
(D) Lowest when hydrogen gas is filled in the
discharge tube

C. PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

Passage 1 (Q.30 to Q.32)
In the Rutherford's experiment, D-particles were
bombarded towards the copper atoms so as to arrive
at a distance of 10–13 metre from the nucleus of
copper and then getting either deflected or traversing
back. the D-particles did not move further closer.
Q.30 The velocity of the D-particles must be
(A) 8.32 × 108 cm/sec
(B) 6.32 × 108 cm/sec
(C) 6.32 × 108 m/sec
(D) 6.32 × 108 km/sec
Q.31 Which of the following metals can be used
instead of gold in D-scattering experiment –
(A) Pt (B) Na
(C) K (D) Cs
Q.32 Rutherford observed that
(A) 50% of the D-particles got deflected
(B) 99% of the D-particles got deflected
(C) 99% of the D-particles went straight without
suffering any deflection
(D) Nucleus is negatively charged

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 77

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
A. Very Short Type Answer 83. Isotones 84. Protons
1. 1840 times 2. James chadwick 85. Nucleons 86. 8
3. 8 and 16 87. 2 88. 6 89. 6, 6 90. 2
4. C = 18, P = 18, n = 22, electronic configuration = 2, 8,8, 91. Dalton's 92. 200 93. 2, 7
5. O–18 6. 23 E. True or False
7. p = 19, e = 18 8. p = 8, n = 10 94. True 95. False 96. False 97. True
9. R.A. millikan 10. Negative 98. True 99. True 100. True 101. False
11. Proton 12. 1840 : 1
102. False 103. False 104. False 105. True
13. Cathode rays are negatively charged while anode
106. False 107. False 108. True 109. True
rays are positively charged
14. Yes 110. True 111. False 112. True 113. False
15. Mass number = 35, Atomic number = 17 F. Single choice questions
16. Proton = 79, Neutrons = 118, Electrons = 79 114. (C) 115. (D) 116. (B) 117. (D)
17. It indicates atomic number of element × is 13 and its 118. (A) 119. (B) 120. (B) 121. (B)
mass number is 27
122. (C) 123. (B) 124. (A) 125. (B)
18. No charge 19. Neutrons and protons
20. 18 21. 5 126. (D) 127. (A) 128. (A) 129. (C)
22. 1 130. (A) 131. (B) 132. (B) 133. (D)
23. Electron (e), Proton (p), Neutron (n) 134. (A) 135. (D) 136. (C) 137. (B)
24. Rutherford 25. 10 G. Multiple choice questions
26. Electron 27. J.J. Thomson 138. (A,C,D) 139. (A,B,C) 140. (A,B,C)
28. e– 29. Proton
141. (A,B,C) 142. (A,B) 143. (A,B,C)
30. p + 31. Neutron
H. Match the column type questions
32. Nucleus
144. A o Q; B o R; C o S; D o P
D. Fill in the blanks
61. Neutron 62. Atomic number 145. A o Q; B o P; C o S; D o R
63. Mass number 64. 11 146. A o R; B o S; C o Q; D o P
65. 23 66. 20 147. A o R; B o S; C o Q; D o P
67. 8 68. M 148. A o Q; B o R; C o S; D o P
69. 3 70. Neutrons I. Assertion & Reason type questions
71. Isotopes 72. 1.76 × 108 c/g
149. (C) 150. (D) 151. (B) 152. (A) 153. (B)
73. 1.602 × 10 –19 C 74. Proton
J. Numericals
75. Electron 76. 10–15 m
77. 10–10 m 78. Nucleus 154. 14 155. 10% 156. 80.006
79. Protons 80. Protons, Neutrons 157. 80% 158. 11 159. 2 neutrons
81. Atomic, mass 82. Mass, atomic

78 Chemistry- Structure of Atom

 EXERCISE - 2
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans. D A C C B B C B C B C
Q.No 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Ans. B C A B B A A C C A A,B,C
Q.No 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Ans. A,B,C,D B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C A,B,D A,B A,C B A C

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

A. Single choice type question 13. [C] One mole of electron = 6.023 × 1023 electron
1. [D] Neutrons and protons in the nucleus and Mass of one electron = 9.1 × 10–28 gm
electrons in the extranuclear region. Mass of one mole of electrons
2. [A] It consists of proton and neutron and these are = 6.023 × 1023 × 9.1 × 10–28 gm = 5.48 × 10–4 gm.
also known as nucleones.
= 5.48 × 10–4 × 1000 mg = 0.548 gm = 0.55 mg.
3. [C] Radius of nucleus = 10–15 m.
14. [A] Charge on proton = + 1 unit,
4. [C] Positive ions are formed from the neutral atom
by the loss of electrons. charge on D-particle = + 2 units,

5. [B] The E-ray particle constitute electrons. 2 : 1.

15. [B] mp/me 1837 1.8 × 103
6. [B] Charge/mass for 16. [B] The number of electrons in an atom is equal to
2 1 1 its atomic number i.e. number of protons.
n = 0, D = ,p= and e =
4 1 1 / 1837 17. [A] No. of protons = Atomic no. = 25 and no. of
7. [C] This is because chargeless particles do not neutrons = 55 – 25 = 30.
undergo any deflection in electric or magnetic
18. [A] Na+ and Ne are isoelectronic which contain 10
field.
electrons.
8. [B] Cathode rays are made up of negatively charged
19. [C] Cl and Cl– differs in number of electrons. Cl has
particles (electrons) which are deflected by both
17 e– while Cl– has 18 e–.
the electric and magnetic fields.
20. [C] 8O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
9. [C] Nucleus of helium is 2He4 mean 2 neutrons and
2 protons 21. [A] 6 A12 and 6 X 13 both are isotopes but have
different no. of neutrons.
10. [B] Cathode rays are made up of negatively charged
12,
particles (electrons, e–) 6A For A have p = 6, e = 6 and n = 6 and
13,
11. [C] Size of nucleus is measured in Fermi 6X For B have p = 6, e = 6 and n = 7

(1 Fermi = 10–15 m). B. Multiple choice type questions

12. [B] The nature of anode rays depends upon the 22. [A,B,C]
nature of residual gas. 23. [A,B,C,D]
All the species have one electron each. So Bohr's
theory is applicable

Chemistry- Structure of Atom 79

24. [B,C,D]
25. [A,B,D]
26. [A,B,C]
27. [A,B,D]
Are the postulates of Dalton's theory.
28. [A,B]
Cathode rays are made up of electrons that's
way they deflect in electric field & magnetic field.
29. [A,C]
e/m value of cathode rays is an universal
constant.
Passage 1
30. [B] At the distance of closest approach
2 Ze 2e 1
V 2 = 4 S  ur ×
0 0 m
Hence, substituting the value of m = 4 ,
Z = 29, e = 1.66 × 10 –19, r0 = 10 –13 mts
V = 6.32 × 10 8 cm/sec.
Hence, choice (B) is correct while (A), (C), (D)
are incorrect as from above calculation.
31. [A] It is because 'Pt' is highly malleable and ductile
and least reactive. (B), (C) and (D) are soft metals
and highly reactive, therefore, cannot be used.
32. [C] Rutherford observed that 99% of D-particles
passed through the material without suffering
any deviation. Hence, (C) is correct while (A),
(B) and (D) are incorrect.

80 Chemistry- Structure of Atom