IV.

GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

1.GLOBAL CITY

A global city is a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic network. The concept originates from geography and
urban studies, based on the thesis that globalization has created a hierarchy of strategic geographic locations with varying
degrees of influence over finance, trade, and culture worldwide.

Tokyo is a premier global city, boasting significant economic, cultural and political influence. As a financial hub, the Tokyo Stock
Exchange (TSE) is one of the world's largest stock exchanges. Global giants like Toyota, Honda, Sony and Toshiba have
headquarters there. Innovation thrives, particularly in robotics, AI and electronics.

Culturally, Tokyo blends traditional Japanese culture with modern influences. Iconic institutions like the Ghibli Museum, Tokyo
National Museum and Kabuki theaters showcase its rich artistic heritage. Tokyo hosts numerous international events, including
Tokyo Fashion Week and cultural festivals.

Politically, Tokyo plays a significant role in global governance as a member of the G7 and G20. Strong diplomatic ties and policy
influence shape global finance, trade and security. Advanced infrastructure, transportation systems (Narita and Haneda
airports, Bullet Train) and cutting-edge architecture define urban development. World-class universities like Tokyo University
and Waseda University contribute to its educational excellence.

Key statistics include: GDP ($1.5 trillion, nominal, 2020), population (13.9 million, 2020) and ranking third in the Global City
Index (2020).

London is a premier global city, boasting significant economic, cultural and political influence. As a financial hub, the London
Stock Exchange (LSE) is one of the world's oldest and largest stock exchanges. Global giants like HSBC, BP, GlaxoSmithKline and
Unilever have headquarters there. Innovation thrives, particularly in fintech, cybersecurity and biotechnology.

Culturally, London is exceptionally diverse, with over 300 languages spoken. Iconic institutions like the British Museum, National
Gallery and West End theaters showcase its rich artistic heritage. London hosts numerous international events, including
London Fashion Week and cultural festivals.

Politically, London's significance is underscored by its membership in the G7, G20 and Commonwealth. Strong diplomatic ties
and policy influence shape global finance, trade and security. Advanced infrastructure, transportation systems (Heathrow
Airport, Tube) and iconic architecture define urban development. World-class universities like University College London,
Imperial College London and London School of Economics contribute to its educational excellence.

Key statistics include: GDP ($1.2 trillion, nominal, 2020), population (8.9 million, 2020) and

ranking second in the Global City Index (2020).

New York City is a premier global city, boasting significant economic, cultural and political

influence. As a financial hub, Wall Street is home to the world's largest stock exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
and NASDAQ. Global giants like Google, Facebook, Pfizer and Citigroup have headquarters there. Innovation thrives, particularly
in fintech, biotech, cybersecurity and media/entertainment.

Culturally, New York City is exceptionally diverse, with over 800 languages spoken. Iconic institutions like Broadway theaters,
the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Carnegie Hall showcase its rich artistic heritage. The city hosts numerous international
events, including the UN General Assembly, New York Fashion Week and the Grammy Awards.
Politically, New York City's significance is underscored by hosting the United Nations Headquarters. Strong diplomatic ties and
policy influence shape global finance, trade, security and human rights. Advanced infrastructure, transportation systems (JFK,
LaGuardia, Newark airports) and iconic skyscrapers define urban development. World-class universities like Columbia, NYU and
CUNY contribute to its educational excellence.

Key statistics include: GDP ($1.7 trillion, nominal, 2020), population (8.4 million, 2020) and ranking first in the Global City Index
(2020).

Sources:

NYC Economic Development Corporation. (2022).

World Bank. (2022). New York City Overview.

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2020). Global City Competitiveness Index.

US Census Bureau. (2020). New York City Data

Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (2022). Tokyo's Economy.

World Bank. (2022). Tokyo Overview. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2020). Global City Competitiveness Index.

Japan National Tourism Organization. (2022). Tokyo.

City of London. (2022). Economic Development.

World Bank. (2022). London Overview.

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2020). Global City Competitiveness Index.

London & Partners. (2022). London's Economy.