Solutions for All Programming Tasks
Name – Shivani. Roll No.240651
Problem 1: Check if a given character is a vowel or consonant
C++ Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void checkVowelOrConsonant(char c) {
if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')) {
if (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u' ||
c == 'A' || c == 'E' || c == 'I' || c == 'O' || c == 'U') {
cout << c << " is a vowel." << endl;
} else { cout << c << " is a
consonant." << endl;
} else { cout << c << " is not an
alphabet." << endl;
}
int main() { char c; cout <<
"Enter a character: "; cin >>
c;
checkVowelOrConsonant(c);
return 0;
Problem 2: Check Whether a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero
C++ Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() { double number;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
if (number > 0) cout << "The number is
positive." << endl; else if (number < 0)
cout << "The number is negative." << endl;
else cout << "The number is zero." <<
endl;
return 0;
}
Problem 3: Check if an Input Character is an Alphabet, Digit, or Special Character C++ Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() { char ch; cout
<< "Enter a character: "; cin
>> ch;
if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'))
cout << ch << " is an alphabet." << endl; else if (ch
>= '0' && ch <= '9') cout << ch << " is a digit." <<
endl; else cout << ch << " is a special
character." << endl;
return 0;
Problem 4: Create a Calculator Using the Switch Statement
C++ Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char op; double num1, num2;
cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";
cin >> op; cout << "Enter two
numbers: "; cin >> num1 >> num2;
switch (op) {
case '+':
cout << "Result: " << num1 + num2 << endl;
break;
case '-':
cout << "Result: " << num1 - num2 << endl;
break;
case '*':
cout << "Result: " << num1 * num2 << endl;
break;
case '/':
if (num2 != 0) cout << "Result: " <<
num1 / num2 << endl;
else cout << "Division by zero
error!" << endl; break; default:
cout << "Invalid operator!" << endl; break;
return 0;
Problem 5: Print a Half-Pyramid Using Numbers
C++ Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() { int rows; cout <<
"Enter the number of rows: "; cin >>
rows;
for (int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
cout << j << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 6. Half-Pyramid Using *
void halfPyramid() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << "* ";
cout << endl;
// 7(a). Alphabet Pyramid
void alphabetPyramid() {
char ch = 'A';
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << ch << " ";
ch++;
cout << endl;
// 7(b). Reverse Half-Pyramid
void reverseHalfPyramid() {
for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i--) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << "* ";
cout << endl;
// 7(c). Centered Pyramid
void centeredPyramid() {
int rows = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
cout << " ";
for (int j = 0; j < 2 * (rows - i) - 1; j++) {
cout << "* ";
cout << endl;
// 7(d). Number Pyramid
void numberPyramid() {
int num = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << num << " ";
num++;
cout << endl;
// 7(e). Repeated Number Pyramid
void repeatedNumberPyramid() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
} }
int main() {
cout << "6. Half-Pyramid Using *" << endl;
halfPyramid();
cout << endl;
cout << "7(a). Alphabet Pyramid" << endl; alphabetPyramid();
cout << endl;
cout << "7(b). Reverse Half-Pyramid" << endl;
reverseHalfPyramid();
cout << endl;
cout << "7(c). Centered Pyramid" << endl;
centeredPyramid();
cout << endl;
cout << "7(d). Number Pyramid" << endl;
numberPyramid();
cout << endl;
cout << "7(e). Repeated Number Pyramid" << endl;
repeatedNumberPyramid();
return 0;
C++ Program Solutions
1. Program to Find HCF/GCD
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int findHCF(int a, int b) {
while (b != 0) {
int temp = b;
b = a % b;
a = temp;
}
return a;
int main() {
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << "HCF/GCD of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << findHCF(num1, num2) <<
endl;
return 0;
2. Program to Find LCM
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int findHCF(int a, int b) {
while (b != 0) {
int temp = b;
b = a % b;
a = temp;
return a;
int findLCM(int a, int b) {
return (a * b) / findHCF(a, b);
int main() {
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << "LCM of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << findLCM(num1, num2) <<
endl;
return 0;
3. Program to Check if a Number is Palindrome
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool isPalindrome(int num) {
int original = num, reversed = 0;
while (num > 0) {
reversed = reversed * 10 + (num % 10);
num /= 10;
return original == reversed;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> num;
if (isPalindrome(num))
cout << num << " is a palindrome." << endl;
else
cout << num << " is not a palindrome." << endl;
return 0;
4. Program to Check if a Number is Armstrong
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
bool isArmstrong(int num) {
int original = num, sum = 0, digits = 0;
while (num > 0) {
digits++;
num /= 10;
num = original;
while (num > 0) {
sum += pow(num % 10, digits);
num /= 10;
}
return sum == original;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> num;
if (isArmstrong(num))
cout << num << " is an Armstrong number." << endl;
else
cout << num << " is not an Armstrong number." << endl;
return 0;
5. Program to Calculate Sum of Natural Numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
int sum = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;
cout << "Sum of first " << n << " natural numbers is " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
6. Program for Sum of Series 1-2+3-4...n
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int sumSeries(int n) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
sum += (i % 2 == 0) ? -i : i;
return sum;
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
cout << "Sum of the series is " << sumSeries(n) << endl;
return 0;
}
*Question 1: Program to Compute the Sum of the First N Terms of the Series*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std;
double calculate_series_sum(int n) {
double sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
double sign = (i % 2 == 0) ? 1 : -1;
sum += sign / (i + 1);
return sum;
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter the number of terms: "; cin >> n; cout <<
"Sum of the series: " << calculate_series_sum(n) << endl; return
0;
```
*Question 2: Program to Remove Duplicates from an Array*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std;
void remove_duplicates(int arr[], int &n) {
int temp[100];
int j = 0; for (int i = 0; i <
n; i++) { bool found =
false; for (int k = 0; k < j;
k++) { if (arr[i] ==
temp[k]) { found =
true; break;
if (!found) {
temp[j++] = arr[i];
} for (int i = 0; i < j;
i++) { arr[i] =
temp[i];
} n
= j; }
int main() {
int arr[100];
int n;
cout << "Enter the size of the array: "; cin
>> n; cout << "Enter the elements of the
array: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> arr[i];
remove_duplicates(arr, n); cout
<< "Array without duplicates: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
```
*Question 3: Program to Print a Table Indicating the Number of Occurrences of Each
Alphabet*
```
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> using
namespace std;
void count_alphabets(char text[]) {
int alphabet_counts[26] = {0}; for
(int i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++) {
char c = tolower(text[i]);
if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {
alphabet_counts[c - 'a']++;
cout << "Alphabet Counts:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { cout << (char)(i + 'a') << ": " <<
alphabet_counts[i] << endl;
int main() { char
text[100]; cout << "Enter
the text: ";
cin.getline(text, 100);
count_alphabets(text);
return 0;
```
*Question 4: Menu-Driven Program to Perform String Manipulation*
```
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> using
namespace std;
void show_address_of_each_character(char string[]) {
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(string); i++) {
cout << "Address of '" << string[i] << "': " << (void*)&string[i] << endl;
char* concatenate_two_strings(char str1[], char str2[]) {
char* result = new char[strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1];
strcpy(result, str1); strcat(result, str2); return
result;
// ... (rest of the functions remain the same
*Question 5: Program to Merge Two Ordered Arrays*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std;
void merge_ordered_arrays(int arr1[], int m, int arr2[], int n) {
int* result = new int[m + n]; int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
while (i < m && j < n) {
if (arr1[i] <= arr2[j]) {
result[k++] = arr1[i++];
} else { result[k++]
= arr2[j++];
while (i < m) {
result[k++] = arr1[i++];
while (j < n) {
result[k++] = arr2[j++];
cout << "Merged array: ";
for (int i = 0; i < m + n; i++) {
cout << result[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
delete[] result;
int main() { int arr1[] = {1, 3, 5, 7};
int arr2[] = {2, 4, 6, 8}; int m =
sizeof(arr1) / sizeof(arr1[0]); int n =
sizeof(arr2) / sizeof(arr2[0]);
merge_ordered_arrays(arr1, m, arr2, n);
return 0;
```
*Question 6: Program to Search a Given Element Using Binary Search*
*(a) With Recursion*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std;
int binary_search_recursive(int arr[], int low, int high, int key) {
if (low > high) { return -1;
int mid = (low + high) / 2;
if (arr[mid] == key) {
return mid;
} else if (arr[mid] > key) { return
binary_search_recursive(arr, low, mid - 1, key);
} else {
return binary_search_recursive(arr, mid + 1, high, key);
int main() { int arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38,
56, 72, 91}; int n = sizeof(arr) /
sizeof(arr[0]); int key; cout << "Enter the
key to search: "; cin >> key;
int result = binary_search_recursive(arr, 0, n - 1, key);
if (result == -1) { cout << "Key not found in
the array." << endl;
} else { cout << "Key found at index " << result <<
"." << endl;
return 0;
```
*(b) Without Recursion*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std; int
binary_search_iterative(in
t arr[], int n, int key) {
int low = 0; int high = n
- 1;
while (low <= high) {
int mid = (low + high) / 2;
if (arr[mid] == key) {
return mid; } else if
(arr[mid] > key) { high
= mid - 1; } else {
low = mid + 1;
return -1;
int main() { int arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38,
56, 72, 91}; int n = sizeof(arr) /
sizeof(arr[0]); int key; cout << "Enter the
key to search: "; cin >> key;
int result = binary_search_iterative(arr, n, key);
if (result == -1) { cout << "Key not found in
the array." << endl;
} else { cout << "Key found at index " << result <<
"." << endl;
return 0;
```
*Question 7: Program to Calculate GCD of Two Numbers*
*(a) With Recursion*
```
#include <iostream> using
namespace std;
int gcd_recursive(int a, int b) {
if (b == 0) { return a;
return gcd_recursive(b, a % b);
int main() {
int num1, num2; cout << "Enter
the first number: "; cin >> num1;
cout << "Enter the second number: ";
cin >> num2;
int gcd = gcd_recursive(num1, num2);
cout << "GCD of " <<
_Question 8: Matrix Class and Operations_
```
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
class Matrix {
private: int
rows; int
cols; int**
data;
public:
Matrix(int rows, int cols) {
this->rows = rows; this-
>cols = cols; data = new
int*[rows]; for (int i =
0; i < rows; i++) {
data[i] = new int[cols];
~Matrix() { for (int i = 0; i
< rows; i++) { delete[]
data[i];
delete[] data;
void setElement(int row, int col, int value) { if (row < 0
|| row >= rows || col < 0 || col >= cols) { throw
std::out_of_range("Matrix indices out of range");
data[row][col] = value;
int getElement(int row, int col) { if (row < 0 || row >=
rows || col < 0 || col >= cols) { throw
std::out_of_range("Matrix indices out of range");
return data[row][col];
}
Matrix* add(Matrix* other) { if (rows !=
other->rows || cols != other->cols) { throw
std::invalid_argument("Matrices are not
compatible for addition");
Matrix* result = new Matrix(rows, cols); for (int i = 0; i < rows;
i++) { for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) { result->setElement(i, j,
getElement(i, j) + other->getElement(i, j));
return result;
Matrix* multiply(Matrix* other) { if (cols != other->rows) { throw
std::invalid_argument("Matrices are not compatible for multiplication");
Matrix* result = new Matrix(rows, other->cols); for
(int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < other->cols;
j++) { int sum = 0; for (int k = 0; k < cols;
k++) { sum += getElement(i, k) * other-
>getElement(k, j);
result->setElement(i, j, sum);
return result;
}
Matrix* transpose() {
Matrix* result = new Matrix(cols, rows);
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j
< cols; j++) { result->setElement(j, i,
getElement(i, j));
return result;
};
int main() {
try {
Matrix* mat1 = new Matrix(2, 2); mat1-
>setElement(0, 0, 1); mat1->setElement(0, 1, 2);
mat1->setElement(1, 0, 3); mat1->setElement(1,
1, 4);
Matrix* mat2 = new Matrix(2, 2); mat2-
>setElement(0, 0, 5); mat2->setElement(0, 1, 6);
mat2->setElement(1, 0, 7); mat2->setElement(1,
1, 8);
Matrix* sum = mat1->add(mat2);
Matrix* product = mat1->multiply(mat2);
Matrix* transpose = mat1->transpose();
cout << "Sum:" << endl; for (int i = 0;
i < sum->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <
sum->cols; j++) { cout << sum-
>getElement(i, j) << " ";
cout << endl;
cout << "Product:" << endl; for (int i = 0;
i < product->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <
product->cols; j++) { cout << product-
>getElement(i, j) << " ";
cout << endl;
cout << "Transpose:" << endl; for (int i = 0;
i < transpose->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <
transpose->cols; j++) { cout << transpose-
>getElement(i, j) << " ";
cout << endl;
delete mat1;
delete mat2; delete
sum; delete
product; delete
transpose;
} catch
_Question 9: Person, Student, and Employee Classes_
```
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person { protected:
std::string name;
public:
Person(const std::string& name) : name(name) {}
virtual void display() const { std::cout <<
"Name: " << name << std::endl;
virtual ~Person() {}
};
class Student : public Person { private:
std::string course; int
marks;
int year;
public:
Student(const std::string& name, const std::string& course, int marks, int year)
: Person(name), course(course), marks(marks), year(year) {}
void display() const override {
Person::display(); std::cout << "Course: " <<
course << std::endl; std::cout << "Marks: " <<
marks << std::endl; std::cout << "Year: " <<
year << std::endl;
};
class Employee : public Person { private:
std::string department;
double salary;
public:
Employee(const std::string& name, const std::string& department, double salary)
: Person(name), department(department), salary(salary) {}
void display() const override { Person::display();
std::cout << "Department: " << department << std::endl;
std::cout << "Salary: " << salary << std::endl;
};
int main() {
Person* persons[] = {new Student("John Doe", "CS", 90, 2022),
new Employee("Jane Doe", "HR", 50000.0)};
for (Person* person : persons) {
person->display(); std::cout
<< std::endl;
for (Person* person : persons) {
delete person;
return 0;
```
_Question 10: Triangle Class_
```
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
class Triangle { private:
double side1;
double side2;
double side3;
public:
Triangle(double side1, double side2, double side3) { if (side1 <=
0 || side2 <= 0 || side3 <= 0) { throw std::invalid_argument("All
sides must be greater than 0");
if (side1 + side2 <= side3 || side2 + side3 <= side1 || side3 + side1 <= side2) {
throw std::invalid_argument("Sum of any two sides must be greater than the third
side");
this->side1 = side1; this-
>side2 = side2; this->side3 =
side3;
double calculateAreaRightAngled() const {
// Calculate area using formula: (base * height) / 2
// Assume side1 and side2 are the base and height
return (side1 * side2) / 2;
double calculateAreaHeron() const {
// Calculate semi-perimeter double s
= (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2; //
Calculate area using Heron's formula
return sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s
- side3));
};
int main() {
try {
Triangle triangle(3.0, 4.0, 5.0);
std::cout << "Area (Right Angled): " << triangle.calculateAreaRightAngled() << std::endl;
std::cout << "Area (Heron's Formula): " << triangle.calculateAreaHeron() << std::endl;
} catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr
<< "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl; return
1;
return 0;
_Question 11: Student Class and File Operations_
```
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
class Student { private:
int rollNo;
std::string name;
std::string className;
int year; double
totalMarks;
public:
Student(int rollNo, const std::string& name, const std::string& className, int year, double
totalMarks)
: rollNo(rollNo), name(name), className(className), year(year),
totalMarks(totalMarks) {}
void display() const { std::cout << "Roll No.: " <<
rollNo << std::endl; std::cout << "Name: " << name <<
std::endl; std::cout << "Class: " << className <<
std::endl; std::cout << "Year: " << year << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total Marks: " << totalMarks << std::endl;
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& student) {
os << student.rollNo << " " << student.name << " " << student.className << " " <<
student.year << " " << student.totalMarks;
return os;
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& student) {
is >> student.rollNo >> student.name >> student.className >> student.year >>
student.totalMarks;
return is;
};
int main() {
// Create 5 Student objects
Student students[] = {
Student(1, "John Doe", "X", 2022, 90.0),
Student(2, "Jane Doe", "XI", 2023, 85.0),
Student(3, "Bob Smith", "XII", 2024, 95.0),
Student(4, "Alice Johnson", "X", 2022, 88.0),
Student(5, "Mike Brown", "XI", 2023, 92.0)
};
// Write Student objects to file
std::ofstream fileOut("students.txt"); if
(fileOut.is_open()) { for (const Student&
student : students) { fileOut <<
student << std::endl;
fileOut.close();
} else { std::cerr << "Unable to open file for writing." <<
std::endl; return 1;
}
// Read Student objects from file and display
std::ifstream fileIn("students.txt"); if
(fileIn.is_open()) { Student student;
while (fileIn >> student) {
student.display(); std::cout << std::endl;
fileIn.close();
} else { std::cerr << "Unable to open file for reading." <<
std::endl; return 1;
return 0;
```
_Question 12: Copy File Contents Without Whitespaces_
```
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
int main() { std::ifstream
fileIn("input.txt");
std::ofstream
fileOut("output.txt");
if (fileIn.is_open() && fileOut.is_open()) {
std::string line; while
(std::getline(fileIn, line)) { std::string
newline; for (char c : line) {
if (!std::isspace(c)) { newline +=
c;
fileOut << newline << std::endl;
fileIn.close(); fileOut.close(); } else {
std::cerr << "Unable to open file(s)." << std::endl;
return 1;
return 0;
```
