*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED

HEREDITY AND
EVOLUTION
NOTES
# Genetics -
It deals with
study of heredity and variation .

# Heredity The transmission of characters traits

-

from one generation to

next generation is called Heredity .

# Variations -
The differences in the characters 1 traits among individuals of a
species are called variation .

Causes of Variation
:c
Genetic variations
,
:
mutation (sudden inheritable change in
gene or chromosome )
Environmental factors : →
Diets
→
Chemicals
→
Pollution

Importance of Variation are :

1B It is basis of heredity .

dis Adaptability to adverse conditions is due to variation .

Iii, New varieties of an organism may arise due to variation and form in raw

materials for evolution .

# Inherited Traits These -

are traits characteristics which are based on from

or
to their
parents offsprings generation and are controlled by genes Eg height, .
-

skin colour etc

Johann Mendel Some of the basic laws of inheritance

#
Gregor were proposed by
-

him and he is known to world as the father of

now Genetics .

→ Mendel opted garden pea to conduct his experiments .

→
He selected garden pea for his experiments as -

* these grow quickly

and are easier to study .

can be crossed or self

fig pea plants pollinated .

Several pair of contrasting traits are visible within the same plant round/
wrinkled seeds tall / short plant white / violet flower
, ,
.

# Some Important Terms or

one of different forms of
Allele particular gene eg height
• -
- .
.

-
Dominant Allele An allele whose phenotype will be expressed
-

even in presence
,

of another allele It is represented by capital letter eg T

. . .

•
Recessive Allele Presence of both the allele is must for phenotype to be expressed
-

It is represented
by small letter eg:t . .

Genetic composition of an individual eg pure or hybrid tall

Genotype
• -
-
. .

-
Phenotype physical characteristics eg tall or dwarf
-
.
-
.

•
punnet squares probability diagram illustrating the possible offsprings
-

,
.

Chromosomes A
long rod like structure present in nucleus
° - -
.
•
Hybrid -
An individual two different alleles for same trait eg : TtHall)
having .

Mono hybrid Cross The cross in which one pair of contrasting trait is taken
.

'

. -

into consideration that is known as mono

hybrid cross and the ratio 3:L ,

Which we obtain in the mono hybrid cross is called monohybrid ratio .

D Thi brid cross The cross in which two pair of trait are taken
• -

contrasting
into consideration is called
dihybrid
cross and ratio 9:3 :3 :L which we obtain
,

in the dihybrid
cross is called dihybrid ratio .

•
Dominant Trait The trait which is able to express itself in ft generation
-

•
Recessive Trait The trait which is not able to express itself in FL generation but
-

in f 2
reappears generation .

Homozygous similar type of gene

- -

Different type of gene

÷ Heterozygous
-

Dominant gene The able to express itself

gene which is in both
homozygous
-

and
heterozygous condition .

Recessive Gene The which able to express itself only in homozygous

gene
. -

condition .

→
Inheritance from the previous generation provides both a common body
design , and subtle changes in it for the next generation .

→
Depending on the nature of variations different individuals would have ,

different kinds of advantage .

•
Acquired Traits Inherited Trait
* Not present in the reproductive Rs Present in the reproductive cell .

cell
as we acquire it from surroundings . fine inherent it from our
parents .

of Traits of speaking English g- Colour of skin

-

. .

Mendel 's Experiment

Traits may be dominant recessive When Mendel cross pollinated tall pea plant
or .

with short pea plant he obtained all tall pea plants in FL In order
,

to understand what happened to the trait of short

generation
he self pollinated
.

height -

the plants ft generation , in FZ generation he observed that trait of short

was also present Both tall and short plants were obtained in the ratio of
height
3:L , Mendel concluded that trait of short
.

was also present in plants of

height
FL
generation but unable to express itself
TAH PEA PLANT
.

SHORT PEA PLANT

PARENT
GENERATION ⑦ l
X
l
t

SEPARATION /
of GENE T T t t
t t

T Tt Tt All PLANTS TALC

ft
GENERATION T Tt Tt GENOTYPE : Tt
 ×

T t T t
T t
f-2
GENERATION .
T TT Tt 75% tall
t Tt tt 25% short

Phenotypic Ratto Genotypic Ratio

Tall :
short TT : Tt :
tt
3 : I 1 : 2 :L

Traits inherited independently when Mendel cross pollinated round and

are

yellow colour seed pea plant with green and wrinkled seed pea plant in
parent generation All the pea plant which were obtained were having round
.

shape and yellow colour In order to understand what happened to the

.

trait of wrinkled shape and green colour, he self pollinated the plants -

of FL generation In Fz generation he observed that apart from parental

.
,

combination some new combinations were also obtained because the trait of
shape and colour are not linked to eachother but are inherited independent
of each other .

PatternFLAT on ,
RRYY x
rryy
(Round ,
Yellow) (wrinkled , Green)
l l
GAMETES RY
ry

ft generation Roxy
( Round , Yellow)

Roxy X
Roxy
Tl l l'll '

FZ GENERATION
RY Ry ry ry Ry Ry oyry
RY RY RY og
RY RRYY RRYY Rryy Rolly
Ry RRYY Rryy Rryy Rryy
RY Roxy Roxy oryx only
ry Roxy Rryy only royy

Round
Phenotype ratio wrinkled green
Round yellow :
green : wrinkled yellow :

9 :3 :3:L
 Basis of traits expression
cellular DNA Ps source of information for making proteins in cell A section .

of DNA that provides information for one protein is called gene cunt t of
heredity that controls the characteristics of living organism ) .

Sex Determination (Determination of sex of an offspring) .

factors responsible
top sex determination
,
,

Environmental genetic
In some animals the temperature In some animals, determination
at which the fertilised
eggs are of sex occurs
largely by genetic
kept,
determines the sex of control ,
genes inherited from
offspring .

parents determined sex of offspring

of In turtles eg in human beings
-
-
. .
.

In human
( Total
-
beings In human beings , there are 23 pairs of chromosomes
-

46 chromosomes) , out of which 22 pairs are outcomes and one pair is

sex chromosome These vary in males and female Pre
. Male.
XY .
-

& female XX -

sex of the child depends upon what happened during fertilisation -

IB If sperm
carrying X chromosome fertile with egg, the child born will be female(xx)
-

%it If sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilese with egg , the child born will be male CXY)
-
.

Thus , the sperm for male cell) determines the sex of the child .

father mother
parents : XY xx
x x
Gametes : x x x x

Offsprings xx
-
xx xx
-
xx

50% probability 50% probability

of female child of male child
This shows that half the children will be boys and half will be
girls .