CHAPTER 4

Operational Amplifiers
Section 4.3 Solutions
4.3.1 An op-amp based amplifier has supply voltages of ±5 V and a gain of 20.

a. Sketch the input waveform from the output waveform in Fig. P4.3.1.

b. Double the amplitude of your results in (a) and sketch the new output waveform.
υo ( V )

0
25 50 75 100 125 t (ms)
−1

−2

−3

FIGURE P4.3.1

131
132 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Solution:
a) υin ( V )

0.15

25 50 75 100 125 t (ms)

−0.15

b) υout ( V )

25 50 75 100 125 t (ms)

−5

4.3.2 An amplifier has a gain of 15 and the input waveform shown in Fig. P4.3.2. Draw the output
waveform.

υin (mV)

150

100

50

0
0.5 1 1.5 2.0 t (s)
−50

−100

−150

FIGURE P4.3.2
 Solutions to Problems 133

Solution:

υout (V)

1
0.75
0.5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 t (s)
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
−2.25

4.3.3 For an ideal op-amp, the voltage gain and input resistance are infinite while the output resistance
is zero. What are the consequences for

a. the op-amp’s input voltage?

b. the op-amp’s input currents?

c. the op-amp’s output current?

Solution:

a. With infinite gain, an input voltage of zero will produce a finite output voltage,
​Vin ​ out
​ ​= 0 V​and, if Vin is a finite value the ​V ​ ​= ± ∞.​
​
b. No input current flows,
​Rin
​ ​= ∞ and ​iin
​ ​= 0 A​
​
​ ​= 0 Ω,​the output current is limited only by external circuit variables,
c. With ​Rout
​V​ ​
​io​ ​= _
​ out ​
​Req
​​

io

+
Req Vout
−

4.3.4 Revisit your answers in Problem 4.3.3 under the following nonideal scenarios.

a. ​Rin
​ ​= ∞, ​Rout
​ ​= 0, A
​ o​ ​≠ ∞.​

b. ​Rin
​ ​= ∞, ​Rout
​ ​> 0, ​Ao​ ​= ∞.​

c. ​Rin
​ ​≠ ∞, ​Rout
​ ​= 0, A
​ o​ ​= ∞.​
134 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Solution:

​ ​= ∞, then ​iin
a. ​If ​Rin ​ ​= 0 A
​V​ ​
​ ​= _
​ ​= 0, then ​iout
If ​Rout ​ out ​​(​RL​ ​= external resistor)​
​RL​ ​
If ​Ao​ ​≠ ∞, then ​Vin
​ ​≠ 0 V​

b. ​If ​Rin
​ ​= ∞, then i​ in
​ ​= 0 A
​ ​> 0, ​iout
If ​Rout ​ ​will be limited by both ​Rout
​ ​ and ​RL​ ​.
​ ​
​Vout
​ ​= _
⇒ ​iout ​ ​
(​ ​RL​ ​+ ​Rout
​ )​ ​
If ​Ao​ ​= ∞, then ​Vin
​ ​= 0 V​
​V​ ​
​ ​= _
​ ​≠ ∞, then i​ in
c. ​If ​Rin ​ in ​
​Rin
​​
If ​Ao​ ​= ∞, then V
​ in
​ ​= 0 V.
​ ​= 0 A because V
Therefore, ​iin ​ in
​ ​= 0 V.
​ ​= 0, then i​ out
If ​Rout ​ ​is limited only by R
​ L​ ​.
​V​ ​
​ ​= _
⇒ ​iout ​ out ​
​RL​ ​

4.3.5 An amplifier has a gain of –5 and the output waveform shown in Fig. P4.3.5. Sketch the input
waveform.
υo (V)

12

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (ms)
−2

−4

−6

−8

−10

−12

FIGURE P4.3.5
 Solutions to Problems 135

Solution:
υin (V)

2.4

1.6

0.8

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (ms)
−0.8

−1.6

−2.4

4.3.6 Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting configuration in Section 4.3.

a. Find an expression for the gain if ​Rin

​ ​= ∞, R
​ out
​ ​= 0,​and ​Ao​ ​≠ ∞.​

b. Plot the ratio of the gain in (a) to the ideal gain versus ​​A​ o​​​for ​1 ≤ ​Ao​ ​≤ 1000​for an ideal gain of –10.

c. From your plot, does the actual gain approach the ideal value as A​
​​ o​increases or decreases?

d. From your plot, what is the minimum value of ​​A​o​if the actual gain is within 5% of the ideal case?

Solution:

a. From section 4.3

(
​ −​ __2 ​)​
​R​ ​
​R1​ ​
​Vo​  ​​ _________________________

⎢ ⎥
__
​​V​   ​​​ = ​​        ​​
⎡ _ 1 ⎤
( ​ ​)( ​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​)
S 1 _
1 _ 1 1 _
_
​ ​ ​+ ​ ​+ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​+ ​ ​ ​
​R​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​Rin
1 − ​ __________________
​ 1       ​ ​
​ ​(_
​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​)
​A​ ​
(​​R2​ ​)
​_ 1 1
​ ​− _ ​ o​ ​
⎣ ⎦

When R
​ in
​ ​= ∞, ​Rout
​ ​= 0, and A
​ o​ ​≠ ∞:
1  ​​≪ ___
​​ ___ ​​  1  ​​and ___ ​​  1  ​​, ___
​​  1  ​​≪ ___ ​​  1  ​​≫ ___
​​  1  ​​
​Rin​ ​ ​R1​ ​ ​Rin​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​ ​R2​ ​

( ​  2 ​)​ (
​ −​ __2 ​)​
​R​ ​ ​R​ ​
​ − __
​V​ ​ ​R1​ ​ ​R1​ ​

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
​​ ___o ​​= _________________
​​        ​​= _____________
​​     ​​
⎡​ _ ​ 1 ​ ​⎤ ⎡ _ ​R2​ ​+ ​R1​ ​ ⎤
( ​R​ ​ ​R2​ ​)( ​Ro​ ​) ( ​R2​ ​​R1​ ​ ​)​
​VS​ ​
​ 1 ​+ _ ​1 ​ ​ _ ​ ​
1 + ​ ___________
​ 1   
  ​ ​ 1 + ​ _ ​ ​​
⎣ ( ​R2​ ​)( ​Ro​ ​) ⎦ ​(​_o ​)​
​A​ ​
​_​1 ​ ​ _ ​ o​ ​ ​A​ ​
⎣ ​R2​ ​ ⎦

( ​  2 ​)​
​R​  ​​
​ − __
​R1​  ​​
​Vo​ ​ ________________
___
​​   ​​= ​​       ​​
( ​R1​ ​ )( ​Ao​ ​)
​VS​ ​ ​R​ ​+ ​R2​ ​ _
1+​ _
​ 1 ​ ​ ​1 ​ ​

​(− _ ​​R2​ ​)
​R​ ​
​Vo​ ​ ________________ ​​
___
​​   ​​= ​​  1
   ​​= ​Aactual
​ ​
o (
​​R2​ ​)
​VS​ ​ ​R​ ​
1+( ​​A1​ ​)
​_ ​ ​ 1+_ ​​
1
136 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

− ​R​ ​
​ ​= _
b. ​Aideal ​ 2 ​= − 10
​R1​ ​

​Aactual
​ ​  ​(− 10)​   ​= −​_
​= ______________ 10 ​
( ​Ao​ ​)
__1
1 + ​ ​  ​ ​(1 + (​ 10)​)​ 1+_​11 ​
​Ao​ ​
1 ≤ ​Ao​  ​​≤ 1000

Gain Ratio vs. Ao

0

−1

−2

−3

−4

Gain Ratio
−5

−6

−7

−8

−9

−10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ao

c. When ​​A​ o​​​increases, A​ 

​​ actual​​​approaches ​​A​ ideal​​​.

​​ − 10 ​​ ​
( )
​ _
​ [ ​Ao​ ​]
1 + _
​11 ​
​A​
d. _
​ actual ​= ​_ ​
​Aideal
​ ​ ​(− 10)​

​​ − 10 ​​ ​
( )
​ _
[ 1 + ​​Ao​ ​​]
11
_
_
​ ( ​≤ 0.95
​ − 10)​
​Ao​ ​≥ 209​

4.3.7 Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting amplifier in Section 4.3.

a. Find an expression for the voltage gain if ​Rin

​ ​≠ ∞, ​Rout ​ o​ ​≠ ∞.​
​ ​= 0,​ and ​A

b. F
 or ​R2​ ​= 27 kΩ​and ​R1​ ​= 3 kΩ,​plot the ratio of the actual gain to the ideal gain for ​Ao​ ​= 1000​and​
1 kΩ ≤ ​Rin ​ ​≤ 1000 kΩ.​

c. From your plot, does the ratio approach unity as ​Rin

​ ​increases or decreases?

d. From your plot in (b), what is the minimum value ​Rin

​ ​, if the gain ratio is to be at least 0.98?
 Solutions to Problems 137

Solution:
( ​  2 ​)​
​R​ ​
​ − __
​Vo​ ​ _____________________ ​R1​ ​
​
⎢ ⎥
a. ​Aactual
​ _
​= ​ ​= ​         ​
⎡​ _ ​ 1 ​ ​⎤
( ​ ​)( ​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​)
​VS​ ​
​ 1 ​+ _​ 1 ​+ _ ​1 ​ ​ _ ​ 1 ​+ _
R
​ ​ ​ R
​ ​ ​
__________________
1 2 ​Rin
1−​​       ​ ​
( ​R2​ ​)( ​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​)
​A​ ​
​1 ​ ​ _
​_ ​ 1 ​− _​ o​ ​
⎣ ⎦
​A​ ​ 1
When R ​ 1 ​≫ _
​ o​ ​= 0, _ ​ 1 ​and _
​ o ​≫ _​ ​
​Ro​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​Ro​ ​ ​R2​ ​

( ​  2 ​)​
​R​ ​
​ − __
​V​ ​ ​R1​ ​

⎢ ⎥
___
​  o ​= _______________
​        ​
⎡​ _ 1 ​ ​⎤
( ​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​​Rin​ ​)
​VS​ ​
​ 1 ​+ _ ​ 1 ​+ _
1 + ​ ​___________    ​ ​
( ​R2​ ​)
​Ao​ ​
_
​​ ​​
⎣ ⎦

(
​ −​ __2 ​)​
​R​ ​
_ ​R1​ ​
​Vo​ ​ _________________
​ ​= ​        ​= ​Aactual ​ ​
( ​Ao​ ​)( ​ ​)
​VS​ ​ 1​ ​ 1+_ ​R​ ​ ​R2​ ​
1 + ​ ​_ ​ 2 ​+ _
​ ​​
​R1​ ​ ​Rin
− ​R​ ​
​ ​= _
b. ​Aideal ​ 2 ​= − 9
​R1​ ​
(​ − 9)​
​Aactual
​ ​= _________________
​       ​
1000 ( ​ ​)
1+( _
​​ 1
)
​ ​ 1+9+_​27 ​ ​
​Rin
​A​
_ ​ 1   ​
​ actual ​= ​________________
( ​ ​)
​Aideal
​ ​ 1 + ​ 0.01 + _ ​ 27 ​​
1000 ⋅ R
​ in
​ ​≤ 100 kΩ
1 kΩ ≤ ​Rin

Gain Ratio vs. Ao

0.995

0.99

0.985

0.98
Gain Ratio

0.975

0.97

0.965

0.96
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Rin (kΩ)

c. As ​​R​ in​​​increases, the ratio approaches unity.

1   ​
d. ​0.98 ≤ ​_________________
1 + (​ 0.01 + 0.027 ⋅ R
​ in
​ ​)​
​ ​≥ 2.59 kΩ​
​Rin
138 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

4.3.8 Determine the gain of the amplifier in Fig. P4.3.8. What is the value of I​ 
​​ o​​​?

​R2​ ​= 20 kΩ
​R1​ ​= 3.3 kΩ
​ ​= 2 V​
​Vin
Io
Vin + Vo
−

R2

R1

FIGURE P4.3.8

Solution:
i=0A
Io
Vin+ + Vo
0V −
=2V −

20 kΩ

0A

3.3 kΩ

Noninverting configuration:
​Vo​ ​ ​R​ ​
​​ ​ 20k ​ ​​
( )
​​ ___  ​​= 1 + ___
​​  2 ​​= 1 + _____
​Vin
​​ ​R1​ ​ ​(3.3k)​
​AV​ ​= 7.06
​ ​= 2 V,
For ​Vin
​Vo​ ​= (​ 7.06)(​ 2)​
​Vo​ ​= 14.12 V
​Vo​ ​= ​Io​ ​⋅ (​ ​R1​ ​+ ​R2​ ​)​

​​  ​ 14.12 ​  ​​

( )
​Io​ ​= ___________
(​ 20k + 3.3k)​
​Io​ ​= 606 mA

4.3.9 Assuming an ideal op-amp in Fig. P4.3.9, determine the value of ​​R​ X​​​ that will produce a voltage
gain of 26.

+ +
− +
4 kΩ
υ1
υo
RX
− −

FIGURE P4.3.9
 Solutions to Problems 139

Solution:

​​ 4k ​​= 26
( )
​AV​ ​= 1 + _
​RX​ ​
(​ 4k)​
_
​​RX​ ​= ​ 25 ​
​RX​ ​= 160 Ω​

4.3.10 Assuming an ideal op-amp, determine the voltage gain of the circuit in Fig. P4.3.10.

+
−
4 kΩ +

2 kΩ
υ1 + υo
−
200 kΩ

FIGURE P4.3.10

Solution:
(​ 4k + 2k)​
​AV​ ​= 1 + _
​ ( ) ​= 31​
​ 200 ​
​
​​ o​​​and υ​ 
4.3.11 Determine the relationship between υ​ ​​ in​in the circuit in Fig. P4.3.11.
R1
υin
+ υo
−
R2
RF
RI

FIGURE P4.3.11

Solution:
I1 R1 V1 0A
υin
+ υo
I1 −
R2
RF
RI

KVL : υ​ ​in​= ​I1​ ​⋅ R

​ 1​ ​+ ​I1​ ​⋅ ​R2​ ​
​V1​ ​= ​I1​ ​⋅ R
​ 2​ ​
​V​ ​
​I1​ ​= _
​ 1​
​R2​ ​

​υ​in​= (​ 1 ​)​⋅ R
​ 1​ ​+ (​ 1 ​)​⋅ ​R2​ ​= ​V1​ ​(1 + _
​ 1)
​V​ ​ ​V​ ​ ​R​ ​
​_ ​_ ​​
​R2​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R2​ ​
​V1​ ​ _ ​R2​ ​
​_
​υ​in​​= ​​R1​ ​+ ​R2​ ​​
​
Noninverting op-amp:
​υ​  ​​ ​R​  ​​
​​ __o  ​​= 1 + __
​​  F ​​
​V1​  ​​ ​RI​ ​​
140 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Overall gain:

​V1​ ​) ​υ​in​) (
​ F)
​RI​​ ( ​R1​ ​+ ​R2​ ​)
​υ​ in​​ ​= (​ o ​ ​(_
​υ​ o​​ ​υ​ ​ ​V1​ ​ ​R​ ​ _ ​R​ ​
​​ ___ ​_ ​ ​ ​= ​ 1 + _ ​​​ 2 ​​

( ​RI​​ )( ​R1​ ​+ ​R2​ ​)

_ ​υ​ ​ ​ ​​+ ​RF​ ​ _
R ​R​ ​
​​υ​o ​​= ​ _
​ I ​​​ 2 ​​
in

​​ 1​​​that produces a voltage gain of 10.

4.3.12 For the circuit in Fig. P4.3.12, find the value of R​ 

+
− +

V1 +
− 18 kΩ Vo
R1
−

FIGURE P4.3.12

Solution:

Noninverting:
​V​ ​ ​R​ ​
​AV​ ​= _
​ o ​= 1 + _
​ 2​
​V1​ ​ ​R1​ ​

​​ 18k ​​
( )
​(10)​= 1 + _
​R1​ ​
​
​R1​ ​= 2 kΩ​

4.3.13 Assuming an ideal op-amp, find the voltage gain of the network in Fig. P4.3.13.
18 kΩ

9 kΩ

100 Ω 150 Ω
−
+ +
+
υ1 υo

− −

FIGURE P4.3.13

Solution:
(​ 18k ‖ 9k)​ (​ 6k)​
​AV​ ​= −​_​= −​_ ​
(​ 100 + 150)​ ​(250)​

​​AV​ ​= −24​

4.3.14 Determine the expression for the output voltage, ​​υ​ o​​​, of the inverting-summer circuit shown in
Fig. P4.3.14.
R1 RF
υ1

R2
υ2
− υo
+
R3
υ3

FIGURE P4.3.14
 Solutions to Problems 141

Solution:
R1 RF
υ1

R2
υ2 0V
+ − υo
0V+
−
R3
υ3

​υ​ ​− 0 _ ​υ​ ​− 0 _ ​υ​ ​− 0 _ 0 − ​υ​o​

​ −​ ​: _
KCL at V ​1 ​+ ​ 2 ​+ ​ 3 ​= ​ ​
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R3​ ​ ​RF​ ​
− ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​
​υ​o​= _
​ F ​⋅ ​υ​1​− _
​ F ​⋅ ​υ​2​− _
​ F ​⋅ ​υ​3​
​ ​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R3​ ​

​​ 0​​​, of the noninverting averaging circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.15.

4.3.15 Determine the output voltage, υ​ 
R1
υ1

R2
υ2
+ υo
−
R3
υ3

RF
RI

FIGURE P4.3.15

Solution:
R1
υ1

R2 0 A VX
υ2
+ + υo
0V
− −
R3 0 A VX
υ3

RF
RI

​υ​ ​− ​VX​ ​ _​υ​ ​− ​VX​ ​ _​υ​ ​− ​VX​ ​

​ +​ ​: _
KCL at V ​1 ​+ ​ 2 ​+ ​ 3 ​= 0
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R3​ ​
​υ​ ​− ​VX​ ​ _​V​ ​
KCL at ​V−​ ​: _
​o ​= ​ X ​
​RF​ ​ ​RI​​

​VX​ ​= ​υ​o​(_
​RI​​+ ​RF​ ​)
​RI​​
​ ​​

​
​RI​​ ) [
​υ​o​= (    ]​ ​
​R​​+ ​RF​ ​ ​R​ ​⋅ ​R​ ​⋅ ​υ​ ​+ ​R1​ ​⋅ ​R3​ ​⋅ ​υ​2​+ ​R1​ ​⋅ ​R2​ ​⋅ ​υ​3​
​_
​ I ​ ​⋅ ​ __________________________
​ 2 3 1    
​R1​ ​⋅ ​R2​ ​+ ​R2​ ​⋅ ​R3​ ​+ ​R1​ ​⋅ ​R3​ ​
142 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

4.3.16 In the network in Fig. P4.3.16, derive the expression tor υ​ 
​​ 0​​​in terms or the inputs ​​υ​ 1​​​and ​​υ​ 2​​​.

RF
R1
υ1
− υo
υ2 +
R2

RI

FIGURE P4.3.16

Solution:

RF
R1
V' 0A
υ1
+ − υo
0V +
υ2 −
R2 V' 0A

RI

​υ​ ​− ​V  ′​ _
​ +​ ​: _
KCL at V ​2 ​= ​​V  ′​​
​R2​ ​ ​RI​​
​υ​ ​
(​​RI​​​+ ​​R2​ ​)
​V  ′​ _1 _ 1 ​ ​= _
​ 2​
​R2​ ​

​V  ′​(_
​RI​​⋅ ​R2​ ​) ​R2​ ​
​R​​+ ​R2​ ​ ​υ​ ​
​ I ​ ​= _
​ 2​

​V  ′​= ​υ​2​⋅ (
​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​)
​ ​_
​
​RI​​
​​

​υ​ ​− ​V  ′​ _​V  ′​− ​υ​o​

​ −​ ​: _
KCL at V ​1 ​= ​ ​
​R1​ ​ ​RF​ ​
− ​υ​ ​+ ​V  ′​
​υ​o​= _
​ 1 ​⋅ ​RF​ ​+ ​V  ′​
​R1​ ​

​ F ​⋅ ​υ​1​+ ( ​ F ​)​⋅ ​V  ′​

− ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​
​υ​o​= _ ​ 1+_
​R1​ ​ ​R1​ ​
Plugging in V
​   ′​:
− ​R​ ​ ​υ​ ​⋅ ​R​​⋅ ​R1​ ​ ​υ​ ​⋅ ​R​​⋅ ​R​ ​
​υ​o​= _
​ F ​⋅ ​υ​1​+ ___________
​ 2 I    ​+ _
​ 2 I F​
​R1​ ​ ​R1​ ​⋅ (​ ​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​)​ ​R1​ ​(​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​)​

​R1​ ​[ ​(​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​)​ ]

​υ​ ​⋅ ​R​​⋅ ​R​ ​ ​υ​2​⋅ ​RI​​⋅ ​RF​ ​
​ 1 ​ − ​RF​ ​⋅ ​υ​1​+ _
​υ​o​= _ ​ 2 I 1 ​+ _ ​ ​​
​ ​(​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​)​

​ − ​RF​ ​⋅ ​υ​1​+ (
​RI​​+ ​R2​ ​) 2 I]
​1 [
​R​ ​+ ​RF​ ​
​υ​o​= _ ​_
​ 1 ​ ​⋅ ​υ​ ​​R​​ ​
​R1​ ​

​​ o​​​in the network in Fig. P4.3.17 and explain what effect R​ 
4.3.17 Find V​  ​​ 1​​​has on the output.
10 Ω
2Ω
−
+ +

2V + Vo
− 10 Ω R1
−

FIGURE P4.3.17
 Solutions to Problems 143

Solution:
R3

R2 10 Ω
2Ω 0V−
+ +
0A 0V
2V + Vo
− R1 10 Ω
−

​iin
​ ​= 0 A​for an ideal op-amp.
Therefore, the voltage across R1 is zero, and ​V+​ ​= 0 V.​
Then, the inverting op-amp configuration results in:
​R​ ​ (​ 10)​
​Vo​ ​= −​_3 ​⋅ ​(​VS​ ​)​= −​_ ​⋅ ​(2)​
​R2​ ​ ​(2)​
​Vo​ ​= − 10 V​
R1 has no impact on the circuit.

4.3.18 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine I​ 

​​ 1​​​, ​​I​ 2​​​, and I​ 
​​ 3​​​in Fig. P4.3.18.
I3

I1 R2

R1 I2 − Vo
+
1 mA

FIGURE P4.3.18

Solution:

I3

I1 R2
0A
R1 I2 − Vo
+
1 mA
0A

​I1​ ​= 1 mA
​I2​ ​= 0 A (​ ideal op-amp)​
KCL : I​ 1​ ​= ​I2​ ​+ ​I3​ ​
​I3​ ​= ​I1​ ​− ​I2​ ​
​I3​ ​= 1 mA​

4.3.19 Determine the relationship between ​υ1​and ​io​in the circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.19.
RF

RI
υ1
−
+ io

FIGURE P4.3.19
144 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Solution:
RF

RI
υ1
0V − Vo
+ io

​V​ ​ − ​R​ ​
_
​ o ​= ​_F ​
​υ​1​ ​RI​​
​ ​ ​− 0
V ​υ​ ​
​io​ ​= _
​ o ​= −​_1 ​
​RF​ ​ ​RI​​
​io​ ​ 1
​_ _
​υ​1​​= −​​RI​​​

​​ o​​​.
4.3.20 Assuming an ideal op-amp in Fig. P4.3.20, determine the output voltage V​ 
4 kΩ

1 kΩ
−
+ +
6V +
− 2V + 2 kΩ Vo
−
−

FIGURE P4.3.20

Solution:

I2

4 kΩ
I1 V−
i− −
1 kΩ i+ + +
V+
6V +
− 2V + 2 kΩ Vo
−
−

Applying op-amp rules:

1. ​V–​ ​= ​V+​ ​,​yield ​V–​ ​= 2 V​since ​V+​ ​= 2 V​. Then I1 = (​​ 6 − 2)​​ / ​​(1k)​​= 4 mA and the
voltage drop across the 1 kΩ resistor is 4 V.

2. Since ​I−​ ​= ​I+​ ​= 0,​then ​I2​ ​= ​I1​ ​= 4 mA​. As a result, the voltage drop across the 4 kΩ resistor is 16 V.
KVL (around the outer loop):
​− 6 + 4 + 16 + ​Vo​ ​= 0
​Vo​ ​= − 14 V​
 Solutions to Problems 145

4.3.21 Find V​
​​ o​in the network in Fig. P4.3.21.
4 kΩ
R1

1 kΩ
−
+ +
+
5V − 4V + Vo
−
−

FIGURE P4.3.21

Solution:
R2

R1 4 kΩ

1 kΩ 4 V
−
+ +

5V + + Vo
− 4V −
−

4 − ​V​ ​
​​ 5 − 4 ​​= ​_o ​
( )
​ −​ ​: _
KCL at V
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​
​R​ ​
​​ 4k ​​
( )
​Vo​ ​= 4 − (​ 1)​_
​ 2 ​= 4 − _
​R1​ ​ (​ 1k)​
​
​Vo​ ​= 0 V​

4.3.22 Calculate the transfer function ​io​ ​/​υ​1​for the network shown in Fig. P4.3.22.
υ1 io
+
−

RF
RI

FIGURE P4.3.22

Solution:
υ1 io
0V
+
− Vo

V1
RF
RI

​V​ ​ ​Vo​ ​− ​V1​ ​

​ −​ ​: _
​KCL at V ​ 1 ​= _
​ ​
​RI​​ ​RF​ ​
​R​ ​
​Vo​ ​= _
​ F ​⋅ ​V1​ ​+ ​V1​ ​
​RI​​
​V​ ​ ​R​ ​
​_o ​= 1 + _
​ F​
​V1​ ​ ​RI​​
​Vo​ ​ ​V​ ​
​io​ ​= _
​ ​= _
​ 1​
​(​RI​​+ ​RF​ ​)​ ​RI​​
_​i​ ​ 1
​ o ​= _
​ ​
​V1​ ​ ​RI​​
146 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

4.3.23 Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine the values of V​

​​ o​and I1 in Fig. P4.3.23.
I1
11 V
+ Vo
−

10 kΩ
1 kΩ

FIGURE P4.3.23

Solution:

Vin I1 0A
= 11 V +
0V
+ Vo
− −
0A R2

10 kΩ
R1 1 kΩ

Noninverting configuration:
​Vo​ ​ ​R​ ​
​​ 10k ​​
( )
​_ ​= 1 + _
​ 2 ​= 1 + _
​Vin​​ ​R1​ ​ ​(1k)​
​AV​ ​= 11
​ ​= 11 V,
For ​Vin
​Vo​ ​= (​ 11)​⋅ (​ 11)​
​ ​Vo​ ​= 121 V
​ ​= ∞, then I​ in
If ​Rin ​ ​= 0 A, and I​ 1​ ​= 0 A​

4.3.24 For the amplifier in Fig. P4.3.24, find the gain and I​
​​ o​.
Io ​R2​ ​= 20 kΩ
+ Vo
− ​R1​ ​= 3.3 kΩ
​VS​ ​= 2 V​
R2

R1

VS

FIGURE P4.3.24
 Solutions to Problems 147

Solution:

0A
Io
+ +
0V− Vo
−

20 kΩ

0V
0A

3.3 kΩ

VS = 2 V

Inverting configuration:
​V​ ​ −​R2​ ​ (​ 20k)​
​_
​ o ​= _
​ ​= −​_ ​
​VS​ ​ ​R1​ ​ (​ 3.3k)​
​AV​ ​= −6.06
For ​VS​ ​= 2 V,
​Vo​ ​= (​ −6.06)(​ 2)​
​Vo​ ​= −12.12
​Vo​ ​= ​Io​ ​⋅ ​R2​ ​
​​ −12.12 ​​
( )
​Io​ ​= _
(​ 20k)​
​Io​ ​= −606 μA​

4.3.25 For the circuit in Fig. P4.3.25,

a. find Vo in terms of V1 and V2.

b. If ​V1​ ​= 2 V​and ​V2​ ​= 6 V,​find Vo.

c. If the op-amp supplies are ​± 12 V,​and ​V1​ ​= 4 V,​what is the allowable range of V2?

V1
+ Vo
V2 −
2 kΩ
2 kΩ
1 kΩ

FIGURE P4.3.25
148 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Solution:
V1
R1 + Vo
V2 −
2 kΩ R3

2 kΩ
R2 1 kΩ

a. ​V+​ ​= ​V−​ ​= ​V1​ ​

​V​ ​− ​V1​ ​ _​V​ ​ ​V1​ ​− ​Vo​ ​
​ 1​ ​: _
KCL at V ​ 2 ​= ​ 1 ​+ ​_ ​
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R3​ ​
− ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​
​Vo​ ​= _
​ 3 ​⋅ ​V2​ ​+ _
​ 3 ​⋅ ​V1​ ​+ _
​ 3 ​⋅ ​V1​ ​+ ​V1​ ​
​R1​ ​ ​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​

​Vo​ ​= ​V1​ ​[_

​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ] ​R1​ ​ 2
​R​ ​ ​R3​ ​ ​R​ ​
​ 3 ​+ _
​ ​+ 1 ​− _
​ 3 ​⋅ ​V​ ​

​Vo​ ​= 4 ⋅ ​V1​ ​− ​V2​ ​

b. ​Vo​ ​= 4​(2)​− (​ 6)​
​Vo​ ​= 2 V​

c. |​ 4​(4)​− ​V2​ ​|​≤ 12 V

4 V ≤ ​V2​ ​≤ 28 V​

4.3.26 Find the voltage gain of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.3.26.

20 kΩ
+
− +

V1 + 80 kΩ 24 kΩ
− Vo
1 kΩ
−

FIGURE P4.3.26

Solution:
RA V2 0A
I1 20 kΩ
+
I1 V2 0 A − +
R2
+
V1 + RB 80 kΩ 24 kΩ
− −
Vo
R1 1 kΩ
−

​KVL: V
​ 1​ ​= ​RA​ ​⋅ ​I1​ ​+ ​RB​ ​⋅ ​I1​ ​
​V2​ ​= ​I1​ ​⋅ ​RB​ ​
​V​ ​
​I​​1​​= _
​ 2​
​RB​ ​

​V1​ ​= ​RA​ ​[_

​ 2 ]​ ​+ ​RB​ ​[_
​ 2 ]​ ​= ​V2​ ​⋅ [​ _
​ A ​+ 1]​
​V​ ​ ​V​ ​ ​R​ ​
​RB​ ​ ​RB​ ​ ​RB​ ​
​R​ ​+ ​RB​ ​
​V1​ ​= _
​ A ​⋅ ​V2​ ​
​RB​ ​
​V​ ​ ​RB​ ​
​ ​ 80k ​ ​
( )
​_2 ​= _ ​ ​= _
​V1​ ​ ​RA​ ​+ ​RB​ ​ ​(20k + 80k)​
​V​ ​
_
​ 2 ​= 0.8​
​V1​ ​
 Solutions to Problems 149

Noninverting op-amp:
​V​ ​ ​R​ ​
​​ 24k ​​
( )
​​_o ​= 1 + _
​ 2 ​= 1 + _
​V2​ ​ ​R1​ ​ ​(1k)​
​V​ ​
​_o ​= 25​
​V2​ ​
Overall gain:

( ​V1​ ​) ( ​V2​ ​)
​V​ ​
_ ​ ​​
V ​ ​​
V
​ o ​= ​ _
​ 2 ​ ​⋅ ​ _
​ o ​ ​= (​ 0.8)​(25)​
​V1​ ​
​V​ ​
_
​ o ​= 20​
​V1​ ​

4.3.27 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P4.3.27.

10 kΩ

100 kΩ
+ 9V 20 kΩ
− −
30 kΩ
+ +
10 V +
− Vo
− 12 V 40 kΩ + 20 kΩ
+ − 6V
−

FIGURE P4.3.27

Solution:
R1 R5

10 kΩ 100 kΩ
R2
9V +
− −
20 kΩ R3 6V
+ +
+ 30 kΩ
10 V −
− R4 + 20 kΩ R6 Vo
+ 40 kΩ
− 6V
12 V −

6 − ​Vo​ ​
​9 − 6 ​+ ​_
​ −​ ​: _
​KCL at V 10 − 6 ​+ ​_
−12 − 6 ​= ​_6 ​+ _​ ​
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​ ​R3​ ​ ​R4​ ​ ​R5​ ​
3 ​+ _ − ​Vo​ ​
​_ ​ 4 ​− _​ 18 ​− _
​ 6 ​− _​ 6 ​= _ ​ ​
(​ 10k)​ ​(20k)​ ​(30k)​ ​(40k)​ ​(100k)​ ​(100k)​
​Vo​ ​= 31 V​

4.3.28 Find ​​υ​o​in the circuit in Fig. P4.3.28.

R2

υ1 R1
+
− − υo
+
R1 υ2

R2

FIGURE P4.3.28
150 C HA PTER 4 Operational Amplifiers

Solution:
R2

υ1 υx R1
+ 0A
− υ2 − υo
+
υ2

R1
R2

Noninverting op-amp configuration on the left side:

​υ​ ​
_ ​R​ ​
​ x ​= 1 + _
​υ​1​ ​ 1​
​R2​ ​

​υ​x​= ​υ​1​⋅ (
​R2​ ​ )
​R​ ​+ ​R1​ ​
​_
​ 2 ​​

KCL at V– of the op-amp on the right side:

​υ​x​− ​υ​2​ _ ​υ​ ​− ​υ​2​
​_ ​+ ​ o ​= 0
​R1​ ​ ​R2​ ​

​υ​o​= ​υ​2​⋅ ( ​ 2) ​ ​− (​ 2)
​R​ ​ ​R​ ​
​ 1+_ ​_ ​ ​⋅ ​υ​x​
​R1​ ​ ​R1​ ​

​υ​o​= ​υ​2​(1 + _
​ 2) ​ ​− (​ 2)
​R1​ ​ [ 1 ( ​R2​ ​ )]
​R​ ​ ​R​ ​ ​R​ ​+ ​R1​ ​
​_ ​ ​⋅ ​ ​υ​ ​⋅ ​ _
​ 2 ​ ​​
​R1​ ​

​υ​o​= ( ​ 2)
​R​ ​
​ 1+_ ​ ​ ​υ​ ​− ​υ​1​)​
​R1​ ​ ( 2

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