Kathmandu University

School of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchowk

MSTR501
Dynamics Of Structures
M.E. in Structural Engineering

Project 1

Submission Date: June, 2024

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Tulsi Ram Khanal Lecture Mahesh Raj Bhatt

I year / I semester- 2024 Department of Civil Engineering
ME Structural Engineering Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel
Idealize first floor of your own residential building into single degree of
freedom system and determine mass (m) and stiffness (k) of that idealized
SDOF system and do all the folowing tasks based on that particular idealized
building. (determine mass of all the structural and non-structural elements,
lump it at first floor level, determine lateral stiffness of the system considering
columns only i.e. you may skip infill walls if any) Idealization of a building as
SDOF system.

Figure : Architectural Plan Of Building

Type of Building Residential Building

Architectural features
Number of floors 1
Height of story 3m
External Wall 230mm
Partation Wall 115mm
Structural Features
Structural system RCC Frame Structure
Column size 300mm x 300mm
Beam Size 230 mm x 300 mm
Slab 125 mm Overall Depth

Material
Grade of Concrete M25
Grade of Steel Fe500
Unit weight of Concrete 25 KN/m3
Unit weight of Masonry wall 19 KN/m3

Calculation Of Seismic Weight

From Drawing Dead Load consider 15% opening for Wall
L=43.03m External Wall 440.279685 KN
L=11.58 Partation Wall 68.31621 KN
LXB=14.63X10.67 slab 487.8190625 KN
L=80.18m Beam 80.681125 KN
N=14 Column 85.05 KN
FF=1.5 KN/m2 Floor Finish 234.15315 KN
Roof
Live=1.5KN/m2 Live Load 234.15315 KN

Seismic Weight D.L + Fraction L.L

Seismic Weight (W) 1099.476285 KN
Mass(m) 112077.0933 Kg
Calculation Of Structure Stiffness
Due To Column
Modulus of ElasticityI=5000 √𝐹𝑐𝑘 25000 N/mm2
25000000 KN/m2
Moment Of Inertia(I) 0.000675 m4
stiffness(K)=12EI/L3 7500
Total Stiffness(K) 105000000 N/m
 Calculation Of Natural Frequency

Natural Frequency(Wn) = √K/m 30.60808932 rad/sec

Time Period(T) 0.205278586 sec

As Per NBC (CL 5.1.2) Emperical Equation

Time Period(T) = KH3/4 0.170963029 sec

Natural Vibration(Wn) 36.75171956 rad/sec
1) Derive the expression for undamped free vibration and plot it (using any
computer based tool i.e. Matlab, Excel etc.) showing salient features occurring
with the expression. (hint: Assume suitably various constants and plot the
expression using computer).
The response of single degree of freedom system to undamped free vibration is given by the
equation:
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑢(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑛𝑡) + 𝑢̇(0) 𝜔𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑛𝑡)

m 112077.09 kg
k 105000000 N/m
Tn 0.2052786 sec
Wn 30.608089 rad/sec
u(0) 20 mm
u'(o) 50 mm/sec

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
U(T)

-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
TIME(T)

Fig 1 : Undamped Free Vibration Response of SDOF system

2)Derive the expression for Viscously Damped free vibration and plot it (using
any computer based tool i.e. Matlab, Excel etc.) Furthermore plot
underdamped,critically damped and over damped systems showing salient
features occurring with the expression.
mass (m) m 112077.0933 kg
stiffness(k) k 105000000 N/m
Natural Time
period(Tn) Tn 0.205278586 sec
Ntural frequency (Ꞷn) Ꞷn 30.60808932 rad/sec
damping ration(ζ) ζ 0.05
Damping
frequency(ꞶD) ꞶD 30.56980527 rad/sec
Damping Time
period(TD) TD 0.205535667 sec
Initial Displacement u(0) 20 mm
Initial Velocity u'(o) 50 mm/sec
The Expression for the viscously damped Free vibration are given by:
a) For critically damped free vibration system
𝑢(𝑡) = [𝑢(0)(1 + 𝜔𝑛) + 𝑢̇(0)𝑡]𝑒−𝜔𝑛𝑡

b) For underdamped free vibration system

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝜉𝜔𝑛𝑡[𝑢(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝐷) + (𝑢̇(0) + 𝑢(0)𝜉𝜔𝑛)/𝜔𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝐷𝑡)
where, 𝜔𝐷 = 𝜔𝑛√(1-𝜉2 ), natural frequency of damped vibration
c) For overdamped free vibration system
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝜉𝜔𝑛𝑡(𝐴𝑒−𝜔Dt + 𝐵𝑒𝜔Dt)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜔D = 𝜔𝑛√(𝜉2 – 1)
𝐴 =−𝑢̇(0) + (−𝜉 + √(𝜉2 − 1)𝜔𝑛𝑢(0)2𝜔d
B=𝑢̇(0)+(𝜉+√(𝜉2−1)𝜔𝑛𝑢(0)2𝜔D

undamped underdamped critically damped overdamped

25
20
15
10
5
U(T)

0
-5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-10
-15
-20
-25
TIME(T)

Fig 2: Free vibration of under damped, critically damped and over damped systems.
3)Derive the expression for Harmonic vibration of undamped systems and plot it
(using any computer based tool i.e. Matlab, Excel etc.) Furthermore plot (a)
transient response, (b) steady state response and (c) total response separately.
(hint:Assume suitably various constants and plot the expression using computer.)

k= 105000 KN
wn= 30.6080 rad/sec
w= 28 rad/sec
p= 1000 KN
w/wn=β 0.914790848
u(0) 0.2 m
u'(0) 0.5 m

steady state response

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

steady state response

Fig 3.1: Transient Response of Harmonic Damped system

 Transient response
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25

Fig 3.2: Steady State Response of Harmonic Damped system

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.2

-0.4

Transient Response steady state Response Total Response

Fig 3.3: Total Response of the Harmonic Damped System

4.For the undamped harmonic vibrations system assuming suitable date if
needed, plot the relation between deformation response factor (Rd) and
frequency ratio (w/wn). And interpret the important features from the findings.
Solution:
We Have,
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, Rd = 1/ [1−( 𝜔/ 𝜔n )^2 ]
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝛽 = 𝜔/𝜔n

Response Deformation Factor Vs Frequency Ratio

30

25

20
Rd

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
β<1 β>1

Fig 4: Relation between Deformation Response factor (Rd) and Frequency Ratio (𝛽)
a) The deformation response factor, Rd is the ratio of the amplitude u0 of the dynamic
deformation to the static deformation (ust)0.
b)If 𝜔/𝜔n is small (i.e., the force is slowly varying), Rd is only slightly larger than 1 and the
amplitude of the dynamic deformation is essentially the same as the static deformation.
c) If 𝜔/𝜔n > √2 , Rd < 1 , this means the force is rapidly varying i.e., the dynamic amplitude is
less than the static amplitude.
d) If 𝜔/𝜔n is close to 1, Rd is many times larger than 1, implying that the deformation amplitude
is much larger than the static deformation.
5.For the undamped harmonic vibration assuming suitable data if needed, plot
the expression of equation of motion for the case of resonant frequency i.e.
(w=wn). And interpret important features from the findings.

Solution:
The resonant frequency is defined as the forcing frequency at which Rd is maximum.

k= 105000 Kn/m
wn= 30.608 rad/sec
w= 28 rad/sec
p= 1000 KN
w/wn=β 0.9147908
u(0) 0 mm
u'(0) 0 mm

Response of undamped system at w=wn

0.2

0.15

0.1
RESPONSE(UT)

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
TIME(T)

w=wn

Fig 5: Response of undamped system to sinusoidal force of frequency ω = 𝜔𝑛; (0)=𝑢̇(0)=0

Interpretation of above graph:
a) In each cycle the deformation amplitude increases by 𝜋P0/K .
b) The deformation amplitude grows indefinitely but it becomes infinite only after an infinitely long
time.
c) This is an academic result and should not be interpreted appropriately for real structure.
6) Derive the expression for Harmonic vibration of viscously damped systems
and plot it (using any computer based tool i.e. Matlab, Excel etc.)
Furthermore plot (a) transient response, (b) steady state response and (c) total
response separately.(Hint: Assume suitably various constants and plot the
expression using computer)

Jai
k= 105 KN/mm
(ξ)= 0.05 C= 5.021786
1-
wn= 30.60 rad/sec
β2 0.947697 D= -0.12119
w= 7 rad/sec 2ξβ 0.02287 A= 5.121185
p= 500 KN p/k 4.761905 B= -0.56641
w/wn=β 0.228698
wD= 30.56 rad/sec
u(0) 5 mm
u'(0)
10 mm

TRANSIENT RESPONSE
6

2
RESPONSE

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2

-4

-6
TIME

Fig 6.1: Transient Response for Harmonic vibration of viscously damped system
 STEADYSTATE RESPONSE
6

2
RESPONSE

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2

-4

-6
TIME

Figure 6.2: Steadystate Response for Harmonic vibratio viscously damped system

Transient Response Steady state Response Total Response

10
8
6
4
RESPONSE(UT)

2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2
-4
-6
-8
TIME

Figure 6: Total Response for Harmonic vibration viscously damped system

7) For the viscously damped harmonic vibration assuming suitable data if
needed, plot the expression of equation of motion for the case of resonant
frequency i.e. (w = wn) for the cases (a) any single value of damping ratio
coefficient i.e. for particular jai = x, (b) plot various expression in one figure
for different values of the jai = (x) and interpret the finding in your own
word.
Solution :
We have the equation of motion for viscously damped harmonic vibration :
u(t) = e -𝜉𝜔nt (A cos 𝜔Dt + B sin𝜔Dt) + C sin(𝜔t) + D cos(𝜔t)
for the case of resonant frequency i.e., 𝜔 = 𝜔n,
𝐶 = 0,
𝐷 = − (ust)0/( 2𝜔n),
𝐴 = (ust)0 /(2𝜔n) ,
𝐵 = (ust)0/ 2√(1-𝜉2)
Final expression at resonance becomes,
𝑢(𝑡) = (ust)0 1 /2𝜉* [e -𝜉𝜔nt (cos 𝜔Dt + 𝜉 √(1-𝜉2) sin𝜔Dt) - cos 𝜔nt ]
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (ust)0 = P0 /K

Given,

k= 105 Kn/mm
wn= 30.6080893 rad/sec
w= 30.6080893 rad/sec
p= 500 Kn
w/wn=β 0.81677754 ξ=3% ξ=5% ξ=20%
ξ 0.1 0.03 0.05 0.2
WD 30.4546643 30.59431258 30.56981 29.98968
u(0) mm
u'(0) 0 mm
u(st)0 4.761904762 mm
 30
RESPONSE AT Ξ=10%
20

10
U(T)U(ST)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-10

-20
T/TN
-30

Figure 7.1: Response of damped system with ξ = 10% to sinusoidal forceω=wn u(0)=𝑢̇(0)=0

Response at ξ=10% At ξ= 3% At ξ = 5% At ξ = 20%

80

60

40

20
U(T)/U(ST)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-20

-40

-60

-80
TIME

Figure 7.2: Response of damped system with ξ = 3%, 5%, 10%& 20% to sinusoidal force of
frequency w=wn :u(0)=u’(0)=0

Interpretation of above graph:

1) The amplitude of steady-state deformation is influenced by damping.
2) Lighter the damping larger is the number of cycles required to reach a certain percentage of u0,
steady state amplitude.
8) For the viscously damped harmonic vibrations system assuming suitable date
if needed, plot the relation between deformation response factor (Rd) and
frequency ratio (w/wn) and plot the relation between phase angle (F) and
frequency ratio (w/wn). And interpret the findings in your own word.

Solution:
For the viscously damped harmonic vibration system
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, Rd = u0 /(ust)0 = 1/√[(1-𝛽^2)^2 + (2𝜉𝛽)^2]
Frequency Ratio, 𝛽 = 𝜔/𝜔n
Phase Angle, ∅ = tan-1 ( 2𝜉𝛽 /(1-𝛽^2 ))

RESPONSE DEFORMATION FACTOR

12 VS FREQUENCY RATIO
Rd for ξ = 10% Rd for ξ = 5% Rd for ξ = 0.7 Rd for ξ = 100%
10

8
RD

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
W/WN

Fig 8.1: Plot for Deformation Response factor , and Frequency Ratio, 𝛽 for damped system
excited by harmonic force
 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
180

90

ø at 10% ø = 5% ø = 70% ø = 100%

0
W/WN

Figure 8.2: Plot for phase angle ,ϕ and Frequency Ratio, 𝛽 for damped system excited
by harmonic force
Interpretation of the graph:
1) If the frequency ratio ω/ωn << 1 (i.e., T>>Tn, implying that the force is “slowly varying”), Rd is only slightly larger
than 1 and is essentially independent of damping.
U0 ≈(ust)0 = p0/k
This result implies that the amplitude of dynamic response is essentially the same as the static deformation
and is controlled by the stiffness of the system.
2) If ω/ωn>>1 (i.e., T << Tn, implying that the force is “rapidly varying”), Rd tends to zero as ω/ωn increases and is
essentially unaffected by damping. For large values of ω/ωn, the (ω/ωn) 4 term is dominant in expression of Rd,
which can be approximated by
u0 ≈ (ust)0* 𝜔2n /𝜔2 = p0/(m𝜔2)
a) This result implies that the response is controlled by the mass of the system.
3) If ω/ωn ≈ 1 (i.e., the forcing frequency is close to the natural frequency of the system), Rd is very sensitive to
damping and, for the smaller damping values, Rd can be several times larger than 1, implying that the amplitude
of dynamic response can be much larger than the static deformation. If ω = ωn in the expression of Rd then
we get
u0 = (ust)0/2𝜉 = p0/c𝜔n
This result implies that the response is controlled by the damping of the system.
Interpretation of Graph:

1) If ω/ωn << 1 (i.e., the force is “slowly varying”), ∅ is close to 0◦ and the displacement is essentially in
phase with the applied force. When the force acts to the right, the system would also be displaced to the
right.
2) If ω/ωn >> 1 (i.e., the force is “rapidly varying”), ∅ is close to 180◦ and the displacement is essentially
of opposite phase relative to the applied force. When the force acts to the right, the system would be
displaced to the left.
3) If ω/ωn = 1 (i.e., the forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency), ∅ = 90◦ for all values of 𝜉, and
the displacement attains its peaks when the force passes through zeros.

9) For the viscously damped harmonic vibration system plot the relations
(a) Rd VS (w/wn), (b) Rv Vs. (w/wn) and (c) Ra Vs. (w/wn), furthermore
interpret the important findings in your own words.

RESPONSE DEFORMATION FACTOR

VS FREQUENCY RATIO
12
Rd for ξ = 10% Rd for ξ = 5% Rd for ξ = 0.7 Rd for ξ = 100%
10

8
RD

0
0 0.5 1 W/WN 1.5 2 2.5

Fig 9.1: Deformation Response factor for a damped system excited by harmonic force
 VELOCITY RESPONSE FACTOR VS
FREQUENCY RATIO
12
Rv for ξ = 10% Rv for ξ = 5% Rv for ξ = 70% Rv for ξ =100%
10

8
RV

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
W/WN

Fig 9.2: Velocity Response factor for a damped system excited by harmonic force

ACCELERATION RESPONSE FACTOR

VS FREQUENCY RATIO
6
Ra for ξ =10% Ra for ξ =70% Ra for ξ = 100%
5

4
RA

0
0 1 2 W/WN 3 4 5 6

Figure 9.3: Acceleration Response factor for a damped system excited by harmonic force
Interpretation of Graph:
1) When β=0, ( 𝜔 𝜔n ⁄ = 0, means frequency of external force is zero) -RD = 1 , and Rv and Ra both are
zero
2) When β< 1, means the frequency of external force is less than natural frequency but nearly same) -RD,
Rv and Ra all are higher values
3) Whenβ=1, ( 𝜔 𝜔n ⁄ = 1 , means the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency) -All
are highest values.
4) Whenβ>1, ( 𝜔 𝜔n ⁄ >> 1, means the frequency of external force is to much larger than natural frequency)
-RD and Rv are zero and Ra is equal to one.