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[11 Dec] Physics (New

Mock Exam syllabus)
Question Paper

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Question 1
This question is about forces in the human body. The lower jawbone of the human may be
represented by the model below.

The jawbone has negligible mass. It consists of two straight parts of length 7.0 cm and 4.0
cm making an angle of 50° to each other. During one particular bite, a force of 45 N is
applied by the teeth at the front of the jawbone.
1. Calculate the magnitude M of the force applied by the masseter muscle. [2]

2. Suggest why teeth used for crushing hard food are found at the back, rather than the [2]
front of the jaw.

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Question 2
Two rockets, A and B, are moving towards each other on the same path. From the frame of
reference of the Earth, an observer measures the speed of A to be 0.6c and the speed of B
to be 0.4c. According to the observer on Earth, the distance between A and B is 6.0 ×
10^8 m.
1. Define frame of reference. [1]

2. Calculate, according to the observer on Earth, the time taken for A and B to meet. [2]

3. Identify the terms in the formula. [1]

u′ = u−v
1− uv
​

c2
​

4. Determine, according to an observer in A, the velocity of B. [2]

5. Determine, according to an observer in A, the time taken for B to meet A. [2]

6. Deduce, without further calculation, how the time taken for A to meet B, according to [2]
an observer in B, compares with the time taken for the same event according to an
observer in A.

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Question 3
Rocket A and rocket B are travelling in opposite directions from the Earth along the same
straight line.

In the reference frame of the Earth, the speed of rocket A is 0.75c and the speed of
rocket B is 0.50c.
1. Calculate, for the reference frame of rocket A, the speed of rocket B according to the [1]
Galilean transformation.
2. Calculate, for the reference frame of rocket A, the speed of rocket B according to the [2]
Lorentz transformation.
3. Outline, with reference to special relativity, which of your calculations in is more likely [1]
to be valid.

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Question 4
A spaceship moves away from the Earth in the direction of a nearby planet. An observer on
the Earth determines the planet is 4 ly from the Earth. The spacetime diagram for the
Earth's reference frame shows the worldline of the spaceship. Assume the clock on the
Earth, the clock on the planet, and the clock on the spaceship were all synchronized when
ct = 0.

1. Show, using the spacetime diagram, that the speed of the spaceship relative to the [1]
Earth is 0.80c.
2. Label, with the letter E, the event of the spaceship going past the planet. [1]

3. Determine, according to an observer on the spaceship as the spaceship passes the [1]
planet,
4. the time shown by the clock on the spaceship. [2]

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5. the time shown by the clock on the planet. [1]

6. On passing the planet a probe containing the spaceship's clock and an astronaut is [2]
sent back to Earth at a speed of 0.80 c relative to Earth. Suggest, for this situation,
how the twin paradox arises and how it is resolved.

Question 5
An electron is emitted from a nucleus with a total energy of 2.30 MeV as observed in a
laboratory.
1. Show that the speed of the electron is about 0.98c. [2]

2. The electron is detected at a distance of 0.800 m from the emitting nucleus as [1]
measured in the laboratory.
3. For the reference frame of the electron, calculate the distance travelled by the [2]
detector.
4. For the reference frame of the laboratory, calculate the time taken for the electron to [2]
reach the detector after its emission from the nucleus.
5. For the reference frame of the electron, calculate the time between its emission at the [2]
nucleus and its detection.
6. Outline why the answer to (iii) represents a proper time interval. [1]

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Question 6
A proton has a total energy 1050 MeV after being accelerated from rest through a
potential difference V.
1. Define total energy. [1]

2. Determine the momentum of the proton. [1]

3. Determine the speed of the proton. [2]

4. Calculate the potential difference V. [1]

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Question 7
An observer P sitting in a train moving at a speed v measures that his journey takes a time
ΔtP . An observer Q at rest with respect to the ground measures that the journey takes a
time ΔtQ.According to Q there is an instant at which the train is completely within the
​

tunnel.At that instant two lights at the front and the back of the train are turned on
​

simultaneously according to Q.

The spacetime diagram according to observer Q shows event B (back light turns on) and
event F (front light turns on).

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1. State which of the two time intervals is a proper time. [1]

2. Calculate the speed v of the train for the ratio ΔtΔt

Q
P ​

​
​ .
= 0.30 [2]

3. Later the train is travelling at a speed of 0.60c. Observer P measures the length of the [2]
train to be 125 m. The train enters a tunnel of length 100 m according to observer Q.
Show that the length of the train according to observer Q is 100 m.
4. Draw the time ct′ and space x′ axes for observer P’s reference frame on the [1]
spacetime diagram.
5. Deduce, using the spacetime diagram, which light was turned on first according to [3]
observer P.
6. Apply a Lorentz transformation to show that the time difference between events B [1]
and F according to observer P is 2.5 × 10−7 s.
7. Demonstrate that the spacetime interval between events B and F is invariant. [2]

8. A second train is moving at a velocity of −0.70c with respect to the ground. [2]

Calculate the speed of the second train relative to observer P.

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Question 8
A wheel of mass 0.25 kg consists of a cylinder mounted on a central shaft. The shaft has a
radius of 1.2 cm and the cylinder has a radius of 4.0 cm. The shaft rests on two rails with
the cylinder able to spin freely between the rails.
1. The stationary wheel is released from rest and rolls down a slope with the shaft rolling [1]
on the rails without slipping from point A to point B.
2. The wheel leaves the rails at point B and travels along the flat track to point C. For a [1]
short time the wheel slips and a frictional force F exists on the edge of the wheel as
shown.

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Question 9
A hoop of mass m, radius r and moment of inertia mr^2 rests on a rough plane inclined at
an angle θ to the horizontal. It is released so that the hoop gains linear and angular
acceleration by rolling, without slipping, down the plane.
1. On the diagram, draw and label the forces acting on the hoop. [2]

2. Show that the linear acceleration a of the hoop is given by the equation shown [4]

a = (g × sin θ) / 2
3. Calculate the linear acceleration of the hoop when θ = 20°. Assume that the hoop [1]
continues to roll without slipping.
4. State the relationship between the force of friction and the angle of the incline. [2]

5. The angle of the incline is slowly increased from zero. Determine the angle, in terms [3]
of the coefficient of friction, at which the hoop will begin to slip.

Question 10
1. State one prediction of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism that is consistent with [1]
special relativity.
2. A current is established in a long straight wire that is at rest in a laboratory. A proton [3]
is at rest relative to the laboratory and the wire. Observer X is at rest in the laboratory.
Observer Y moves to the right with constant speed relative to the laboratory.
Compare and contrast how observer X and observer Y account for any non-
gravitational forces on the proton.

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Question 11
An electron and a positron have identical speeds but are travelling in opposite directions.
Their collision results in the annihilation of both particles and the production of two
photons of identical energy. The initial kinetic energy of the electron is 2.00 MeV.
1. Explain, in terms of a conservation law, why two photons need to be created. [1]

2. Determine the speed of the incoming electron. [3]

3. Calculate the energy and the momentum for each photon after the collision. [2]

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Question 12
A flywheel consists of a solid cylinder, with a small radial axle protruding from its centre.

The following data are available for the flywheel. Flywheel mass M = 1.22 kg Small axle
radius r = 60.0 mm Flywheel radius R = 240 mm Moment of inertia = 0.5 MR^2 An object
of mass m is connected to the axle by a light string and allowed to fall vertically from rest,
exerting a torque on the flywheel.
1. The velocity of the falling object is 1.89 m s^-1 at 3.98 s. Calculate the average [2]
angular acceleration of the flywheel.
2. Show that the torque acting on the flywheel is about 0.3 Nm. [2]

3. Calculate the tension in the string. [2]

4. Determine the mass m of the falling object. [2]

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Question 13
An electron is emitted from a nucleus with a speed of 0.975c as observed in a laboratory.
The electron is detected at a distance of 0.800 m from the emitting nucleus as measured
in the laboratory.
1. For the reference frame of the electron, calculate the distance travelled by the [2]
detector.
2. For the reference frame of the laboratory, calculate the time taken for the electron to [2]
reach the detector after its emission from the nucleus.
3. For the reference frame of the electron, calculate the time between its emission at the [2]
nucleus and its detection.
4. Outline why the answer to represents a proper time interval. [1]

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Question 14
A uniform solid disk of radius R = 0.40 m and mass M = 2.0 kg is mounted on a
frictionless horizontal axle through its center. A force F = 10 N is applied tangentially at
the rim of the disk.
1. Calculate the torque τ acting on the disk due to the applied force. [2]

2. Determine the angular acceleration α of the disk due to the applied force. The [2]
moment of inertia I for a solid disk about its center is given by I = 12 M R2.
​

3. Assuming the disk starts from rest, calculate the angular velocity ω of the disk after [1]
5.0 seconds of applying the force.
4. Determine the rotational kinetic energy Ek of the disk after 5.0 seconds.
​
[2]

5. The disk is now brought to rest by applying a tangential force at the rim in the [3]
opposite direction. If the disk is brought to rest in t = 2.0 s, calculate the average
angular deceleration αav and the magnitude of the tangential force required to stop
the disk.
​

Question 15
1. Maxwell's equations led to the constancy of the speed of light. Identify what [1]
Maxwell's equations describe.
2. State a postulate that is the same for both special relativity and Galilean relativity. [1]

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Question 16
Two protons are moving to the right with the same speed v with respect to an observer at
rest in the laboratory frame.
1. Outline why there is an attractive magnetic force on each proton in the laboratory [1]
frame.
2. Explain why there is no magnetic force on each proton in its own rest frame. [1]

3. Explain why there must be a resultant repulsive force on the protons in all reference [2]
frames.

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Question 17
A uniform rod of weight 36.0 N and length 5.00 m rests horizontally. The rod is pivoted at
its left-hand end and is supported at a distance of 4.00 m from the frictionless pivot.

1. Calculate the force the support exerts on the rod. [2]

2. The support is suddenly removed and the rod begins to rotate clockwise about the [2]
pivot point. The moment of inertia of the rod about the pivot point is 30.6 kg m².
Calculate, in rad s⁻², the initial angular acceleration α of the rod.
3. After time t the rod makes an angle θ with the horizontal. Outline why the equation θ [2]
= ½αt² cannot be used to find the time it takes θ to become π/2 (that is for the rod to
become vertical for the first time).
4. At the instant the rod becomes vertical show that the angular speed is ω = 2.43 rad [3]
s⁻¹.
5. At the instant the rod becomes vertical calculate the angular momentum of the rod. [1]

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Question 18
A uniform ladder of weight 50.0 N and length 4.00 m is placed against a frictionless wall
making an angle of 60.0° with the ground.
1. Outline why the normal force acting on the ladder at the point of contact with the wall [1]
is equal to the frictional force F between the ladder and the ground.
2. Calculate F. [2]

3. The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground is 0.400. Determine [2]
whether the ladder will slip.

Question 19
This question is about relativistic dynamics.
A proton is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2.5 GV. Determine the [4]
momentum of the proton after acceleration.

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Question 20
A spaceship S leaves the Earth with a speed v = 0.80 c. The spacetime diagram for the
Earth is shown. A clock on the Earth and a clock on the spaceship are synchronized at the
origin of the spacetime diagram.
1. Calculate the angle between the worldline of S and the worldline of the Earth. [1]

2. Draw, on the diagram, the x'-axis for the reference frame of S. [1]

3. An event Z is shown on the diagram. Label the co-ordinates of this event in the [1]
reference frame of S.

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Question 21
Identical twins, A and B, are initially on Earth. Twin A remains on Earth while twin B leaves
the Earth at a speed of 0.6 c for a return journey to a point three light years from Earth.
1. Calculate the time taken for the journey in the reference frame of twin A as measured [1]
on Earth.
2. Determine the time taken for the journey in the reference frame of twin B. [2]

3. Draw, for the reference frame of twin A, a spacetime diagram that represents the [1]
worldlines for both twins.
4. Suggest how the twin paradox arises and how it is resolved. [2]

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Question 22
This question is about relativistic kinematics. A spacecraft leaves Earth and moves
towards a planet. The spacecraft moves at a speed 0.60c relative to the Earth. The planet
is a distance of 12 ly away according to the observer on Earth.
1. Determine the time, in years, that it takes the spacecraft to reach the planet [1]
according to the observer on Earth.
2. Determine the time, in years, that it takes the spacecraft to reach the planet [2]
according to the observer in the spacecraft.
3. The spacecraft passes a space station that is at rest relative to the Earth. The proper [1]
length of the space station is 310 m. State what is meant by proper length.
4. Calculate the length of the space station according to the observer in the spacecraft. [2]

5. F and B are two flashing lights located at the ends of the space station, as shown. As [3]
the spacecraft approaches the space station in , F and B turn on. The lights turn on
simultaneously according to the observer on the space station who is midway
between the lights. State and explain which light, F or B, turns on first according to
the observer in the spacecraft.

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