G.B.

PUBLIC SCHOOL
MELMARUVATHUR

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME : B.K. PRAVEEN KUMAR

CLASS : XII - C
ROLL NO :
TOPIC : “ TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN THE
RATIO OF (i) OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGE AND (ii) NO.OF.TURNS
IN THE SECONDARY COIL AND PRIMARY COIL OF A
SELF-DESIGNED TRANSFORMER”

INTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 G.B.PUBLIC SCHOOL
MELMARUVATHUR

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME : S.ASWINRAJ
CLASS : XII - A
ROLL NO :
TOPIC : “ TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN THE
RATIO OF (i) OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGE AND (ii) NO.OF.TURNS
IN THE SECONDARY COIL AND PRIMARY COIL OF A
SELF-DESIGNED TRANSFORMER”

INTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I S.Aswinraj of Class 12th Section A, G.B.Public school,

Melmaruvathur, Would Like to express my Sincere Gratitude to
our Respected Principal Mrs.D.VIJAYAMEENASKSHI
for Encouragement and help from Time to Time during my
Tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section A.

I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics Teacher

Mr. K.BOOPATHY for helping me in completing the Project
by useful Ideas and Guidelines. I thank him for encouraging me
throughout and helping in all possible ways.
I also thank my parents and friends for their vital support and
also for Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.

Date of Submission:
CERTIFICATE:
This is to certify that S.Aswinraj of class 12th Section A
has Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate
the relation between the ratio of (i) Input and output
voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has put on his
sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and has
devoted sufficient periods of Practical laboratory work to
complete this project. This project may be considered as
Practical fulfilment of All India Senior School Certificate
Exam (AISSCE) 2024-25 conducted by CBSE.

Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s Signature

AIM:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer

****
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Types Of Transformers
3. Theory And Mathematical Derivations
4. Simple Circuit Diagram
5. Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and
Step-Down Transformers
6. Apparatus Required to make our Own
Transformer
7. Uses of Transformers
8. Bibliography

****
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device used to convert a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage, or vice versa. It operates based on the principle of mutual
induction, which states that when the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes,
an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced in a neighboring coil.
Transformers are widely used in electrical systems to change AC voltages. They
are found in both low- and high-current circuits, and come in a wide range of
sizes.
In electronic, measurement, and control circuits, transformers can be very small,
weighing only a few tens of grams, while in high-voltage power systems, they
can weigh hundreds of tons.
THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS

When an alternating e.m.f. is applied to the primary coil P1P2, an alternating

current begins to flow through it. This changing current in the primary coil
creates a varying magnetic flux, which induces an alternating voltage in both the
primary and the secondary coils. In a well-designed transformer, all the magnetic
flux linked with the primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil. As a
result, the induced e.m.f. in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that in each
turn of the primary coil. Therefore, if Ep , Es represent the instantaneous e.m.f.
values induced in the primary and secondary coils, respectively, and Np,Ns
denote the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of the transformer,
then...
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down
Transformers :
 WORKING OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
A step-up transformer is designed to increase the voltage from the
primary coil to the secondary coil. It operates on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, where a varying magnetic field in the
primary coil induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the secondary
coil.
In a step-up transformer, the primary coil is connected to an
alternating current (AC) supply. As the AC flows through the primary
coil, it generates a fluctuating magnetic field around it. This
fluctuating magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil
through the process of mutual induction. The key characteristic of a
step-up transformer is that the secondary coil has more turns than the
primary coil. According to the transformer equation, VsVp=NsNp\
where VsVs and VpVp represent the voltages in the secondary and
primary coils, and NsNs and NpNp represent the number of turns in
the secondary and primary coils, respectively. Since the secondary
coil has more turns, the voltage in the secondary coil is higher than in
the primary coil.
The increase in voltage comes at the expense of current. The power
transferred from the primary to the secondary coil remains constant
(ignoring losses), so the increase in voltage is accompanied by a
proportional decrease in current. This is in accordance with the power
equation P=V×IP = V \times I.
Step-up transformers are commonly used in electrical power
transmission systems. They increase the voltage to high levels for
efficient long-distance transmission, reducing energy loss. At the
receiving end, step-down transformers reduce the voltage to safer,
usable levels for homes and industries.
 WORKING OF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer designed to decrease
the voltage from the primary coil to the secondary coil. It operates on
the principle of electromagnetic induction, where a changing
magnetic flux in the primary coil induces an electromotive force
(e.m.f.) in the secondary coil.
In a step-down transformer, the primary coil is connected to an
alternating current (AC) supply, which produces a varying magnetic
field. This varying magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. in the secondary
coil, which is linked by the same magnetic flux. However, unlike a
step-up transformer, a step-down transformer has fewer turns in the
secondary coil than in the primary coil. According to the transformer
equation, VsVp=NsNp where VsVs and VpVp represent the voltages
in the secondary and primary coils, and NsN_s and NpN_p represent
the number of turns in the secondary and primary coils, respectively.
Because the secondary coil has fewer turns, the voltage in the
secondary is lower than in the primary.
As a result, a step-down transformer reduces the voltage while
increasing the current proportionally, ensuring that power (which
remains constant) is conserved. The power transferred to the
secondary coil is the same as that in the primary coil, minus any
losses due to inefficiencies like resistance and heat.
Step-down transformers are widely used in electrical power
distribution systems, converting high transmission voltages to lower,
usable voltages for homes, industries, and appliances like air
conditioners, refrigerators, and lighting systems. They are essential
for safe and efficient power delivery.
APPARATUS REQUIRED TO MAKE OUR OWN
TRANSFORMER

1. Iron Rod
2. Copper Wire
3. Hot Wire Ammeter
4. Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number
of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of Transformers:
1. Voltage Conversion: Step-up transformers increase
voltage, while step-down transformers decrease voltage,
essential for efficient power distribution.
2. Power Transmission: Used in electrical grids to step up
voltage for long-distance transmission and step down
voltage for local distribution.
3. Electrical Isolation: Provide electrical isolation
between different parts of a circuit, enhancing safety.
4. In Electrical Appliances: Used in devices like
televisions, radios, and computers for voltage regulation
and power supply conversion.
5. In Charging Devices: Power adapters and chargers use
transformers to convert AC voltage to the required DC
voltage for devices like mobile phones.
6. In Audio Systems: Used in amplifiers to adjust audio
signal voltages and impedances.
7. In Welding Machines: Transformers adjust voltage and
current for welding applications.
8. In Medical Equipment: Used in X-ray machines and
MRI scanners to step up or step down voltage for safe
operation.
9. In High-Frequency Circuits: Transformers are used
for impedance matching in radio-frequency (RF)
applications.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• Physics NCERT
• Chat gpt

****